大學(xué)英語課文原文（精選14篇）

　　隨著國際貿(mào)易的不斷發(fā)展，英語這一門語言也變得越來越重要，大學(xué)英語課文原文豐富多樣，涵蓋了不同主題和文體。下面是小編整理的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，希望對你有幫助。

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 1

　　Section A:

　　Choose to Be Alone on Purpose

　　Here we are, all by ourselves, all 22 million of us by recent count, alone in our rooms, some of us liking it that way and some of us not. Some of us divorced, some widowed, some never yet committed.

　　Loneliness may be a sort of national disease here, and its more embarrassing for us to admit than any other sin. On the other hand, to be alone on purpose, having rejected company rather than been cast out by it, is one characteristic of an American hero. The solitary hunter or explorer needs no one as they venture out among the deer and wolves to tame the great wild areas. Thoreau, alone in his cabin on the pond, his back deliberately turned to the town. Now, thats character for you.

　　Inspiration in solitude is a major commodity for poets and philosophers. Theyre all for it. They all speak highly of themselves for seeking it out, at least for an hour or even two before they hurry home for tea.

　　Consider Dorothy Wordsworth, for instance, helping her brother William put on his coat, finding his notebook and pencil for him, and waving as he sets forth into the early spring sunlight to look at flowers all by himself. “How graceful, how benign, is solitude,” he wrote.

　　No doubt about it, solitude is improved by being voluntary.

　　Look at Miltons daughters arranging his cushions and blankets before they silently creep away, so he can create poetry. Then, rather than trouble to put it in his own handwriting, he calls the girls to come back and write it down while he dictates.

　　You may have noticed that most of these artistic types went outdoors to be alone. The indoors was full of loved ones keeping the kettle warm till they came home.

　　The American high priest of solitude was Thoreau. We admire him, not for his self-reliance, but because he was all by himself out there at Walden Pond, and he wanted to be. All alone in the woods.

　　Actually, he lived a mile, or 20 minutes walk, from his nearest neighbor; half a mile from the railroad; three hundred yards from a busy road. He had company in and out of the hut all day, asking him how he could possibly be so noble. Apparently the main point of his nobility was that he had neither wife nor servants, used his own axe to chop his own wood, and washed his own cups and saucers. I dont know who did his laundry; he doesnt say, but he certainly doesnt mention doing his own, either. Listen to him: “I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude.”

　　Thoreau had his own self-importance for company. Perhaps theres a message here. The larger the ego, the less the need for other egos around. The more modest and humble we feel, the more we suffer from solitude, feeling ourselves inadequate company.

　　If you live with other people, their temporary absence can be refreshing. Solitude will end on Thursday. If today I use a singular personal pronoun to refer to myself, next week I will use the plural form. While the others are absent you can stretch out your soul until it fills up the whole room, and use your freedom, coming and going as you please without apology, staying up late to read, soaking in the bath, eating a whole pint of ice cream at one sitting, moving at your own pace. Those absent will be back. Their waterproof winter coats are in the closet and the dog keeps watching for them at the window. But when you live alone, the temporary absence of your friends and acquaintances leaves a vacuum; they may never come back.

　　The condition of loneliness rises and falls, but the need to talk goes on forever. Its more basic than needing to listen. Oh, we all have friends we can tell important things to, people we can call to say we lost our job or fell on a slippery floor and broke our arm. Its the daily succession of small complaints and observations and opinions that backs up and chokes us. We cant really call a friend to say we got a parcel from our sister, or its getting dark earlier now, or we dont trust that new Supreme Court justice.

　　Scientific surveys show that we who live alone talk at length to ourselves and our pets and the television. We ask the cat whether we should wear the blue suit or the yellow dress. We ask the parrot if we should prepare steak, or noodles for dinner. We argue with ourselves over who is the greater sportsman: that figure skater or this skier. Theres nothing wrong with this. Its good for us, and a lot less embarrassing than the woman in front of us in line at the market whos telling the cashier that her niece Melissa may be coming to visit on Saturday, and Melissa is very fond of hot chocolate, which is why she bought the powdered hot chocolate mix, though she never drinks it herself.

　　Its important to stay rational.

　　Its important to stop waiting and settle down and make ourselves comfortable, at least temporarily, and find some grace and pleasure in our condition, not like a self-centered British poet but like a patient princess sealed up in a tower, waiting for the happy ending to our fairy tale.

　　After all, here we are. It may not be where we expected to be, but for the time being we might as well call it home. Anyway, there is no place like home.

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 2

　　Section A：

　　Does Mickey Mouse have a beard?

　　No.

　　Does this mean that French men seeking work with the Disney organization must shave off their moustaches too?

　　It depends.

　　A labor inspector took the Disney organization to court this week, contending that the companys dress and appearance code — which bans moustaches, beards, excess weight, short skirts and fancy stockings — offends individual liberty and violates French labor law.

　　The case is an illustration of some of the delicate cultural issues the company faces as it gets ready to open its theme park 20 miles (32 kilometers) east of Paris in five months time.

　　The Disney management, which is assembling what it calls a "cast" of 12,000 to run the theme park, argues that all employees, from bottle washers to the president, are similar to actors who have to obey rules about appearance. Anyway, a company spokesman says, no one has yet put his moustache before a job. As one new "cast member" put it: "You must believe in what you are doing, or you would have a terrible time here."

　　But what do people think of Euro Disney? People everywhere are wondering whether Europeans would like the American recreation.

　　For all its concern about foreign cultural invasion and its defense against the pollution of the French language by English words, Frances Socialist government has been untroubled about putting such a huge American symbol on the doorstep of the capital and has been more concerned about its social effect. It made an extraordinary series of tax and financial concessions to attract the theme park here rather than let it go to sunny Spain.

　　The theme park itself will be only part of a giant complex of housing, office, and resort developments stretching far into the next century, including movie and television production facilities. As part of its deal with the Disney organization, the government is laying on and paying for new highways, an extension of Pariss regional express railway and even a direct connection for the high speed TGV railway to the Channel Tunnel. The TGV station is being built in front of the main entrance of Euro Disneyland, and is scheduled to come into service in 1994.

　　If Euro Disneyland succeeds — where theme parks already in France have so far failed — a second and even a third park is likely to be built by the end of the century. Financial experts say that Euro Disneyland, the first phase of which is costing an estimated $3.6 billion, is essential to Disneys overall fortunes, which have been hit by competition and declining attendance in the United States.

　　French intellectuals have not found many kind things to say about the project. The kids, however, will probably never notice. Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, Peter Pan, and Pinocchio all come from European fairy tales or stories and are as familiar to children here as they are in the United States. To a French child Mickey is French. To an Italian kid he is Italian.

　　The Disney management is stressing this tradition in an apparent response to suggestions that it is culturally insensitive. Although the concept of the theme park is closely based on the original Magic Kingdom in California and Walt Disney World in Florida, "Euro Disneyland will be unique in a manner appropriate to its European home," the company says. "The legends and fairy tales which come from Europe figure prominently in the creative development of the theme park." Officials point out, for example, that Sleeping Beautys castle, the central feature of the theme park, is based not on Hollywood, as some might think, but on the illustrations in a medieval European book. Also, a 360-degree movie, based on the adventures of Jules Verne, features well-known European actors.

　　Asked to describe other aspects of the effort to make the park more European, a spokesman mentioned that direction signs in the theme park will be in French as well as English, and that some performers will chat in French, Spanish and English. "The challenge is telling things people already know — and at the same time making it different," the spokesman said.

　　On the other hand, this effort is not being taken too far. Another Disney spokesman said earlier that the aim of the theme park is to provide a basically American experience for those who seek it. In this way, he said, people who might otherwise have contemplated a vacation in the United States will be happy to stay on this side of the Atlantic.

　　The Disney organization does seem to focus a bit too much on hair. "Main Street, USA", the heart of Euro Disneyland, it promises, will feature an old time "Harmony Barber Shop" to deal with "messy hair and hairy chins" — and perhaps even offending mustaches. One difference from California or Florida: Parts of Main Street and waiting areas to get into the attractions will be covered over as a concession to Pariss rainy weather.

　　Euro Disneylands short distance to Paris is a definite attraction. Anyone tiring of American or fake European culture can reach the Louvre art museum by express railway in less than an hour — from Minnie Mouse to Mona Lisa in a flash.

　　Communications figured largely in the Disney organizations decision to site its fourth theme park near Paris. The site is within a two-hour flight of 320 million Europeans. The opening of Eastern Europe is another prize for the company, which thinks that millions of people will put Disneyland at the top of a list of places to visit on their first trip to Western Europe.

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 3

　　Section A：

　　Slavery Gave Me Nothing to Lose

　　I remember the very day that I became black. Up to my thirteenth year I lived in the little Negro town of Eatonville, Florida. It is exclusively a black town. The only white people I knew passed through the town going to or coming from Orlando, Florida. The native whites rode dusty horses, and the northern tourists traveled down the sandy village road in automobiles. The town knew the Southerners and never stopped chewing sugar cane when they passed. But the Northerners were something else again. They were peered at cautiously from behind curtains by the timid. The bold would come outside to watch them go past and got just as much pleasure out of the tourists as the tourists got out of the village.

　　The front deck might seem a frightening place for the rest of the town, but it was a front row seat for me. My favorite place was on top of the gatepost. Not only did I enjoy the show, but I didnt mind the actors knowing that I liked it. I usually spoke to them in passing. Id wave at them and when they returned my wave, I would say a few words of greeting. Usually the automobile or the horse paused at this, and after a strange exchange of greetings, I would probably "go a piece of the way" with them, as we say in farthest Florida, and follow them down the road a bit. If one of my family happened to come to the front of the house in time to see me, of course the conversation would be rudely broken off.

　　During this period, white people differed from black to me only in that they rode through town and never lived there. They liked to hear me "speak pieces" and sing and wanted to see me dance, and gave me generously of their small silver for doing these things, which seemed strange to me for I wanted to do them so much that I needed bribing to stop. Only they didnt know it. The colored people gave no coins. They disapproved of any joyful tendencies in me, but I was their Zora nevertheless. I belonged to them, to the nearby hotels, to the country — everybodys Zora.

　　But changes came to the family when I was thirteen, and I was sent to school in Jacksonville. I left Eatonville as Zora. When I got off the riverboat at Jacksonville, she was no more. It seemed that I had suffered a huge change. I was not Zora of Eatonville any more; I was now a little black girl. I found it out in certain ways. In my heart as well as in the mirror, I became a permanent brown — like the best shoe polish, guaranteed not to rub nor run.

　　Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me. Slavery is something sixty years in the past. The operation was successful and the patient is doing well, thank you. The terrible war that made me an American instead of a slave said "On the line!" The period following the Civil War said "Get set!"; and the generation before me said "Go!" Like a foot race, I am off to a flying start and I must not halt in the middle to look behind and weep. Slavery is the price I paid for civilization, and the choice was not with me. No one on earth ever had a greater chance for glory. The world to be won and nothing to be lost. It is thrilling to think, to know, that for any act of mine, I shall get twice as much praise or twice as much blame. It is quite exciting to hold the center of the national stage, with the audience not knowing whether to laugh or to weep.

　　I do not always feel colored. Even now I often achieve the unconscious Zora of that small village, Eatonville. For instance, I can sit in a restaurant with a white person. We enter chatting about any little things that we have in common and the white man would sit calmly in his seat, listening to me with interest.

　　At certain times I have no race, I am me. But in the main, I feel like a brown bag of mixed items propped up against a wall. Against a wall in company with other bags, white, red and yellow. Pour out the contents, and there is discovered a pile of small things both valuable and worthless. Bits of broken glass, lengths of string, a key to a door long since decayed away, a rusty knife-blade, old shoes saved for a road that never was and never will be, a nail bent under the weight of things too heavy for any nail, a dried flower or two still with a little smell. In your hand is the brown bag. On the ground before you is the pile it held — so much like the piles in the other bags, could they be emptied, that all might be combined and mixed in a single heap and the bags refilled without altering the content of any greatly. A bit of colored glass more or less would not matter. Perhaps that is how the Great Stuffer of Bags filled them in the first place — who knows?

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 4

　　Research into Population Genet

　　Section A:

　　Bribery and Business Ethics

　　(Bribery and Business Ethics)

　　Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule. They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.

　　Suppose that during a negotiation with some government officials, the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe, you will find it much easier to get an import license for your goods, and you are also likely to avoid "procedural delays", as he puts it. Now, the question is: do you pay up or stand by your principles?

　　It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? Some time ago a British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to pay bribes, and of other questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers an exaggerated commission, offering additional discounts, and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland. The company rejected these charges and they were later withdrawn. Nevertheless, at that time, there were people in the motor industry in Britain who were prepared to say in private: "Look, were in a very competitive business. Every year were selling more than a ￡ 1,000 million worth of cars abroad. If we spend a few million pounds to keep some of the buyers happy, whos hurt? If we didnt do it, someone else would."

　　It is difficult to resist the impression that bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase. Indeed, they seem to have become a fact of commercial life. To take just one example, the Chrysler Corporation, third largest of the U.S. car manufacturers, revealed that it made questionable payments of more than $2.5 million between 1971 and 1976. By announcing this, it joined more than 300 other U.S. companies that had admitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that they had made payments of one kind or another — bribes, extra discounts, etc. — in recent years. For discussion purposes, we can divide these payments into three broad categories.

　　The first category consists of substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts. For example, one U.S. corporation offered a large sum of money in support of a U.S. presidential candidate at a time when the company was under investigation for possible violations of U. S. business laws. This same company, it was revealed, was ready to finance secret U.S. efforts to throw out the government of Chile.

　　In this category, we may also include large payments made to ruling families or their close advisers in order to secure arms sales or major petroleum or construction contracts. In a court case involving an arms deal with Iran, a witness claimed that ￡ 1 million had been paid by a British company to a "negotiator" who helped close a deal for the supply of tanks and other military equipment to that country. Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party bank accounts.

　　The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project, to speed up the wheels of government. An interesting example of this kind of payment is provided by the story of a sales manager who had been trying for some months to sell road machinery to the Minister of Works of a Caribbean country. Finally, he hit upon the answer. Discovering that the minister collected rare books, he bought a rare edition of a book, slipped $20,000 within its pages, then presented it to the minister. This man examined its contents, then said: "I understand there is a two-volume edition of this work." The sales manager, who was quick-witted, replied: "My company cannot afford a two-volume edition, sir, but we could offer you a copy with a preface!" A short time later, the deal was approved.

　　The third category involves payments made in countries where it is traditional to pay people to help with the passage of a business deal. Some Middle East countries would be included on this list, as well as certain Asian countries.

　　Is it possible to devise a code of rules for companies that would prohibit bribery in all its forms? The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) favors a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. This code would try to distinguish between commissions paid for real services and exaggerated fees that really amount to bribes. A council has been proposed to manage the code.

　　Unfortunately, opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code. The British members would like the system to have enough legal power to make companies behave themselves. However, the French delegates think it is the business of governments to make and impose law; the job of a business community like the ICC is to say what is right and wrong, but not to impose anything.

　　In a well-known British newspaper, a writer argued recently that "industry is caught in a web of bribery" and that everyone is "on the take";. This is probably an exaggeration. However, todays businessman, selling in overseas markets, will frequently meet situations where it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience.

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 5

　　Oxford University

　　Oxford University is the oldest university in Britain and one of the worlds most famous institutions of higher learning. Oxford University was established during the 1100s. It is located in Oxford, England, about 80 kilometers northwest of London.

　　The university has over 16,300 students (1999-2000), almost a quarter of these students are from overseas and more than 130 nationalities are represented. It consists of 35 colleges, plus five private halls established by various religious groups. Three of the five private halls are for men only. Of the colleges, St. Hildas and Somerville are for women, and the rest are for men and women.

　　At Oxford, each college is a corporate body distinct from the university and is governed by itsown head and fellows. Most fellows are college instructors called tutors, and the rest are university professors and lecturers. Each college manages its own buildings and property, elects its own fellows, and selects and admits its own undergraduate students. The university provides some libraries, laboratories, and other facilities, but the colleges take primary responsibility for the teaching and well-being of their students.

　　Each student at Oxford is assigned to a tutor, who supervises the students program of study, primarily through tutorials. Tutorials are weekly meetings of one or two students with their tutor. Students may see other tutors for specialized instruction. They may also attend lectures given by university teachers. Students choose which lectures to attend on the basis of their own special interests and on the advice of their tutors.

　　The university, not the individual colleges, grants degrees. The first degree in the arts or sciences is the Bachelor of Arts with honors. Oxford also grants higher degrees, diplomas, and certificates in a wide variety of subjects.

　　The Rhodes scholarship program enables students from the United States, Canada, and many other nations to study at Oxford for a minimum of two years. The British government grants Marshall scholarships to citizens of the United States for study at Oxford and other universities that are located in Britain.

　　The competition for scholarships and grants is, however, extremely strong and there are usually strict requirements. Students should check carefully that they are eligible to apply for a particular scholarship before making an application as most of the schemes are restricted to certain nationalities and/or programs.

　　The students and staff at Oxford are actively involved in over 55 initiatives (2001), including visits to more than 3,700 schools and colleges, to encourage the brightest and best students to apply to Oxford, whatever their background.

　　The university has been named the UKs most innovative university in the Launchit 2001 competition, which aimed to discover which British university has demonstrated the greatest achievements in innovation and enterprise across the broadest range of activity. In the national Teaching Quality Assessment exercises for 2000, Oxford was awarded top marks in six out of ten subjects assessed.

　　Oxford, Stanford and Yale Universities have recently become partners in a joint distance learning venture, the Alliance for Lifelong Learning, which will provide online courses in the arts and sciences.

　　The mission of Oxford is to aim at achieving and maintaining excellence in every area of its teaching and research, maintaining and developing its historical position as a world-class university, and enriching the international, national, and regional communities through the fruits of its research and the skills of its graduates.

　　In support of this aim the university will provide the facilities and support for its staff to pursue innovative research by responding to developments in the intellectual environment and society at large; and promote challenging and rigorous teaching which benefits from a fruitful interaction with the research environment, facilitating the exchange of ideas through tutorials and small-group learning and exploiting the Universitys resources in its libraries, museums, and scientific collections, to equip its graduates to play their part at a national and international level.

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 6

　　When is the best time to visit your city or country

　　The United States is a big country, so if you want to go there and play, you must be careful in the choice of time and place. Maybe you want to walk around, so take a good map.

　　It was a good time to go to New York and Washington, D.C., in May or October, when the weather was not very hot. There will be a lot of snow in winter.

　　It was a good idea to play new England in September, and the weather began to cool and the trees began to change color. Maybe you have to take photos of the leaves of the fall, so taking your camera is a good idea.

　　In Losangeles, California, four thousand miles away, the weather is good all year round. Its so nice to see the sun in December. With a swimsuit, you might want to swim in the sea.

　　The northwest is not very cold, but there is a lot of rain, so you have to take an umbrella. Its very comfortable to go to Alaska in July and August. But at night, it may be cool so remember to wear warm. But the winter do not go there, because all day long is dark and cold.

　　In the Texas and southeastern regions, there are frequent storms in summer and fall. Compared to many other places, there are often jiaoyangsihuo.

　　So, when is the best time to go to the United States?

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 7

　　Advice to tourists: traditional British life

　　When I was in England, I had a good time. But I noticed a lot of different traditions.

　　For example, when you first meet people, you usually shake hands with them. But then you just have to say, "hello". When you talk to older people, say it first... Mr. or... Madam / madam. But for your friend, you can call its name.

　　One day, we went to visit some friends and drink tea together. This tea is not just a drink, but a table of tea at about 4 oclock. You cant have tea after 4:30 and you cant drink coffee or juice. And you have to drink tea with milk. You have to pour tea first and then add milk to you, and you can say, you cant pour the milk and pour the tea first.

　　On the bus or train, the other passengers are quiet, and you cant talk about it. This is very different from China! You cant even use a mobile phone on some trains! And you can hardly hear someone yelling on the street.

　　I was very lucky and even attended a wedding. The wedding here is quite different from the Chinese wedding. For example, the bride and groom cant meet the day before the wedding. Then the bride can never reach the church according to the prescribed time, but a few minutes later. At the party after the wedding, the bride is to throw her flowers out of her shoulder. The girl who has received the flower will be the next bride! This is all wonderful but very interesting!

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 8

　　Unit1 What Courage Looks Like?

　　By Miranda Taylor Cosgrove

　　I know what courage looks like. I saw it on a flight I took 6 years ago, and only now can I speak of it without tears filling eyes at the memory.

　　我知道勇氣是什么樣子。 我在6年前的一次飛行中看到了它，只有現(xiàn)在，我才能說起它，而不流淚，眼睛充滿了記憶。

　　When our L1011 left the Orlando Airport that Friday morning, we were a chipper, high-energy group. The early-morning flights hosted mainly professional people going to Atlanta for a day or two of business. As I looked around, I saw lots of designer suits, leather briefcases and all the trimmings of seasoned business travelers. I settled back for some light reading and the brief flight ahead.

　　當(dāng)我們的L1011在那個星期五早上離開奧蘭多機場時，我們是一個精力充沛的人。 清晨的航班主要接待專業(yè)人士到亞特蘭大出差一兩天。 當(dāng)我環(huán)顧四周時，我看到了許多名牌西裝、皮箱和所有經(jīng)驗豐富的商務(wù)旅行者的裝飾。 我安頓下來，看了一些清淡的書和前面的短暫飛行。

　　Immediately upon taking off, it was clear that something was wrong. The aircraft was bumping up and down and jerking left to right. All the experienced travelers, including me, looked around with knowing grins. Our communal looks acknowledged to one another that we had experienced minor problems and disturbances before. If you fly much, you see these things and learn to get accustomed to them.

　　起飛后，很明顯出了問題。 飛機上下顛簸，從左到右顛簸。 所有有經(jīng)驗的旅行者，包括我，都帶著熟悉的微笑環(huán)顧四周。 我們的社區(qū)面貌相互承認(rèn)，我們以前經(jīng)歷過一些小問題和動亂。 如果你飛得多，你就會看到這些東西，并學(xué)會習(xí)慣它們。

　　We did not remain calm for long. Minutes after we were in the air, our plane began dipping wildly and one wing rushed downward suddenly. The plane climbed higher but that didn’t help. It didn’t. The pilot soon made a grave announcement.

　　我們很久沒有保持平靜。 在空中飛行幾分鐘后，我們的飛機開始瘋狂地傾斜，一只機翼突然向下沖去。 飛機爬得更高，但這無濟于事。 它沒有。 飛行員很快作出了一個嚴(yán)肅的宣布。

　　“We are having some difficulties,” he said. “At this time, it appears one of the engines is out of order. Our indicators show that our hydraulic system has failed. We will be returning to the Orlando Airport at this time. Because of the lack of hydraulics, we are not sure our landing gear will lock, so the flight attendants will prepare you for a bumpy landing. Also, if you look out of the windows, you will see that we are dumping fuel from the airplane. We want to have as little on board as possible in the event of a rough touchdown.”

　　“我們有一些困難，”他說。 ”“這時，似乎有一個引擎失靈了。 我們的指標(biāo)顯示我們的液壓系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)失敗了。 此時我們將返回奧蘭多機場。 由于缺乏液壓，我們不確定我們的起落架是否會鎖定，所以乘務(wù)員會為你的顛簸著陸做好準(zhǔn)備。 另外，如果你看窗外，你會看到我們正在從飛機上傾倒燃料。 我們希望在遇到一次粗略的觸地時盡可能少地上船。”

　　In other words, we were about to crash. No sight has ever been so sobering as that fuel, hundreds of gallons of it, streaming past my window out of the plane’s tanks. The flight attendants helped people get into position and comforted those who were already hysterical.

　　換句話說，我們要崩潰了。 從來沒有人看到過如此清醒的燃料，數(shù)百加侖的燃料，從我的窗口從飛機的坦克。 空乘人員幫助人們就位，安慰那些已經(jīng)歇斯底里的人。

　　As I looked at the faces of my fellow business travelers, I was stunned by the changes I saw in their faces. Many looked visibly frightened now. Even the most sobering passengers looked grim and pale. Yes, their faces actually looked gray in color, something I’d never seen before. There was not one exception. No one faces death without fear, I thought. Everyone lost composure in one way or another.

　　當(dāng)我看著我的商務(wù)旅行伙伴的臉時，我被我在他們臉上看到的變化驚呆了。 現(xiàn)在許多人看起來很害怕。 即使是最清醒的乘客也顯得面色陰沉，臉色蒼白。 是的，他們的臉實際上是灰色的，這是我以前從未見過的。 沒有一個例外。 我想，沒有人會無所畏懼地面對死亡。 每個人都以某種方式失去了鎮(zhèn)靜。

　　I began searching the crowd for one person who felt the peace and calm that true courage or great faith gives people in these events. I saw no one. Then a couple of rows to my left, I heard a still calm voice, a woman’s voice, speaking in an absolutely normal conversational tone. There was no tremor or tension. It was a lovely, even tone. I had to f ind the source of this voice.

　　我開始在人群中尋找一個人，他感受到了真正的勇氣或偉大的信念在這些事件中給予人們的和平和平靜。 我沒看到任何人。 然后在我的左邊幾排，我聽到了一個仍然平靜的聲音，一個女人的聲音，以一種絕對正常的談話語氣說話。 無震顫或緊張感。 這是一種可愛的，均勻的語氣。 我不得不找出這個聲音的來源。

　　All around, people cried and screamed. A few of the men held onto their composure by gripping armrests and clenching teeth, but their fear was written all over them. Although my faith kept me from hysteria, I could not have spoken so calmly, so sweetly at this moment as the assuring voice I heard. Finally I saw her.

　　周圍，人們哭著尖叫著。 一些人抓住扶手，咬緊牙關(guān)，保持鎮(zhèn)靜，但他們的恐懼在他們身上被寫滿了。 雖然我的信仰使我不會歇斯底里，但我不能像我聽到的保證的聲音那樣平靜地、甜蜜地說話。 我終于看到她了。

　　In the midst of all the chaos, a mother was talking, just talking, to her child. The woman, in her mid-30’s and unremarkable looking in any other way, was staring full into the face of her daughter, who looked to be 4 years old. The child listened closely, sensing the importance of her mother’s words. The mother’s gaze held the child so fixed and intent that she seemed untouched by the sounds of grief and fear around her.

　　在所有的混亂中，一個母親正在和她的孩子說話，只是在說話。 這個女人，30多歲，以任何其他方式看起來不起眼，盯著她女兒的臉，她看起來已經(jīng)4歲了。 孩子仔細(xì)地聽著，意識到母親的話的重要性。 母親的目光緊緊地盯著孩子，她似乎沒有受到周圍悲傷和恐懼的聲音的影響。

　　A picture flashed into my mind of another little girl who had recently survived a terrible plane crash. It was reported that she had lived because her mother had strapped her own body over the little girl’s in order to protect her. The mother did not survive. The newspapers had been tracking how the little girl had been treated by psychologists for weeks afterward to ward off feelings of guilt and unworthiness that often haunt survivors. The child was told over and over again that it had not been her fault that her mommy had gone away. I hoped this situation would not end the same way.

　　一張照片閃現(xiàn)在我腦海中，另一個小女孩最近在一場可怕的飛機失事中幸存下來。 據(jù)報道，她之所以活著，是因為她的母親為了保護她，把自己的身體綁在小女孩的身上。 母親沒有活下來。 報紙一直在追蹤這個小女孩在幾個星期后如何受到心理學(xué)家的治療，以避免經(jīng)常困擾幸存者的內(nèi)疚和不值得的感覺。 孩子一遍又一遍地被告知，她媽媽走了不是她的錯。 我希望這種情況不會以同樣的方式結(jié)束。

　　I strained to hear what this mother was telling her child. I was compelled to hear. I need to hear. Finally, I leaned over and by some miracle could hear this soft, sure voice with the tone of assurance. Over and over again, the mother said, “I love you so much. Do you know for sure that I love you more than anything?”

　　我緊張地聽到這個母親對她的孩子說了什么。 我不得不聽。 我要聽聽。 最后，我靠了過去，奇跡般地聽到了這個柔和、肯定的聲音，語氣充滿了保證。 母親一遍又一遍地說：“我太愛你了。 你確定我愛你勝過一切嗎？”

　　“Yes, Mommy,” the little girl said.

　　“是的，媽媽，”小女孩說。

　　“And remember, no matter what happens, that I love you always. And that you are a good girl. Sometimes things happen that are not your fault. You are still a good girl and my love will always be with you.”

　　“記住，無論發(fā)生什么，我永遠(yuǎn)愛你。 你是個好女孩。 有時發(fā)生的'事情不是你的錯。 你仍然是個好女孩，我的愛將永遠(yuǎn)和你在一起。”

　　Then the mother put her body over her daughter’s, strapped the seat belt over both of them and prepared to crash. For no earthly reason, our landing gear held and our touchdown was not the tragedy it seemed destined to be. It was over in seconds.

　　然后，母親把她的身體放在她女兒的身上，把安全帶綁在兩人身上，準(zhǔn)備撞車。 沒有任何塵世的理由，我們的起落架保持和我們的著陸不是它似乎注定的悲劇。 幾秒鐘就結(jié)束了。

　　The voice I heard that day never wavered and never acknowledged doubt, which seemed emotionally and physically impossible. Not one of us hardened business people could have spoken without a tremoring voice. Only the greatest courage, strengthened by even greater love, could have borne that mother up and lifted her above the chaos around her. That mom showed me what a real hero looks like. And for those few minutes, I heard the voice of courage.

　　那天我聽到的聲音從來沒有動搖過，也從來沒有承認(rèn)懷疑，這在感情和身體上似乎是不可能的。 我們中的任何一個強硬的商人都不可能沒有顫抖的聲音說話。 只有最大的勇氣，更大的愛，才能把那個母親抱起來，把她從周圍的混亂中抬起來。 媽媽給我看了一個真正的英雄。 在那幾分鐘里，我聽到了勇氣的聲音。

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 9

　　Unit2

　　My Challenge to You: Only Speak Like a Human

　　By Daniel H. Pink

　　One night, a Virgin Atlantic flight left Heathrow Airport bound for Newark, New Jersey. As the plane neared the Eastern Seaboard, bad weather forced the flight to divert to Hartford, Connecticut, some 171 kilomiles north of its destination. The plane sat on the runway there for four hours — without air-conditioning, food or water — as babies wept and adults suffered in the darkened cabin.

　　一天晚上，維珍航空公司的一架航班離開希思羅機場飛往新澤西州紐瓦克。 當(dāng)飛機接近東海岸時，惡劣的天氣迫使航班轉(zhuǎn)向康涅狄格州哈特福德，大約171公里的目的地以北。 飛機在那里的跑道上坐了四個小時，沒有空調(diào)、食物或水，嬰兒哭泣，成年人在昏暗的小屋里受苦。

　　The next day, the airline, which explained that the Hartford airport lacked the customs personnel to process an international flight, offered this response: “Virgin Atlantic would like to thank passengers for their patience and apologize for any inconvenience caused.”

　　第二天，該航空公司解釋說，哈特福德機場缺乏處理國際航班的海關(guān)人員，提出了這一答復(fù)：“維珍大西洋公司感謝乘客的耐心，并對所造成的不便表示歉意。”

　　Jason Fried, co-founder of the American software firm 37signals, finds the language of that statement almost as inhuman as the problem that prompted it.

　　美國軟件公司37Signals的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人杰森·弗里德3發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種說法的語言幾乎和引發(fā)這種說法的問題一樣不人道。

　　Not too long ago, Fried saw a similar, though less disastrous, disaster in a Chicago café. A woman had just purchased a large cup of coffee. On the way to sit down, she tripped and spilled the entire contents all over another customer.

　　不久前，弗里德在芝加哥的一家咖啡館里看到了一場類似的災(zāi)難，盡管災(zāi)難不那么嚴(yán)重。 一個女人剛買了一大杯咖啡。 在坐下的路上，她絆倒了，把所有的東西都灑在另一個顧客身上。

　　Here’s what she said, “I’m so sorry. I’m so, so sorry.”

　　她說：“我很抱歉。 我很抱歉。”

　　“If someone is really, truly sorry,” says Fried, “that’s how they respond.”

　　“如果有人真的，真的很抱歉，”弗里德說，“這就是他們的反應(yīng)。”

　　But, in business, we rarely talk like that. Instead, we resort to a weird and unplanned bilingualism. We speak human at home and “professionalese” when dealing with business.

　　但是，在生意上，我們很少這樣說話。 相反，我們采用了一種奇怪而無計劃的'雙語。 我們在家里講人話，在處理業(yè)務(wù)時講“專業(yè)。

　　Go back to that all-too-common phrase: “We apologize for any inconvenience this might have caused.”

　　回到這個非常常見的短語：“我們對這可能造成的任何不便表示歉意。”

　　“Any inconvenience” is emotionally anemic and lacks the specificity to make it meaningful. “We apologize” isn’t much better. It’s distancing almost to the point of disdainfulness. “When you say ‘I’m sorry,’ you’re owning,” Fried explains. “When you say ‘I apologize,’ you’re renting.”

　　“任何不便”都是情感上的貧血，缺乏使其有意義的特異性。 “我們道歉”也好不到哪里去。 它的距離幾乎達(dá)到了輕蔑的程度。 “當(dāng)你說‘對不起’時，你就擁有了，”弗里德解釋道。 “當(dāng)你說‘我道歉’時，你在租房。”

　　Professionalese is a renter’s language. It doesn’t expect to be around for very long and has no stake in the long-term prospects of the neighborhood. It says “mistakes were made” rather than “we messed up” and claims to “take responsibility” instead of acknowledging “it’s my fault”.

　　專業(yè)人士是房客的語言。 它預(yù)計不會出現(xiàn)很長時間，也不會影響鄰里的長期前景無關(guān)。 它說“錯誤是犯的”而不是“我們搞砸了”，聲稱“承擔(dān)責(zé)任”而不是承認(rèn)“這是我的錯”。

　　Using business-speak rests on the notion that the distance of professional language is inherently strong — and the closeness of personal language inherently weak.

　　使用商務(wù)語言是基于這樣一種觀念，即專業(yè)語言的距離本質(zhì)上是強大的，而個人語言的封閉性本質(zhì)上是脆弱的。

　　But this idea may be wrong.

　　但是這個想法可能是錯誤的。

　　The behavioural economist Dan Ariely has conducted research showing that when people are treated rudely, they’re more likely to behave vengefully, for instance, by not saying anything when they’re given too much change in a transaction. But when rudeness is followed by a clear and simple “I’m sorry”, the annoyance dissolves and people tend to behave as honourably as they do in ordinary circumstances.

　　行為經(jīng)濟學(xué)家丹·艾瑞利(DanAriely)進(jìn)行的研究表明，當(dāng)人們受到粗魯對待時，他們更有可能表現(xiàn)出報復(fù)性，例如，當(dāng)他們在交易中得到太多的變化時，他們不會說任何話。 但是，當(dāng)粗魯之后是一個清晰而簡單的“我很抱歉”時，煩惱就會消失，人們往往表現(xiàn)得像他們在普通情況下一樣正直。

　　Or consider medicine. In the United States, where physicians fret that every patient is a potential plaintiff in a malpractice lawsuit, lawyers counsel doctors never to admit a mistake. But evidence shows that when doctors apologize for an error and show how they’ll avoid it in the future — that’s to say, when they talk and act like human beings — aggrieved patients think more highly of the physician and are less likely to sue.

　　或者考慮藥物。 在美國，醫(yī)生擔(dān)心在醫(yī)療事故訴訟中每個病人都是潛在的原告，律師建議醫(yī)生永遠(yuǎn)不承認(rèn)錯誤。 但有證據(jù)表明，當(dāng)醫(yī)生為一個錯誤道歉，并展示他們將如何在未來避免它-也就是說，當(dāng)他們說話和行為像人類-受委屈的病人更多地考慮醫(yī)生，更不可能起訴。

　　In 2006, Threadless, an online T-shirt company, confronted a case of technological malpractice. While upgrading its computer system, the company accidentally d all of the blogs that its customers had maintained for several years. Yet when Threadless, instead of hiding behind the stiff language of “inconvenience caused”, explained its errors, apologized directly for them and even invited comments on the blunder, customers reacted with surprising empathy.

　　2006年，一家在線T恤公司Threadless遭遇了一起技術(shù)事故。 在升級其計算機系統(tǒng)時，該公司無意中刪除了其客戶維護了幾年的所有博客。 然而，當(dāng)Threadless沒有隱藏在“造成不便”的生硬語言背后，解釋錯誤，直接為他們道歉，甚至邀請對錯誤的評論時，顧客的反應(yīng)是令人驚訝的移情。

　　Like any valuable relationship, the ones we have in business hinge on trust. And trust depends on openness, respect and humanity. Yet we often resist taking that approach in our professional lives, even though we know it would be absurd to do anything else in our personal lives.

　　就像任何有價值的關(guān)系一樣，我們在商業(yè)上的關(guān)系取決于信任。 而信任取決于開放，尊重和人性。 然而，我們經(jīng)常拒絕在我們的職業(yè)生活中采取這種做法，盡管我們知道在我們的個人生活中做任何其他事情都是荒謬的。

　　For instance, suppose I’m talking on my mobile phone — maybe doing an interview for this column — when my wife calls. I can’t speak with her at the moment — I’m on deadline — so I say to her, “All of my brain is busy right now, so please hold and I’ll be with you shortly. Your call is very important to me.”

　　例如，假設(shè)我在我的手機上聊天-也許在為這個專欄做采訪-當(dāng)我妻子打電話的時候。 我現(xiàn)在不能和她說話-我在截止日期-所以我對她說，“我所有的大腦現(xiàn)在都很忙，所以請稍等，我很快就會和你在一起。 你的電話對我很重要。”

　　I guarantee that my customer satisfaction scores at home would suffer.

　　我保證我在家的客戶滿意度分?jǐn)?shù)會受到影響。

　　But if that’s true, why not rework the waiting message in our call centres so that it’s more like what we’d say to our spouses? “We know it’s frustrating to wait on hold, but we’re busy right now answering other calls. We’ll get to you as soon as we can — probably about [ an accurate number minutes. We’re sorry for making you wait.”

　　但如果這是真的，為什么不在我們的呼叫中心重新處理等待信息，這樣它就更像我們對配偶說的話？ “我們知道等待是令人沮喪的，但我們現(xiàn)在正忙著接聽其他電話。 我們會盡快聯(lián)系你的-可能是[插入一個準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)字分鐘。 我們很抱歉讓你久等了。”

　　In a world overflowing with information and choices, clarity is now a source of competitive advantage, says Fried. “The real winners in business are going to be the clear companies. Clarity is what everybody really wants and appreciates.”

　　弗里德說，在信息和選擇泛濫的世界里，清晰度現(xiàn)在是競爭優(yōu)勢的來源。 “真正的商業(yè)贏家將是清晰的公司。 清晰是每個人真正想要和欣賞的。”

　　So try an experiment. For the next seven days, go monolingual and speak only human at all times.

　　試一試。 在接下來的七天里，只會說一種語言，任何時候都只講人類。

　　It might startle people at first. But I suspect that they’ll reply in the same vernacular, and you might start actually understanding each other and getting something done.

　　一開始可能會嚇到人們。 但我懷疑他們會用同樣的語言回答，你可能會開始真正理解對方，并完成一些事情。

　　However, if I’m mistaken — and this test flops — I apologize in advance for any inconvenience caused.

　　然而，如果我弄錯了-而且這個測試失敗了-我提前為所造成的不便道歉。

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 10

　　Unit 3 Busy, Busy, Busy

　　By Margaret Wente

　　Not long ago, I phoned up an old friend of mine, a high-powered career woman who is usually on the road two or three days a week.

　　不久前，我給我的一位老朋友打了電話，他是一位職業(yè)女性，通常每周在路上兩三天。

　　“How about lunch? “ I said. “How does your calendar look for June?”

　　“午餐怎么樣？ ”“我說。 “你的日歷看起來怎么樣？”

　　“How about today?” she said. “I’m totally free.”

　　“今天怎么樣？”她說。 “我完全自由了。”

　　I was shocked. Nobody I know is free for lunch today. A person of average busyness is sometimes free the week after next. If you’re trying to book a higher-status person, four to six weeks is normal, by which time you will be lucky to remember what it is you wanted to have lunch about anyway. This lunch will probably be rearranged a few times by various executive assistants, who will spend more time talking to each other, coordinating your respective calendars, than you will spend talking to your lunch guest. If you are of a higher status (i.e. busier) than the other person, you will be allowed to reschedule at least twice.

　　我很震驚。 我認(rèn)識的人今天沒有人有空吃午飯。 一般忙碌的人有時在下個星期有空。 如果你想訂一個地位更高的人，四到六個星期是正常的，到那時，你會很幸運地記住你想吃午飯的內(nèi)容。 這頓午餐可能會被不同的行政助理重新安排幾次，他們會花更多的時間互相交談，協(xié)調(diào)你各自的日歷，而不是你花在你的午餐客人交談上。 如果你的地位更高(即。 比其他人更忙，你將被允許重新安排至少兩次。

　　That is, if you still do lunch. Busy people don’t, and when they do, they tell you, “I really don’t do lunch anymore,” implying that you ought to be immensely honoured that they have broken the rule for you. And you’d better eat in a hurry. An hour and ten minutes is the most anyone spends on a business lunch now.

　　如果你還吃午飯的話。 忙碌的人不會，當(dāng)他們這樣做的時候，他們會告訴你，“我真的不再吃午飯了”，這意味著你應(yīng)該感到非常榮幸，因為他們?yōu)槟愦蚱屏艘?guī)則。 你最好趕快吃飯。 一小時十分鐘是現(xiàn)在人們在商務(wù)午餐上花費最多的時間。

　　Whenever I run into someone I haven’t seen for a while and ask how they are, they always say the same thing, “I’m really busy.”

　　每當(dāng)我遇到一個我很久沒見過的人，問他們怎么樣，他們總是說同樣的話，“我真的很忙。”

　　Want to get together for dinner some Saturday with another busy couple? Two months, minimum, before you can fit it in.

　　想在某個星期六和另一對忙碌的夫婦晚飯嗎？ 最少兩個月，然后才能裝進(jìn)去。

　　And when you do get together, you’ll all brag about how much email you get. “It’s horrible,” someone will say. “I took three days off and when I had 47 voice mails.”

　　當(dāng)你們在一起的`時候，你們都會吹噓你們收到了多少郵件。 “太可怕了，”有人會說。 “我請了三天假，當(dāng)時我有47封語音郵件。”

　　The truly busy person, of course, will have answered all these voice mails and emails on vacation so that she can get right back down to work.

　　真正忙碌的人，當(dāng)然會在假期里回復(fù)所有這些語音郵件和電子郵件，這樣她就可以馬上回去工作了。

　　Then comes the discussion about how early people get up in the morning. If you sleep in after 5:30 on a weekday, your best strategy is to lie about it so your friends don’t think you’re a slacker.

　　然后是關(guān)于人們早上起得多早的討論。 如果你在一個工作日的5：30以后睡覺，你最好的策略是撒謊，這樣你的朋友就不會認(rèn)為你是個懶漢。

　　Recently, I took a few days off from work between assignments. It was pleasant to spend all day reading the papers at my kitchen table, with the sun streaming in, no places to go, no people to see. Pleasant — for about five minutes. Then I started to get nervous. What if they had forgotten all about me? So I got on the phone and called a few friends. The first person I called had to take a call on his cellphone while he was speaking to me. The second and third persons were in meetings and would call me back just as soon as they were free.

　　最近，我在工作間隙休了幾天假。 一整天都在我的廚房桌子上看報紙，陽光灑進(jìn)來，沒有地方可去，沒有人可看。 愉快-大約五分鐘。 然后我開始緊張起來。 如果他們都忘了我呢？ 所以我打電話給幾個朋友。 我第一個打電話給他的人在和我說話的時候必須打個電話。 第二個人和第三個人在開會，一有空就給我回電話。

　　Everyone was so busy! I recalled that just the day before I had been that busy too, and in a few days’ time I would be that busy again. Meantime, I had the odd sensation that I was fading away. I quickly invented a ridiculously complicated project that involved a great deal of Internet searching and faxing things overseas at all hours of the day and night, and immediately felt much better.

　　大家都很忙！ 我回想起，就在我開始忙碌的前一天，再過幾天，我又會那么忙碌。 同時，我有一種奇怪的感覺，我正在消失。 我很快就發(fā)明了一個非常復(fù)雜的項目，在白天和晚上的所有時間里，我都在海外進(jìn)行大量的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索和傳真，我立刻感覺好多了。

　　How did we get so busy? Thats not too hard to figure out. The work world has become a far more Darwinian place in the past decade. Plenty of middle managers with middling incomes are obligated to put in 60 or 70 hours a week on the job. Workaholism? Its a condition of employment. Job flexibility? Puh-lease. New technology? Fabulous. It lets us work all the time. To be is to do. And the more there is on your to-do list, the more reassured you are that you must count for something.

　　我們怎么這么忙？ 不難搞清楚。 在過去十年中，工作世界已成為一個更加達(dá)爾文主義的地方。 許多中等收入的中層管理人員必須每周工作60或70小時。 工作狂？ 這是就業(yè)的條件。 工作靈活性？ 請。 新技術(shù)？ 太棒了。 它讓我們一直工作。 做就是做。 而且你的待辦事項清單上的東西越多，你就越放心，你一定要數(shù)點什么。

　　Of course, you don’t get work overload without work stress, and everyone I know has plenty of that. But people who suddenly aren’t busy have more.

　　當(dāng)然，在沒有工作壓力的情況下，你不會超負(fù)荷工作，我認(rèn)識的每個人都有很多。 但突然不忙的人有更多。

　　One man told me what happened to him after he had accepted a gigantic buyout. He took his bag of money and set up a little office to figure out what to do next. He showed up on Monday morning at eight. His appointment book was blank. The phone didnt ring. Nobody needed him. He says it was the worst moment of his life.

　　一個人告訴我他接受了一筆巨額收購后發(fā)生了什么事。 他拿了一袋錢，成立了一個小辦公室，想知道下一步該做什么。 他在星期一早上八點出現(xiàn)。 他的預(yù)約書是空白的。 電話沒響。 沒有人需要他。 他說這是他一生中最糟糕的時刻。

　　When I met my friend for lunch, I asked her what had happened to her ultra-busy schedule. She told me that she had put herself on a strict new regimen. She was turning down at least three assignments a week. She was practicing being a slacker. She had sworn off multitasking and was trying unitasking, though she confessed it was incredibly difficult. Then she invited me to go to the garden centre with her after lunch.

　　當(dāng)我遇見我的朋友吃午飯時，我問她，她的超級忙碌的日程發(fā)生了什么。 她告訴我，她給自己制定了嚴(yán)格的新方案。 她每周至少拒絕三次作業(yè)。 她在練習(xí)做一個懶漢。 她曾發(fā)誓不再做多項任務(wù)，并試圖進(jìn)行單位任務(wù)，盡管她承認(rèn)這非常困難。 然后她邀請我午飯后和她一起去花園中心。

　　It would have been fun, I said. But I really had to get back to work.

　　那會很有趣的，我說。 但我真的得回去工作了。

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 11

　　Unit4

　　In the United States, the vast majority of Americans live with people to whom they are related by blood or marriage. Most American couples have two or three children, though larger families are not unusual. Typicall, the family consists of parents and their minor children. Middle aged and elderly peoplegenerally do not live with their married children. However, parents usually keep in close contact with their grown children. On holidays, members of the larger family group - grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins-often dine together.

　　In the past, very few people would have liked living with their parents beyond childhood. But recently, more and more young American people have been returning home after graduating from college. Some of them decide to stay home and save money while working hard toward the day they can establish a home of their own. This isa practical decision, as so much work –academic and professional - is needed today in order to become self-sufficient.

　　在美國，絕大多數(shù)美國人都和他們有血緣或婚姻關(guān)系的人生活在一起。大多數(shù)美國夫婦有兩個或三個孩子，盡管大家庭并不罕見。一般來說，家庭由父母及其未成年子女組成。中老年人一般不與已婚子女同住。然而，父母通常與成年子女保持密切聯(lián)系。節(jié)假日，大家庭的成員——祖父母、阿姨、叔叔、堂兄弟姐妹一家經(jīng)常一起吃飯。

　　在過去，很少有人愿意在童年之后和父母住在一起。但最近，越來越多的美國年輕人大學(xué)畢業(yè)后回國。他們中的一些人決定呆在家里省錢，同時努力工作，爭取有一天他們可以建立一個自己的家。這是一個切實可行的決定，因為今天需要做大量的'工作——學(xué)術(shù)上的和專業(yè)上的——才能做到自給自足。

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 12

　　Unit5

　　The Psychology of Consumerism1

　　By J.D. Roth

　　A recent story in my local newspaper dealt with a sad-case family. The son was in jail for drugs, and his mother was trying desperately to f ind a way to give her son hope. The story described her plain home, which she shared with her son before he went to jail, containing 4 cats, a 50-inch Panasonic and little else. The mom was particularly motivated to get back her son’s 2000 BMW and 2001 Audi Quattro, both of which were recently stolen by his “friends”. She felt that by getting his cars back for him, it would give him some hope for the future.

　　我當(dāng)?shù)貓蠹埳献罱�的一個報道涉及一個悲傷的家庭。 兒子因吸毒入獄，母親拼命想辦法給兒子帶來希望。 這個故事描述了她平淡無奇的家，她在兒子入獄前和他分享了這個家，里面有4只貓，一只50英寸的松下貓，幾乎沒有其他東西。 這位母親特別有動力拿回她兒子的2000輛寶馬和2001年奧迪Quattro，這兩輛車最近都被他的“朋友”偷了”。 她覺得把他的車還給他會給他一些未來的希望。

　　The newspaper story addressed how this family is dealing with a lot of deep-seated issues. Yet, the plasma TV and European cars stand out as symbols of an illness that exists in our society that few want to think about, and many don’t even know about.

　　報紙的報道談到了這個家庭如何處理許多根深蒂固的問題。 然而，等離子電視和歐洲汽車作為一種疾病的象征脫穎而出，這種疾病存在于我們的社會中，很少有人想過，而且許多人甚至不知道。

　　Consumerism can be a destructive psychological addiction that destroys our f inancial resources, well-being, and hope. I’m sure that desire wasn’t the only drug in this household. The big-screen TV was likely running non-stop, altering this poor family member’s brains by imparting the questionable wisdom that having nice things and living a lifestyle of conspicuous consumption is the answer to all of their dreams and woes.

　　消費主義可能是一種破壞性的心理成癮，它破壞了我們的金融資源、福祉和希望。 我相信欲望不是這個家庭唯一的毒品。 大屏幕電視可能會不停地運行，通過傳授令人懷疑的智慧來改變這個貧窮家庭成員的大腦，即擁有美好的事物和過著炫耀性消費的生活方式是他們所有夢想和痛苦的答案。

　　Unknowing Victims

　　Juliet Schor, a leading scholar on the culture of consumerism in the US, recently said that we have reached a critical point in our culture: The average American woman now buys more than 52 items of new clothing each year — more than one per week. Of course, women don’t need that many new clothes, yet they buy them anyway. Why? Well, much to our surprise, most of us have been brainwashed by our consumer culture to over-consume. Worse, over time this over-consumption has become part of our identities. Our values, attitudes, habits and practices reflect this culture of addiction.

　　不認(rèn)識的受害者

　　美國消費主義文化的主要學(xué)者朱麗葉·肖爾(JulietSchor)最近說，我們的文化已經(jīng)達(dá)到了一個臨界點：美國女性平均每年購買52件以上的新衣服-每周超過一件。 當(dāng)然，女人不需要那么多新衣服，但她們還是買了。 為什么？ 令我們驚訝的是，我們大多數(shù)人都被我們的消費文化洗腦，過度消費。 更糟糕的是，隨著時間的推移，這種過度消費已經(jīng)成為我們身份的一部分。 我們的價值觀、態(tài)度、習(xí)慣和做法反映了這種成癮文化。

　　Many continue to believe that it’s not possible for them to become brainwashed without their knowledge. “I hit the mute button during commercials,” they say. Or, “I digitally record my shows before watching them and fast-forward through the commercials.”

　　許多人仍然認(rèn)為，沒有他們的知識，他們就不可能被洗腦。 他們說：“我在廣告中按了靜音鍵。 或者，“我在看電視前先用數(shù)字方式記錄我的節(jié)目，然后通過廣告快速前進(jìn)。”

　　It’s true this may help reduce exposure to the temptation of market materialism. Yet, the programs themselves are often the reasons. One study found that the cost of the lifestyles represented in the most popular TV situation comedies are well beyond what the average American can afford. We see these lifestyles and, over time, expect them. Another study found that the more a person watches television, the more money they spend. This was in spite of the participants’ beliefs that they weren’t affected by commercials.

　　這可能有助于減少市場唯物主義的誘惑。 然而，這些項目本身往往是原因。 一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，最受歡迎的電視情景喜劇中所代表的生活方式的成本遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了一般美國人所能承受的范圍。 我們看到了這些生活方式，并隨著時間的推移，期待它們。 另一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個人看電視越多，他們花的錢就越多。 盡管參與者認(rèn)為他們不會受到廣告的影響，但這一點還是存在的。

　　What people typically fail to recognize is that advertisers target people with money to burn. We’re endlessly exposed to advertising directed at the rich. And things have gotten worse over the past 50 years.

　　人們通常不認(rèn)識到的是，廣告商的目標(biāo)是有錢的人。 我們無休止地接觸到針對富人的廣告。 在過去的50年里情況越來越糟。

　　For example, a research study that looked at magazine ads found that magazines in the f ifties and sixties containedmostly ads for household and lower-cost products. The same magazines today contain ads for many more luxury items, such as Lexus automobiles, and Hilton Hawaiian Vacations.

　　例如，一項針對雜志廣告的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，fifties和60ties的雜志大多包含家庭和低成本產(chǎn)品的廣告。 同樣的雜志也刊登了許多奢侈品的廣告，比如雷克薩斯汽車和希爾頓夏威夷度假。

　　We subconsciously believe that we are the targets of this advertising, and that the high-cost products and lifestyles portrayed are our birthright as Americans. This leads us to spend well beyond our means. In fact, during the near-peak of the recent economic boom, the personal savings rate was in negative territory.

　　我們潛意識地認(rèn)為我們是這種廣告的目標(biāo)，高成本的產(chǎn)品和生活方式被描繪成我們作為美國人的與生俱來的權(quán)利。 這導(dǎo)致我們花費遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出我們的能力。 事實上，在最近經(jīng)濟繁榮的近高峰時期，個人儲蓄率處于負(fù)值狀態(tài)。

　　A Silver Lining

　　In the depths of addiction, it often appears that there’s no way out. This is certainly the case with the cultural addiction of consumerism. We regularly hear that our economy is 70% dependent on consumer spending. Acting to jeopardize that economic “fact” is akin to locking yourself up in a rehab center. How am I going to get to the alcoholic drink when I need it?

　　一條銀色襯里

　　在成癮的深處，往往似乎沒有出路。 消費主義的文化成癮當(dāng)然是如此。 我們經(jīng)常聽說，我們的經(jīng)濟70%依賴于消費支出。 破壞經(jīng)濟“事實”的行為就像把自己鎖在康復(fù)中心。 當(dāng)我需要酒精飲料時，我要怎么喝？

　　Fortunately, through all this there’s a silver lining. Though you’ll inevitably experience some withdrawal symptoms if you disconnect yourself from the extrinsic motivations of our consumer culture, you’ll f ind that they don’t last long. Numerous funny personal stories from readers of Get Rich Slowly (and elsewhere) demonstrate that they find it difficult to change at first. But soon they f ind that, when they look back on their wasteful spending days, it seems like they were possessed by another person. How could they have been so stupid? They report being so much happier now. And their savings has grown from negative to sturdy.

　　幸運的是，在這一切中有一線希望。 雖然你會不可避免地經(jīng)歷一些戒斷癥狀，如果你脫離了我們消費文化的外在動機，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)它們不會持續(xù)很長時間。 許多有趣的個人故事，從讀者的GetRich慢慢（和其他地方）表明，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難改變最初。 但很快他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)他們回顧他們浪費的'日子時，似乎他們被另一個人占有了。 他們怎么會這么蠢？ 他們說現(xiàn)在快樂多了。 而他們的儲蓄也從負(fù)增長到了堅挺。

　　There’s more than just amusing evidence to show that living a less materialistic, consumeristic lifestyle will bring greater joy to your life.

　　有更多有趣的證據(jù)表明，過一種不那么唯物主義、消費主義的生活方式會給你的生活帶來更大的快樂。

　　Psychologists recently discovered that having a realistic expectation of financial means and lifestyle pays untold dividends toward greater well-being and happiness. To the extent that there is greater discrepancy between financial reality and financial expectations (a.k.a. financial desire discrepancy), there’s greater risk to your sense of well-being. Put another way, being satisfied with what you have will reap invaluable rewards. Being dissatisfied with what you have, and making a point of acquiring more, is the quickest way to dissatisfaction in life.

　　心理學(xué)家最近發(fā)現(xiàn)，對經(jīng)濟手段和生活方式有一個現(xiàn)實的期望會給更大的幸福和幸福帶來無盡的紅利。 到財務(wù)現(xiàn)實與財務(wù)預(yù)期之間存在更大差異的程度(a.k.a。 財務(wù)欲望差異)，對你的幸福感有更大的風(fēng)險。 換句話說，對你所擁有的東西感到滿意將會獲得寶貴的回報。 對你所擁有的不滿意，并提出獲得更多的觀點，是生活中最快的不滿方式。

　　Of course, being inextricably tied to the advertising machine makes this difficult, if not impossible, to do. A good first step is to keep yourself away from commercialized media a little at a time. You’ll quickly recognize that you’re not missing anything and, in fact, have more time on your hands to do the things you enjoy most. Disconnect and live better.

　　當(dāng)然，與廣告機器密不可分，這使得這件事很難做到，即使不是不可能做到的。 一個好的第一步是讓自己一次稍微遠(yuǎn)離商業(yè)化的媒體。 你會很快意識到你沒有錯過任何東西，事實上，你有更多的時間去做你最喜歡的事情。 斷開和活得更好。

　　Well, perhaps there’s hope for the poor family in the newspaper story after all. Rather than being victims of our consumer culture and insisting that getting the cars back will do the trick, they can let the cars go, sell the television, and focus on the best things in life. And, they can save money in the process.

　　好吧，也許報紙上的故事對貧窮的家庭有希望。 與其成為我們的消費文化的受害者，堅持讓汽車回來會起作用，他們可以讓汽車走，賣電視，專注于生活中最好的事情。 而且，他們可以在這個過程中省錢。

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 13

　　Unit6

　　An M.R.I. was a huge trial for someone as old and crippled as my mother. The first few times she had them, while still living in Florida, I was not with her; I’d asked only afterward about the awful banging and claustrophobia inside that tube. But once I became her regular M.R.I. escort, I found there was so much more to this appointment for her. It came as a revelation to me that these tests are far different for someone in her 80s than for someone in her 50s.

　　個M.R.I。 對一個像我母親一樣老殘的人來說是一個巨大的審判。 前幾次她還住在佛羅里達(dá)的時候，我沒有和她在一起；后來我才問起那個管子里可怕的砰砰聲和幽閉恐懼癥。 但一旦我成為她的常規(guī)M.R.I。 護衛(wèi)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)她還有更多的約會。 對我來說，這些測試對于80多歲的人來說和50多歲的人來說是完全不同的。

　　Since her arthritis was worst in the morning, she had to rise at dawn and wait to dress until her joints had loosened. I’d go to her apartment and help her downstairs to the car, fold the walker and put it in the trunk, and then settle her into the front seat and fasten her seat belt, since she could no longer turn around from the shoulder and waist or manipulate the buckle. These were among my early lessons in how hard it is to be old — how long everything takes, how much some of it hurts, and how a caregiver must stop moving at warp speed and adapt to the pace of someone who is disabled, trying to make it all look natural and effortless.

　　由于她的關(guān)節(jié)炎在早上最嚴(yán)重，她不得不在黎明起床，等待著穿衣服，直到關(guān)節(jié)松動。 我會去她的公寓，幫她下樓到車旁，折疊步行器，把它放在后備箱里，然后把她安頓在前排座位上，系好安全帶，因為她再也不能從肩膀和腰部轉(zhuǎn)過來，也不能操縱扣了。 這些都是我早期的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)之一：變老是多么的困難-每件事都需要多長時間，其中有多大的傷害，以及照顧者必須停止以扭曲的速度移動，適應(yīng)殘疾人的步伐，試圖使這一切看起來自然和毫不費力。

　　I learned this much: Never shame your mother into rushing to keep up with you. First of all, it’s not nice. Second, both of you will have to cope with her broken hip if rushing leads to a fall.

　　我學(xué)到了這么多：永遠(yuǎn)不要讓你媽媽羞于跟上你。 首先，這不太好。 第二，你們兩個都必須應(yīng)付她的臀部骨折，如果匆忙導(dǎo)致跌倒。

　　And this: Simply slowing the pace isn’t sufficient. If your mother is as watchful as mine was, she will see it if your face reflects impatience; it will make her feel guilty or embarrass her.

　　而這：僅僅放慢速度是不夠的。 如果你的母親和我一樣小心，如果你的臉反映出不耐煩，她會看到的；這會讓她感到內(nèi)疚或?qū)擂巍?/p>

　　At the radiology center, I’d drop her off in the lobby, get her settled into a chair, go to park the car, get out the walker and return to the main building to meet her. Then, upstairs in the M.R.I. suite we’d wait, and wait, and wait some more. Every time she had to go to the bathroom, I’d be on the alert. At first I forgot bottles of water or snacks, assuming there would be a cafeteria or vending machines. The uncomfortable plastic chairs had no armrests and shaped backs, and thus were painful for her to sit in. There was no TV. My mother was scared, miserable and alternatively grumbling and irritable. I bounced between jolly and sullen, with occasional bursts of genuine kindness.

　　在放射中心，我會把她送到大廳，讓她安頓在椅子上，去停車，走出步行者，回到主樓迎接她。 然后，在M.R.I樓上。 套房我們會等，等等，再等一些。 每次她必須去洗手間，我都會警覺起來。 起初，我忘了瓶裝水或零食，假設(shè)會有自助餐廳或自動售貨機。 不舒服的塑料椅子沒有扶手和形狀的背，因此她坐在里面很痛苦。 沒有電視。 我母親很害怕，很痛苦，或者抱怨和易怒。 我時而高興，時而悶悶不樂，時而流露出真誠的善意。

　　Maybe I was kind more often than just occasionally. But mostly what I recall is hating the process, hating myself for hating it, and hating her for making it all necessary. Maybe it’s OK, sometimes, to hate your mother or father in those moments when their needs are devouring you. These thoughts are only thoughts, and there is nothing terrible or exceptional about having them. Still, you cannot help but feel like a bad person when they come washing over you.

　　在放射中心，我會把她送到大廳，讓她安頓在椅子上，去停車，走出步行者，回到主樓迎接她。 然后，在M.R.I樓上。 套房我們會等，等等，再等一些。 每次她必須去洗手間，我都會警覺起來。 起初，我忘了瓶裝水或零食，假設(shè)會有自助餐廳或自動售貨機。 不舒服的塑料椅子沒有扶手和形狀的背，因此她坐在里面很痛苦。 沒有電視。 我母親很害怕，很痛苦，或者抱怨和易怒。 我時而高興，時而悶悶不樂，時而流露出真誠的善意。

　　But the constancy of an aging parent’s needs, together with the fact that they cannot be answered quickly or fully or sometimes at all, takes its toll. It amazes me that f lat-out black-and-blue abuse of the elderly happens only rarely, given the level of frustration and exhaustion that sometimes overtakes caregivers. Somehow, very, very few lose control in that way. That we so often hear of the exceptional cases is, I think, both a distortion of what actually is going on out there in the world and an implied insult to all caregivers — especially those who watch over family members with Alzheimer’s, who hold it all together amid circumstances one would think might sink them.

　　但是，一個年邁的父母的需求的恒久性，再加上他們不能迅速或完全或有時根本得到答復(fù)，都造成了損失。 令我驚訝的是，對老年人的黑藍(lán)虐待很少發(fā)生，因為有時照顧者會感到沮喪和疲憊。 不知何故，很少人會以這種方式失去控制。 我認(rèn)為，我們經(jīng)常聽到的例外情況，既是對世界上實際發(fā)生的事情的歪曲，也是對所有照顧者的一種隱含的侮辱，尤其是那些照顧阿爾茨海默氏癥家庭成員的人，他們在人們認(rèn)為可能一起，在人們認(rèn)為可能會使他們沉淪的情況下。

　　My mother’s name was finally called. Together, we squeezed into one dressing room so I could help her out of her clothes and into the paper gown. We learned quickly that on test days she’d do better without underwear because it was so exhausting to get in and out of. Venturing into the world without one was, for her, one small disgrace among many.

　　我媽媽的名字終于被呼喚了。 我們一起擠進(jìn)一個更衣室，這樣我就可以幫她脫下衣服，穿上紙袍。 我們很快了解到，在考試的日子里，她不穿內(nèi)衣會做得更好，因為進(jìn)出是如此的'疲憊。 對她來說，沒有一個人進(jìn)入這個世界是許多人中的一個小小的恥辱。

　　The second hardest thing for my mother was her socks, unavoidable in winter. She resisted assistance taking them off, and watching her struggle both saddened and annoyed me.

　　對我母親來說，第二最難的事情是她的襪子，在冬天是不可避免的。 她拒絕幫助我把它們摘下來，看著她的掙扎既悲傷又惹惱了我。

　　When we finally finished undressing her — both of us by then embarrassed and testy — I accompanied her into the M.R.I. room. There, the young technician seemed to expect her to hop up on the table, like a gymnast. I explained she needed help. He, like the other technicians we met along the way, was nice enough but seemed surprised by the request, as if she were the first person of her age and stiffness he’d ever seen, which seemed to me somewhere between unlikely and impossible.

　　當(dāng)我們終于脫完她的衣服時——那時我們兩個都很尷尬，也很測試——我陪她走進(jìn)M.R.I。 房間。 在那里，年輕的技術(shù)人員似乎期待著她像體操運動員一樣跳上桌子。 我解釋說她需要幫助。 他和我們一路上遇到的其他技術(shù)人員一樣，很好，但似乎對這個要求感到驚訝，好像她是他見過的第一個年齡和僵硬的人，在我看來，這在不可能和不可能之間。

　　My mother never uttered a word of complaint during the test or the reversal of the whole process — dressing, getting settled into the car, being driven home and helped upstairs. One M.R.I., door-to-door, generally consumed a full day for me and two for my mother, since she was physically spent for 24 hours afterward. Blessedly, I had an employer who simply let me skip a day of work, knowing I’d make it up on my own time.

　　我母親在考試或整個過程的逆轉(zhuǎn)過程中，從來沒有說過一句抱怨的話-穿衣、安頓在車?yán)铩⒈婚_車回家?guī)椭�上樓�?一M.R.I，挨家挨戶，通常為我花了一整天，為我母親花了兩天，因為她在身體上度過了24個小時。 幸運的是，我有一個雇主，他只是讓我跳過一天的工作，知道我會彌補我自己的時間。

　　But I often wondered how many other adult daughters stood to lose a day’s pay, or even their livelihoods, as their care giving obligations grew, including all else until gradually these women vanished from their own lives.

　　但我經(jīng)常想知道，有多少其他成年女兒會失去一天的工資，甚至他們的生計，因為他們的護理義務(wù)增加，包括所有其他，直到這些婦女逐漸從自己的生活中消失。

　　大學(xué)英語課文原文 14

　　Unit7

　　Looking Good by Doing Good1

　　By Jac Depczyk

　　Rewarding people for their generosity may be counterproductive----By Jac Depczyk

　　A large plaque in the lobby of Boston’s Institute for Contemporary Art (ICA), a museum housed in a dramatic glass and metal building on the harbour’s edge, identifies its most generous patrons. Visitors will notice that some donors — including two who gave the ICA over $2.5 million — have chosen not to reveal their names. Such reticence is unusual: less than 1% of private gifts to charity are anonymous. Most people want their good deeds to be talked about. In Richistan, a book on America’s new rich, Robert Frank writes of the several society publications in Florida’s Palm Beach which exist largely to publicize the charity of its rich residents.

　　獎勵人們的慷慨可能會適得其反

　　波士頓當(dāng)代藝術(shù)學(xué)院(ICA)大廳里的一塊巨大的牌匾，是一座坐落在海港邊緣一座引人注目的玻璃和金屬建筑中的博物館，標(biāo)志著它最慷慨的贊助人。 游客會注意到，一些捐贈者——包括兩個捐給ICA超過250萬$的捐贈者——選擇不透露他們的姓名。 這種沉默是不尋常的：不到1%的私人禮物是匿名的。 大多數(shù)人希望他們的善行被談?wù)摗?羅伯特·弗蘭克(Robert Frank)在《里希斯坦》(Richistan)一書中寫道，在佛羅里達(dá)棕櫚灘(Palm Beach)有幾本社會出版物，主要是為了宣傳富裕居民的慈善事業(yè)。

　　As it turns out, the distinction between private and public generosity is helpful in understanding what motivates people to give money to charities or donate blood. Such actions are widespread, and growing. The $306 billion that Americans gave to charity in 2007 was more than triple the amount donated in 1965. And though a big chunk of this comes from billionaires like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, whose philanthropy has attracted much attention, modest earners also give generously of their time and money. A 2001 survey found that 89% of American households gave to charity, and that 44% of adults volunteered the equivalent of 9 million full-time jobs. Tax breaks explain some of the kindness of strangers. But by no means all.

　　事實證明，私人和公共慷慨之間的區(qū)別有助于理解是什么促使人們向慈善機構(gòu)捐款或獻(xiàn)血。 這種行動十分普遍，而且還在增加。 2007年美國人捐給慈善機構(gòu)的$為3060億，是1965年捐款額的三倍多。 盡管其中很大一部分來自像比爾·蓋茨和沃倫·巴菲特這樣的億萬富翁，他們的慈善事業(yè)引起了人們的廣泛關(guān)注，但中等收入者也慷慨地提供了他們的時間和金錢。 2001年的一項調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，89%的美國家庭捐贈給慈善機構(gòu)，44%的成年人自愿提供相當(dāng)于900萬份全職工作。 減稅解釋了陌生人的一些善良。 但絕不是全部。

　　Economists, who tend to think self-interest governs most actions of man, have identified several reasons to explain good deeds of this kind. Tax breaks are, of course, one of the main ones, but donors are also sometimes paid directly for their pains, and the mere thought of a thank-you letter can be enough to persuade others to give. Some even act out of selflessness. But most interesting is another explanation, which is that people do good in part because it makes them look good to those whose opinions they care about. Economists call this “image motivation”.

　　經(jīng)濟學(xué)家往往認(rèn)為人的大多數(shù)行為都是出于自身利益，他們已經(jīng)找出了解釋這種善舉的幾個理由。 當(dāng)然，減稅是其中的一個主要因素，但捐助者有時也直接支付他們的痛苦，而僅僅想到一封感謝信就足以說服別人給予。 有些人甚至出于無私的`行為。 但最有趣的是另一種解釋，即人們做好事的部分原因是它使他們在那些他們關(guān)心的人看來很好。 經(jīng)濟學(xué)家稱之為“形象動機”。

　　Dan Ariely of Duke University, Anat Bracha of Tel Aviv University, and Stephan Meier of Columbia University sought, through experiments, to test theimportance of image motivation, as well as to gain insights into how different motivating factors interact. Their results, which they report in a new paper, suggest that image motivation matters a lot, at least in the laboratory. Even more amazingly, they f ind evidence that monetary incentives can be counterproductive.

　　杜克大學(xué)的DanAriely4、特拉維夫大學(xué)的Anat Bracha和哥倫比亞大學(xué)的Stephan Meier通過實驗，試圖檢驗圖像動機的重要性，以及了解不同的動機因素是如何相互作用的。 他們在一篇新的論文中報告了他們的結(jié)果，表明形象動機非常重要，至少在實驗室里是如此。 更令人驚訝的是，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，貨幣激勵可能適得其反。

　　The decisive thing about charity as a means of image building is, of course, that it can work only if others know about it and think positively of the charitable organization in question. So, the researchers argue, people should give more when their actions are public.

　　慈善作為一種形象塑造手段的決定性因素當(dāng)然是，只有別人知道它，并積極考慮有關(guān)慈善組織，它才能發(fā)揮作用。 因此，研究人員認(rèn)為，當(dāng)人們的行為是公開的時，他們應(yīng)該給予更多。

　　To test this, they conducted an experiment named “Click for Charity”, in which participants could donate by clicking an awkward combination of computer keys on the keyboards. The number of times they clicked determined how much money was donated on their behalf to the American Red Cross. Since 92% of participants thought highly of the Red Cross, giving to it could be assumed to make people look good to their peers. People were randomly assigned to either a private group, where only the participant knew the amount of the donation, or a public group, where the participant had to stand up at the end of the session and share this information with the group. Consistent with the hypothesis that image mattered, participants exerted much greater effort in the public case: the average number of clicks, at 900, was nearly double the average of 517 clicks in the private case.

　　為了測試這一點，他們進(jìn)行了一個名為“點擊慈善”的實驗，參與者可以通過點擊鍵盤上的電腦鍵的尷尬組合來捐贈。 他們點擊的次數(shù)決定了他們?yōu)槊绹�紅十字會捐贈了多少錢。 由于92%的參與者高度評價紅十字會，因此可以認(rèn)為給予紅十字會可以使人們看起來對他們的同齡人很好。 人們被隨機分配到一個私人團體，只有參與者知道捐贈金額，或者一個公共團體，參與者必須在會議結(jié)束時站起來，并與該團體分享這些信息。 與圖像重要的假設(shè)相一致，參與者在公共案例中付出了更大的努力：平均點擊次數(shù)為900次，幾乎是私人案例中517次點擊的平均次數(shù)的兩倍。

　　However, the researchers wanted to go a step further. In this, they were inf luenced by the theoretical model of two economists, Roland Benabou, of Princeton University, and Jean Tirole, of University of Toulouse, who formalized the idea that if people do good to look good, introducing monetary or other rewards into the mix might complicate matters. An observer who sees someone getting paid for donating blood, for example, would find it hard to distinguish between the donor’s intrinsic “goodness” and his greed.

　　然而，研究人員想更進(jìn)一步。 在這方面，他們被普林斯頓大學(xué)的羅蘭·貝納布(Roland Benabou)和圖盧茲大學(xué)的讓·蒂羅爾(Jean Tirole)兩位經(jīng)濟學(xué)家的理論模型所束縛，他們正式提出了這樣的觀點，即如果人們表現(xiàn)得很好，在混合中引入貨幣或其他獎勵可能會使問題復(fù)雜化。 例如，一個觀察者看到有人因獻(xiàn)血而得到報酬，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)很難區(qū)分獻(xiàn)血者內(nèi)在的“善”和貪婪。

　　Mr. Ariely and his colleagues presumed that the addition of a monetary incentive should have much less of an impact in public than in private (where the image is not important). By adding a monetary reward for participants to their experiment, they were able to confirm their hypothesis. In private, the number of clicks increased from 548 clicks to 740, but in public, there was next to no effect.

　　Ariely先生和他的同事認(rèn)為，增加貨幣激勵應(yīng)該在公共場合比在私人場合產(chǎn)生的影響小得多（在私人場合，形象并不重要）。 通過給實驗參與者增加金錢獎勵，他們能夠證實他們的假設(shè)。 在私底下，點擊次數(shù)從548次增加到740次，但在公開場合，幾乎沒有效果。

　　“It’s like you do a run for charity,” clarifies Ariely. “If I give you a dollar for every mile you’ll run longer and harder. However, if others are watching you then adding this dollar makes you less likely to run. You think others will assume you are just running for the money. This is because you value other people’s opinion so much.

　　“這就像你為慈善事業(yè)做了一次競選，”Ariely說。 “如果我每英里給你一塊錢，你就會跑得越來越長。 然而，如果別人看著你，那么加上這一美元會使你不太可能跑。 你認(rèn)為別人會認(rèn)為你只是為了錢而跑。 這是因為你非常重視別人的意見。

　　The experiment also indicates that cleverly designed rewards may actually raise the possibility to draw out more generosity by exploiting image motivation. Suppose, for example, that rewards were used to encourage people to support a certain cause with a minimum donation. If that cause then publicized those people who were generous well beyond the minimum required of them, it would show that they were not just “in it for the money”. Behavioral economics may yet provide charities with some creative new fund-raising techniques.

　　實驗還表明，巧妙設(shè)計的獎勵實際上可以通過利用形象動機來獲得更多的慷慨。 例如，假設(shè)獎勵被用來鼓勵人們以最低限度的捐贈來支持某一事業(yè)。 如果這一事業(yè)將那些慷慨超過最低要求的人公之于眾，就會表明他們不僅僅是“為了錢”。 行為經(jīng)濟學(xué)可能會為慈善機構(gòu)提供一些創(chuàng)造性的新籌款技術(shù)。

【大學(xué)英語課文原文】相關(guān)文章：

大學(xué)英語4課文原文07-28

大學(xué)體驗英語3課文原文07-21

高一必修英語課文原文03-18

高中英語課文原文05-31

小學(xué)課文太陽課文原文11-09

背影課文原文02-13

海燕課文原文07-25

散步課文原文03-19

跳水課文原文06-03