全國英語翻譯試題（精選11套）

　　在學(xué)習(xí)和工作的日常里，我們都經(jīng)常看到試題的身影，借助試題可以更好地考查參試者所掌握的知識和技能。你知道什么樣的試題才算得上好試題嗎？下面是小編整理的全國英語翻譯試題，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。

　　全國英語翻譯試題 1

　　【CATTI】一級筆譯真題

　　Section 1 Translation

　　Part 1 English-Chinese Translation (英譯漢)

　　Translate the following passage into Chinese.

　　Alice Munro, winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, once observed: “The complexity of things — the things within things — just seems to be endless. I mean nothing is easy, nothing is simple.”

　　That is also a perfect deion of Ms. Munro’s quietly radiant short stories — stories that have established her as one of the foremost practitioners of the form. Set largely in small-town and rural Canada and often focused on the lives of girls and women, her tales have the swoop and density of big, intimate novels, mapping the crevices of characters’ hearts with cleareyed Chekhovian empathy and wisdom.

　　Fluent and deceptively artless on the page, these stories are actually amazingly intricate constructions that move back and forth in time, back and forth between reality and memory, opening out, magically, to disclose the long panoramic vistas in these people’s lives (the starts, stops and reversals that stand out as hinge moments in their personal histories) and the homely details of their day-to-day routines: the dull coping with “food and mess and houses” that can take up so much of their heroines’ time.

　　Ms. Munro’s stories possess an emotional amplitude and a psychological density . Her understanding of the music of domestic life, her ability to simultaneously detail her characters’ inner landscapes and their place in a meticulously observed community, and her talent for charting “the progress of love” as it morphs and mutates through time — these gifts have not only helped Ms. Munro redefine the contours of the contemporary short story, but have also made her one of today’s most influential writers.

　　In short fiction that spans four and a half decades. Ms. Munro has given us prismatic portraits of ordinary people that reveal their intelligence, toughness and capacity to dream, as well as their lies, blind spots and lapses of courage and good will. Such deions are delivered not with judgmental accountancy, but with the sort of “unsparing unsentimental love” harbored by a close friend or family member.

　　Like Ms. Munro, many of the women in these stories grew up in small towns in Canada and, at some point, faced a decision about whether to stay or to leave for the wider world. Their lifetimes often span decades of startling social change — from a time and place when tea parties and white gloves were de rigueur to the days of health food stores and stripper bars.

　　For that matter, Ms. Munro’s women, often find themselves caught on the margins of shifting cultural mores and pulled between conflicting imperatives — between rootedness and escape, domesticity and freedom, between tending to familial responsibilities or following the urgent promptings of their own hearts.

　　In story after story, passion is the magnet or the motor that drives women’s choices. Love and sex, and marriage and adultery are often mirrors that reveal a Munro heroine’s expectations — her fondest dreams and cruel self-delusions, her sense of independence and need to belong.

　　Ms. Munro is adept at tracing the many configurations that intimacy can take over the years, showing how it can suffocate a marriage or inject it with a renewed sense of devotion. She shows how sexual ardor can turn into a “tidy pilot flame” and how an impulsive tryst can become a treasured memory, hoarded as a bulwark against the banalities of middle age.

　　Illness and death frequently intrude upon these stories, and the reader is constantly reminded of the precariousness of life — and the role that luck, chance and reckless, spur-of-the-moment choices can play. Some of Ms. Munro’s characters embrace change as a liberating force that will lift them out of their humdrum routines, or at least satisfy their avid curiosity about life. Others regard it with fearful dismay, worried that they will lose everything they hold dear — or at least everything familiar.

　　Part 2 Chinese-English Translation (漢譯英)

　　Translate the following passage into English.

　　現(xiàn)代西方的中國學(xué)大致經(jīng)歷了兩個代際的變化。第一代是歷史主義流派主導(dǎo)的，第二代是意識形態(tài)至上流派所主導(dǎo)的。當(dāng)代西方對中國的認(rèn)知，不論是學(xué)術(shù)界或大眾媒體，都深受這兩大代際和流派的影響。

　　現(xiàn)代中國學(xué)研究的第一代，可以追溯到20世紀(jì)初。他們用歷史主義的語境研究現(xiàn)代中國，研究方法深受中國傳統(tǒng)文化影響，研究領(lǐng)域涵蓋了中國的.政治、歷史、社會狀況和引領(lǐng)中國現(xiàn)代史的領(lǐng)袖人物。

　　中國學(xué)的第二代，始于89年，在后冷戰(zhàn)時代的意識形態(tài)狂熱中誕生。這一時期的研究，陷入自由民主或?qū)Ｖ篇?dú)裁的意識形態(tài)兩元對立。在研究取向上，強(qiáng)調(diào)政治立場先行和意識形態(tài)掛帥，目的只有一個，即證明中國的政治制度必然崩潰。可惜，這一代流派的研究一再被中國成功發(fā)展的事實(shí)證偽，備受質(zhì)疑。

　　最近幾十年來，中國全方位快速崛起，其巨大影響波及至世界各個角落。全球政治、歷史、經(jīng)濟(jì)研究的頂尖人士，紛紛聚焦中國，希望探究這一歷史重大事件的深遠(yuǎn)含義。

　　當(dāng)下，中國學(xué)正迎來一個新的代際，即第三代。第三代中國學(xué)發(fā)端于新的形勢背景下，研究方法和取向都不同以往。這一代際的演進(jìn)，將推動中國學(xué)從基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)上發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)型，并對世界對中國的認(rèn)知產(chǎn)生決定性影響。

　　這個群體不再象前兩代那樣限于中國通，而是來自各個領(lǐng)域。第三代中國學(xué)呈現(xiàn)的一個趨向可以稱為實(shí)證派，即以收集客觀數(shù)據(jù)為基本研究方法，客觀分析中國的治理模式。

　　全國英語翻譯試題 2

　　原文1：農(nóng)歷

　　農(nóng)歷(the lunar calendar)起源于數(shù)千年前的中國，根據(jù)太陽和月亮的運(yùn)行規(guī)律制定。長期以來農(nóng)歷在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和人們?nèi)粘Ｉ�活中發(fā)揮著重要作用。古人依據(jù)農(nóng)歷記錄日期，安排農(nóng)活，以便最有效地利用自然資源和氣候條件，提高農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。中國的春節(jié)、中秋節(jié)等傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的日期都基于農(nóng)歷。農(nóng)歷是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分，當(dāng)今依然廣為使用。

　　參考譯文：

　　The lunar calendar originated in China thousands of years ago, formulated based on the movement patterns of the sun and the moon. For a long time, the lunar calendar has played a significant role in agricultural production and peoples daily lives. ancient people recorded dates and arranged farm work according to the lunar calendar to make the most effective use of natural resources and climatic conditions, enhancing the yield and quality of crops. The dates of traditional Chinese festivals like the Spring festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival are all based on the lunar calendar. The lunar calendar is an essential part of Chinese traditional culture and is still widely used today.

　　原文2：四合院

　　四合院(siheyuan)是中國一種傳統(tǒng)的.住宅建筑，其特點(diǎn)是房屋建造在一個院子的四周，將院子合圍在中間。四合院通常冬暖夏涼，環(huán)境舒適，尤其適合大家庭居住。四合院在中國各地有多種類型，其中以北京的四合院最為典型。如今，隨著現(xiàn)代城市的發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的四合院已逐漸減少，但因其獨(dú)特的建筑風(fēng)格，四合院對中國文化的傳承和中國歷史的研究具有重要意義。

　　參考譯文：

　　The siheyuan is a traditional Chinese residential architecture characterized by houses built around a central courtyard. It is typically warm in winter and cool in summer, providing a comfortable environment especially suitable for large families. The siheyuan comes in various types across China, with the Beijing siheyuan being the most typical. Nowadays, with the development of modern cities, traditional siheyuan have gradually decreased. However, due to its unique architectural style, the siheyuan is of great significance to the inheritance of Chinese culture and the study of Chinese history.

　　原文3：福

　　漢語中的福表示幸福和好運(yùn)，是中國傳統(tǒng)文化中最常用的吉祥符號之一。人們通常將一個大大的福字寫在紅紙上，寓意期盼家庭幸福、社會安定、國家昌盛。春節(jié)貼福字是民間由來已久的習(xí)俗。為了歡慶春節(jié)，家家戶戶，都會將福字貼在門上或墻上表達(dá)對幸福生活的期待。人們有時還將福字倒過來貼，表示幸福已到。

　　參考譯文：

　　In Chinese, "Fu" represents happiness and good luck, and it is one of the most commonly used auspicious symbols in Chinese traditional culture. People often write a large "Fu" character on red paper, symbolizing the expectation of family happiness, social stability, and national prosperity. It is a long-standing folk custom to post the "Fu" character during the Spring Festival. To celebrate the Spring Festival, every household will put up the "Fu" character on the door or wall to express their expectation for a happy life. Sometimes, people even paste the "Fu" character upside down, indicating that happiness has arrived.

　　全國英語翻譯試題 3

　　英譯漢 Passage One

　　Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. Therefore, gender equality and womens empowerment are one of the overarching priorities of UNESCO.

　　性別平等不僅是一項(xiàng)基本人權(quán)，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)世界和平、繁榮和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必要基礎(chǔ)。為女性提供平等的教育、醫(yī)療保健、體面工作以及確保她們在政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)決策過程中的代表權(quán)，將促進(jìn)可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)，并在更大層面造福社會和全人類。因此，堅(jiān)持性別平等，賦予婦女權(quán)力是教科文組織的首要優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)之一。

　　This is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality.

　　這是一項(xiàng)戰(zhàn)略性策略，旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)男女平等。因此，無論男性和女性，他們的關(guān)切和經(jīng)歷都要融入所有政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會領(lǐng)域政策和方案的設(shè)計(jì)、執(zhí)行、監(jiān)測和評估，從而使男女平等受益，阻止不平等現(xiàn)象的持續(xù)蔓延。

　　Increasing attention is being placed on gender equality issues globally, buoyed by several legal and normative instruments: conventions and declarations. Chief among these are the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The latter, which was the outcome of the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women, in 1995, emphasizes the key role of media to promote gender equality in all spheres; all stake-holders are called to join forces to combat “stereotyping of women and inequality in women’s access to and participation in all communication systems, especially in the media”. UNESCO’s commitment and strategy to this end is pursued through a two-fold approach: (i) gender-specific programming and (ii) taking gender-focused actions in all of UNESCO’s fields work.

　　性別平等問題日益在全球引發(fā)關(guān)注，也得益于若干法律和規(guī)范性文書（公約和宣言）的出臺，其中最主要的是《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》和《北京宣言和行動綱要》。后者是1995年聯(lián)合國第四次婦女問題世界會議的成果，強(qiáng)調(diào)媒體在促進(jìn)所有領(lǐng)域兩性平等方面的關(guān)鍵作用，并呼吁所有利益關(guān)聯(lián)方攜手破除對“對婦女的陳舊觀念，消除婦女獲得和參與信息交流領(lǐng)域尤其是媒介領(lǐng)域所遭遇的不平等現(xiàn)象”。教科文組織在這方面的承諾和戰(zhàn)略是通過兩種方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)的：（1）根據(jù)性別設(shè)計(jì)的計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目；（2）在教科文組織的所有領(lǐng)域工作中實(shí)施性別關(guān)注行動。

　　UNESCO’s Communication and Information Sector has fully embraced this commitment and has engaged globally in a wide range of gender-specific initiatives across its divisions and main actions. Equality between women and men working in the media, and equality in news reporting on women and men, are of equal importance and are being stridently pursued. In cooperation with the International Federation of Journalists and many other partners, UNESCO has adopted this global framework of Gender-Sensitive Indicators for Media (GSIM). These indicators have been developed to enable effective assessment of related development in the media.

　　教科文組織的傳播和信息部門積極踐行這個承諾，并在全球范圍內(nèi)在其各部門和主要行動中采取了針對性舉措。實(shí)現(xiàn)在媒介組織和媒介內(nèi)容男女平等具有同等的.重要性，也是我們一直在努力實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。教科文組織與國際記者聯(lián)合會和許多其他合作伙伴合作，通過了這一全球媒體性別敏感指標(biāo)框架協(xié)議，以有效評估媒體的相關(guān)發(fā)展。

　　In order to further enrich the GSIM resource, and as a fundamental step for its completion, a second round of consultation was carried out online with UNESCO media partners globally. Broadcasting and print associations contributed comments, suggestions and insights to further enhance the document. The consultation with these associations was essential because it enables UNESCO to embed into the GSIM the perspectives of these key partners. This enables us to stress that use of the GSIM is not an attempt to limit freedom of expression and the independence of media, but to voluntarily enrich these underlying characteristics. UNESCO is confident that, if fully implemented, the GSIM will produce an impact in both qualitative and quantitative terms.

　　為了進(jìn)一步豐富媒體性別敏感指標(biāo)內(nèi)涵，實(shí)現(xiàn)指標(biāo)完善工作，教科文組織與其全球媒體合作伙伴在線進(jìn)行了第二輪磋商，吸納來自廣播和印刷協(xié)會這些關(guān)鍵合作伙伴提供的意見、建議和見解，以進(jìn)一步提高指標(biāo)質(zhì)量。與這些協(xié)會的協(xié)商是至關(guān)重要的，因?yàn)樗�使教科文組織能夠?qū)⑦@些關(guān)鍵合作伙伴的觀點(diǎn)納入全球戰(zhàn)略信息管理。這樣做也使我們強(qiáng)調(diào)，使用性別敏感指標(biāo)并不是試圖限制了言論自由和媒體獨(dú)立性，而是自愿去充實(shí)指標(biāo)應(yīng)有之義。教科文組織相信，如果性別敏感指標(biāo)得到充分實(shí)施，其將對性別平等事業(yè)的質(zhì)和量都產(chǎn)生影響。

　　英譯漢 Passage Two

　　When rainfall is measured in feet, not inches, we are witnessing climate change bearing down on us. Catastrophic destruction tied to the Atlantic hurricane season, monsoon rains in Mumbai, and downpours in Niger are just a few of the many extreme weather events that are being intensified by global warming. While the rise of a few degrees in temperature may not be enough for a person to run a fever, that change is enough to radically impact the earth’s climate. By way of comparison, the earth was once rendered largely uninhabitable by a one to two-degree Celsius drop in temperature—an era now referred to as the Little Ice Age. In response to the threat posed by global climate change, most nations have committed to significant mitigation efforts, through the Paris Agreement, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

　　當(dāng)我們用英尺而不是英寸來衡量降雨量時，我們就能切身感受氣候變化的影響。全球變暖，極端天氣增多，例如與大西洋颶風(fēng)季節(jié)有關(guān)的災(zāi)難性破壞、孟買的季風(fēng)雨和尼日爾的洪災(zāi)。對于人類而言，氣溫上升幾度不足以讓人發(fā)燒，但對于地球來說，影響確是根本性的。歷史上地球上的溫度僅僅下降了1到2攝氏度，地球一度變得基本上不適合居住——這個時代現(xiàn)在被稱為小冰河時代。為了應(yīng)對全球氣候變化帶來的威脅，大多數(shù)國家作出重要努力，依據(jù)《巴黎協(xié)定》，減少溫室氣體排放，力求減緩全球變暖加劇。

　　But will these collective efforts be enough? Some scientists are trying another approach, exploring new tools to deliberately alter the global climate system. These discrete and diverse technologies are often grouped under the all-encompassing and poorly defined rubric of “climate engineering” or “geoengineering.” These radically different approaches aim to either halt the process of global warming by removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere or to counteract warming already under way.

　　但是，這些集體努力就足夠了嗎？一些科學(xué)家正在嘗試另一種方法，探索有意改變?nèi)�球氣候系統(tǒng)的新工具。這些不同而多樣的技術(shù)通常被歸為“氣候工程”或“地球工程”這一包羅萬象的模糊術(shù)語。這些截然不同的方法旨在通過從大氣中清除溫室氣體來阻止全球變暖的進(jìn)程，或者采取措施應(yīng)對已經(jīng)在發(fā)生的變暖現(xiàn)象。

　　The problem is, while several tools seem to be gaining ground in computer models, laboratories, and even real-world experiments, public discussion has not kept pace with their advancement. To date, there has been too little transparency and international dialogue around the progress, feasibility, risks and benefits of these efforts. Climate engineering and current mitigation and adaptation efforts are not mutually exclusive. Experts generally agree that these new technological approaches alone are unlikely to provide adequate protection from the dangers posed by rising global temperatures.

　　但是問題是，盡管這些工具措施通過計(jì)算機(jī)模擬、實(shí)驗(yàn)室及現(xiàn)實(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)都取得了進(jìn)展，但公眾卻對此并不知情，慢了半拍。迄今為止，圍繞這些努力的進(jìn)展、可行性、風(fēng)險和好處，其透明度不高和開展的國際對話也太少。事實(shí)上，氣候工程與當(dāng)前人們采取的緩解于適應(yīng)性措施并不是相互排斥的。另外，專家們普遍認(rèn)為，僅靠這些新的技術(shù)方法不太可能提供足夠的保護(hù)，以應(yīng)對來自全球氣溫上升帶來的危險。

　　In 1965, the Science Advisory Committee raised concerns about manmade climate change and warned that “man is unwittingly conducting a vast geophysical experiment.” More than 50 years later, the field of climate engineering remains largely unknown, especially to policymakers and the public.

　　1965年，科學(xué)咨詢委員會提出了對人為改變氣候變化的擔(dān)憂，并警告稱“人類正在無意中進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的地球物理實(shí)驗(yàn)。”50多年后，氣候工程領(lǐng)域在很大程度上仍然未知，尤其是對決策者和公眾而言。

　　There are real risks to using or rejecting climate engineering. While it is tempting to be for or against climate engineering, what decision makers need to do now is to gather scientific facts and ask as many questions as possible about what the deployment of these technologies might mean for individuals, societies, nations and regions.

　　無論采取還是摒棄氣候工程都確實(shí)存在風(fēng)險。雖然支持或反對氣候工程的理由都很具有說服力，但決策者現(xiàn)在需要做的是掌握大量科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)，并盡可能多地詢問這些技術(shù)的運(yùn)用對個人、社會、國家和地區(qū)意味著什么。

　　漢譯英 Passage One

　　琴心和小核桃是兩個出生在2016年的“萌妹子”。在臥龍國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)(National Nature Reserve）進(jìn)行了兩年的野化培訓(xùn)后，2018年12月27日，它們在龍溪一虹口國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)被放歸。當(dāng)時兩只熊貓接受了體檢，它們的生長發(fā)育和各項(xiàng)生理指標(biāo)均正常。

　　兩只大熊貓放歸后，科研人員組成的監(jiān)測小組立即著手對它們進(jìn)行跟蹤監(jiān)測。無線電監(jiān)測、GPS數(shù)據(jù)下載及分析、大熊貓糞便樣品采集、生存環(huán)境調(diào)查、紅外相機(jī)監(jiān)測等多種設(shè)備和手段的應(yīng)用，讓監(jiān)測隊(duì)員可以隨時掌握兩只熊貓的動向。通過收集相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，開展野外研究，監(jiān)測人員希望了解兩個小家伙能否逐步適應(yīng)新的野外環(huán)境，融入野生大熊貓種群。

　　“我們保護(hù)區(qū)位于大熊貓分布區(qū)的中段，其顯著特點(diǎn)是直接聯(lián)系著岷山山系和邛山頂最大的大熊貓野生種群棲息地。”保護(hù)區(qū)虹口站站長劉波表示，“這里是野生大熊貓生存、繁衍以及圈養(yǎng)（captive-bred）大熊貓放歸的天然走廊。”

　　Qinxin (“Heart of Qin”) and Xiao Hetao (“Little Walnut”), two adorable pandas born in 2016, were released into Longxi - Hongkou National Nature Reserve on December 27, 2018 after two years of rewilding training in Wolong National Nature Reserve. Physical examination on the spot revealed that their growth and physiological indicators met all the required standards. Since their release, a dedicated team of researchers began to monitor the progress of the two animals, by harnessing radio monitoring systems, analyzing GPS data, collecting fecal samples, investigating their living environment, and deploying infrared camera detectors. Through data collection and field research, they could determine whether the pandas can accustom themselves to the new environment and fit into the wild panda population over time.

　　“This place is in the central section of the region where pandas are distributed. It is a direct link between the Minshan mountains and Qionglai mountains, both of which are the largest habitats of wild pandas,” said Liu Bo, head of Hongkou Station in the reserve. “It is not only a place where wild pandas live and reproduce, but also a natural corridor through which captive-bred pandas are reintroduced into the wilderness.”

　　漢譯英 Passage Two

　　污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)是全面建成小康社會決勝階段的三大攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)之一。目標(biāo)是到2020年生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量總體改善，主要污染物排放總量大幅減少，環(huán)境風(fēng)險得到有效管控。

　　The war on pollution is one of the three major campaigns launched by China in the decisive stage of its efforts to build a well-off society in all respects. The objective is to achieve an overall improvement in the ecological environment, a significant reduction in the emissions of major pollutants, and the effective control of environmental risks by 2020.

　　生態(tài)環(huán)境問題本質(zhì)上是高資源消耗、高污染排放的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式造成的。所以我們必須提高資源開發(fā)利用效率，減少資源消耗，并將生態(tài)文明(ecological conservation）的要求融入到經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中，加快形成節(jié)約資源和保護(hù)環(huán)境的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、生產(chǎn)方式、生活方式。我們要加快建立健全五大生態(tài)文明體系，即生態(tài)文化體系、生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系、目標(biāo)責(zé)任體系、生態(tài)文明制度體系和生態(tài)安全體系等。這些體系的建立有助于我們從根本上解決生態(tài)環(huán)境問題。

　　Environmental issues are essentially results of an economic development model marked by excessive resource consumption and high pollutant emissions. Therefore, it is imperative to improve resource efficiency, reduce resource consumption, integrate environmental efforts into economic development, and facilitate the establishment of an industrial structure and way of life and work that is resource-efficient and environmentally-friendly, so as to provide time and space for nature to recover and develop. There is also a need to accelerate the construction of five systems surrounding ecological civilization in terms of culture, economy, objectives and accountability, institutions, and security, all of which, when established, will contribute to the fundamental resolution of environmental problems.

　　我們要樹立良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境是最大的民生福祉這一基本民生觀。堅(jiān)持生態(tài)為民，重點(diǎn)解決損害群眾健康的突出環(huán)境問題。從打贏藍(lán)天保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)到水污染防治、土壤污染防治、農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境整治、城市污水治理。還自然以寧靜、和諧、美麗，不斷滿足人民日益增長的對美好環(huán)境的要求。

　　In livelihood improvement, we must stay committed to the fundamental belief that an excellent ecological environment delivers the greatest wellbeing to the people. Therefore, guided by the mission of creating a high-quality environment for all, we take robust efforts to address pressing environmental problems that harm the public’s health. From winning the battle against air pollution to managing water pollution, land contamination and urban wastewater, and upgrading rural living conditions, our efforts are geared to restoring serenity, harmony, and beauty to nature and meeting the growing demand of the residents for a nice environment.

　　全國英語翻譯試題 4

　　徐志摩是20世紀(jì)著名的現(xiàn)代浪漫主義詩人。他畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)，而后去劍橋大學(xué)(Cambridge University)學(xué)習(xí)政策和經(jīng)濟(jì)。經(jīng)過兩年在劍橋的學(xué)習(xí)，他深受歐洲和美國詩人的影響。1922年他回到中國，后來成為了現(xiàn)代詩歌運(yùn)動的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。他的生命很短暫，但卻為世界和中國文學(xué)作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。他是中國第一批成功將西方浪漫主義形式引入中國現(xiàn)代詩歌的作家之一。他的詩歌是世界文學(xué)的瑰寶。

　　參考譯文：

　　Xu Zhimo was a famous modern romantic poet of 20C. He graduated from Peking University and then went to the Cambridge University to study policy and economy. After two years studying in Cambridge University, he was deeply influenced by the poets of Europe and America. In 1922 he went back to China and later became a leader of the modern poetry movement. Though he lived quite a short life,he made a great contribution to the worlds and Chinese literature. He was one of the first Chinese writers to successfully introduce Western romantic form into the modern Chinese poetry, and his poetry is a treasure of the world literature.

　　詞句點(diǎn)撥：

　　1.徐志摩是20世紀(jì)著名的現(xiàn)代浪漫主義詩人：翻譯“著名的現(xiàn)代浪漫主義詩人”時，考生要注意形容詞的順序，即famous modern romantic poet.

　　2.他畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)，而后去劍橋大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)：“畢業(yè)于”可譯為graduate from，也可譯為graduate at; graduate at意思是“畢業(yè)于”，英國人常用，指在大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)期滿;graduate from美國人常用，指中等學(xué)業(yè)或大學(xué)業(yè)期滿。

　　3.他的'生命很短暫，但卻為世界和中國文學(xué)作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)：“很”可以用quite表示，也也用very表示，但要注意兩者和不定冠詞a之間的順序，即quite a和a very(注意順序)。“作出重大貢獻(xiàn)”可譯為make a great contribution，表示“對……做出貢獻(xiàn)”可在短語后由介詞to引出貢獻(xiàn)對象。

　　4.他是中國第一批成功將西方浪漫主義形式引入中國現(xiàn)代詩歌的作家之一：“中國第一批……作家”可譯為one of the first Chinese writers.“成功將……”可以用to do引出，即to successfully introduce…。“將……引入”可譯為introduce…to.“西方浪漫主義形式”可譯為Western romantic form，“中國現(xiàn)代詩歌”可譯為modern Chinese poetry.

　　全國英語翻譯試題 5

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　　字Chinese Characters——漢字，世界上最古老的文字之一，是已知的從開始到現(xiàn)在唯一從未中斷過使用的文字。直播課通過學(xué)習(xí)漢字的起源、結(jié)構(gòu)、書寫技巧，以此了解中國人的邏輯思維和傳統(tǒng)文化。

　　詞Chinese Vocabulary——詞匯是學(xué)習(xí)漢語的基礎(chǔ)，直播課通過對簡單詞語的學(xué)習(xí)，擴(kuò)展到詞語的相關(guān)的'意義、用法、實(shí)踐，以便高效率的學(xué)習(xí)漢語。

　　句Chinese Sentence——直播課學(xué)習(xí)1000句常用漢語。使學(xué)生在了解句子意義的同時，掌握漢語常用句型、語法，以便在實(shí)際生活中靈活運(yùn)用，讓你說一口地道的漢語。

　　對話Chinese Topic——對話課，需要學(xué)生有一定的漢語基礎(chǔ)。它以中國人日常生活中的情景為主題，學(xué)習(xí)與主題相關(guān)的詞語和對話，并運(yùn)用于生活之中，使你在對話中，流利的表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。

　　中國文化Chinese Culture——中國文化有著5000多年的歷史。直播課將從中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日、生活習(xí)俗、風(fēng)味菜肴、名勝古跡、歷史人物等方面，全方位的向你展示中國悠久文化，使你更進(jìn)一步的了解中國、融入中國。

　　全國英語翻譯試題 6

　　（一） 同義反譯法

　　1、Only three customers remained in the bar.酒吧間只有三個顧客還沒有走。（不譯：還“留著”或“還呆在那里”）

　　2、I’ll be here for good this time.這一次我再也不走了。（不譯：“永遠(yuǎn)在此呆下去”）

　　3、Please keep the fire burning when I’m out.我不在家的時候，請別讓爐子滅了。（不譯：“我外出時，請讓爐子繼續(xù)燒著”）

　　4、"Wait, he is serious."等等，他不是說著玩兒的。（不譯：等等，他是認(rèn)真的。）

　　5、"Now, Clara, be firm with the boy!"聽我說，克拉拉，對這孩子可不能心軟。（不譯：……對這孩子要堅(jiān)定）

　　（二） 刪減解釋詞

　　The traveller in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement, that softness of voice and manner, which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quotation and mulatto women.到南方去的人看見那些黑白混血的女郎，準(zhǔn)定會注意到她們十之八九都賦有那種獨(dú)特的優(yōu)雅風(fēng)度、的那種柔和的聲調(diào)和文靜的舉止。

　　（三） 短句拆譯

　　" ...on one sunshiny morning in June , ..."在六月里的一天早上，天氣晴朗，……

　　（四）譯詞推陳出新

　　When he might well have acted with boldness, he found himself filled with doubts, scruples and equivocations, in addition to the ordinary fears of a lower.原譯：當(dāng)他可以大膽行動的時候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己除了一個情人所具有的那種普通的害怕之外，心里還充滿懷疑、的顧慮和躊躇。

　　改譯：等到他不妨放膽去追求的時候，他卻遲疑不定，顧慮重重。至于一般墮入情網(wǎng)的.人那種種常有的提心吊膽的心理，那就更是難免的了。

　　"George, I’m ashamed of you! George, I couldn’t have believed you would have done it! I always knew you to be a rolling stone that gathered no moss; but I never thought you would have taken away what little moss there was for Bagnet and the children to lie upon," said Mrs. Bagnet.喬治，我真替你害臊！喬治，想不到你會干出這種事情來！俗話說得好：“滾著的碌碡不長苔，流浪的漢子不攢財。”我早曉得你就是這么一個流浪漢！可真沒有想到你連貝格納特和孩子們靠它過活的那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)財也騙走，貝格納特太太說道。 （五） 解釋性添詞

　　（六） 詞無定譯

　　It is quite useless to ask whether Vanderbilt was criminally prosecuted or civilly sued by the Government. Not only was he unmolested, but two years later, he carried on another huge swindle upon the Government under peculiary heinous conditions.我們根本不必追問政府是否根據(jù)刑法或民法對范德比爾特提出起訴。范德比爾特不僅逍遙法外，而且在兩年后又以極其兇狠的手段對政府進(jìn)行弓一次巨大的詐騙。

　　（七） 精煉譯詞

　　A new dignity crept into his walk.原譯：走路的姿態(tài)不知甚么時候開始給人一種莊重的印象。

　　改譯：走起路來，不覺平添了幾分尊嚴(yán)。

　　（八） 刪削"When"字

　　1、When he saw me, he was startled.他看見我，嚇了一大跳，（不譯：當(dāng)他看見我的時候，……）

　　2、"When your gals takes on and cry, what’s the use of cracking on them over the head, and knocking on them round?"你那些女黑奴哭得那么傷心，你還拿鞭子沒頭沒腦的抽，把她們打得死去活來，那有甚么用呢？（不譯：當(dāng)你那些女黑奴哭得那么傷心的時候，你還拿鞭子……

　　（九） 感嘆詞的不同譯法

　　To him there is something divine/ in the sympathetic indulgence she substitute / for the angry disgust/ with which one of his own country women resent his supposed conditon.要是一個英國女人看到他真像他自己所假定的那么爛醉，/ 她就會對他又惱怒，又厭惡，/ 而挪拉對他卻又同情又寬容，/ 他在這中間看出了一點(diǎn)神圣的品質(zhì)。

　　（十）斷句法

　　His delegation agreed with the Executive Director/ that the fund should continue working/ for a better understanding of the interrelationship between economic, social and demographic factors.原譯：他的代表團(tuán)同意執(zhí)行主任關(guān)于該基金會應(yīng)繼續(xù)為更好地了解經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和人口的相互關(guān)系而努力的意見。

　　改譯：他的代表團(tuán)同意執(zhí)行主任的意見，/認(rèn)為該基金會應(yīng)繼續(xù)努力，/ 以求更好地了解經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和人口這三方面的相互關(guān)系。

　　（十一） 倒拆法

　　To him there is something divine/ in the sympathetic indulgence she substitute / for the angry disgust/ with which one of his own country women resent his supposed conditon.要是一個英國女人看到他真像他自己所假定的那么爛醉，/ 她就會對他又惱怒，又厭惡，/ 而挪拉對他卻又同情又寬容，/ 他在這中間看出了一點(diǎn)神圣的質(zhì)量。

　　（十二） 抽詞拆句法

　　All the way along the line, from the border right up to Peking, as far as the eye could see, the countryside was literally covered up with a green carpet of growing crops, holding a promise of bumper harvests.從邊境到北京，一路上沿鐵路線極目縱觀，但見農(nóng)村到處是茁壯的莊稼，彷佛鋪上一塊綠地毯，這說明豐收在望了。

　　全國英語翻譯試題 7

　　李大伯自己雖然并不富裕，但在別人需要幫助時他從不猶豫。退休前他從希望工程那里得到兩個家境貧窮但渴望求學(xué)的農(nóng)村孩子的地址。此后他定期給他們匯款。這兩個孩子后來都考上了大學(xué)，還獲得了海外留學(xué)的機(jī)會。他們常常思念李大伯，一直跟他通信。每次重讀他們來信，李大伯就會露出笑臉。他覺得這是自己一生最理智的.投資。

　　Not rich himself, Uncle Li never hesitates to help others when they are in need. Previous to his retirement, through Project Hope he addresses of two country kids who grew up in poor families but had a keen desire to study. From then on he sent them money regularly. Later the two made their way to college, and even got a chance to study overseas. They often thought of Uncle Li and keep corresponding with him. Whenever he reread their letters, The face of Uncle Li would broaden into a smile. He felt this to be the most sensible investment in his life.

　　全國英語翻譯試題 8

　　我小時候?qū)�動物產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣，所以常去家鄉(xiāng)的動物園參觀。那里最吸引我的是一對老虎，特別是那只雌虎。它們起初被關(guān)在一只大的鐵籠子里，后來放了出來，被安置在一個叫虎山的地方。山下有一道又闊又深的'溝將這山與參觀者隔開，而且沿著溝還有一道高高的鐵籬笆圍著。

　　二十年后我再度訪問這個動物園，欣慰地發(fā)現(xiàn)虎山仍在，但已擴(kuò)大了許多，在那里活動的共有大小六只老虎，而不是兩只了。

　　When I was young I developed a interest in animals. So I often visited the zoo in my home town. There what attracted me most was a couple of tigers, especially the male. They were kept in a huge iron cage at first, but later were released from it, and put in a place called Tiger Hill. The hill was separated from the visitors by a very wide and deep ditch. What is more, it was also surrounded by a high iron fence along the dicth. Twenty years later, I revisited the zoo, and was relieved to find Tiger Hill was still there, but greatly expanded. Moving around now were six tigers, old and young, instead of two!

　　全國英語翻譯試題 9

　　歷年翻譯資格考試真題：三級筆譯

　　Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (英譯漢)(50 points)

　　The Money Ran Out; Then the Villagers Stepped In

　　HIGUERA DE LA SERENA, Spain — It didn’t take long for Manuel García Murillo, a bricklayer who took over as mayor here last June, to realize that his town was in trouble. It was 800,000 euros, a little more than $1 million, in the red. There was no cash on hand to pay for anything — and there was work that needed to be done.

　　But then an amazing thing happened, he said. Just as the health department was about to close down the day care center because it didn’t have a proper kitchen, Bernardo Benítez, a construction worker, offered to put up the walls and the tiles free. Then, Maria José Carmona, an adult education teacher, stepped in to clean the place up.

　　And somehow, the volunteers just kept coming. Every Sunday now, the residents of this town in southwest Spain — young and old — do what needs to be done, whether it is cleaning the streets, raking the leaves, unclogging culverts or planting trees in the park.

　　“It was an initiative from them,” said Mr. García. “Day to day we talked to people and we told them there was no money. Of course, they could see it. The grass in between the sidewalks was up to my thigh. “

　　Higuera de la Serena is in many ways a microcosm of Spain’s troubles. Just as Spain’s national and regional governments are struggling with the collapse of the construction industry, overspending on huge capital projects and a pileup of unpaid bills, the same problems afflict many of its small towns.

　　But what has brought Higuera de la Serena a measure of fame in Spain is that the residents have stepped up where their government has failed. Mr. García says his phone rings regularly from other town officials who want to know how to do the same thing. He is serving without paay, as are the town’s two other elected officials. They are also forgoing the cars and phones that usually come with the job.

　　““We lived beyond our means,” Mr. García said. “We invested in public works that weren’t sensible. We are in technical bankruptcy.” Even some money from the European Union that was supposed to be used for routine operating expenses and last until 2013 has already been spent, he said.

　　Higuera de la Serena, a cluster of about 900 houses surrounded by farmland, and traditionally dependent on pig farming and olives, got swept up in the giddy days of the construction boom. It built a cultural center and invested in a small nursing home. But the projects were plagued by delays and cost overruns.

　　The cultural center still has no bathrooms. The nursing home, a whitewashed building sits on the edge of town, still unopened. Together, they account for some $470,000 of debt owed to the bank. But the rest of the debt is mostly the unpaid bills of a town that was not keeping up with its expenses. It owes for medical supplies, for diesel fuel, for road repair, for electrical work, for musicians who played during holidays.

　　Higuera de la Serena is not completely without workers. It still has a half-time librarian, two half-time street cleaners, someone part-time for the sports complex, a secretary and an administrator, all of whom are paid through various financing streams apart from the town. But the town once had a work force twice the size. And when someone is ill, volunteers have to step in or the gym and sports complex — open four hours a day — must close.

　　Section2: Chinese-English Translation (漢譯英)(50 points)

　　１０年來，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、綜合國力、人民生活水平邁上新的臺階，國家面貌發(fā)生舉世矚目的歷史性變化，為促進(jìn)亞洲和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

　　中國雖然取得了舉世矚目的發(fā)展成就，但仍然是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家，經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展面臨巨大的人口、資源、環(huán)境壓力，發(fā)展中不平衡、不協(xié)調(diào)、不可持續(xù)問題依然突出。

　　2011年，中國開始實(shí)施國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十二個五年規(guī)劃綱要，提出了今后５年中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的'總體任務(wù)。

　　未來５年，中國將著力實(shí)施擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需特別是消費(fèi)需求的戰(zhàn)略，建立長效機(jī)制，釋放消費(fèi)潛力，著力促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長向依靠消費(fèi)、投資、出口協(xié)調(diào)拉動轉(zhuǎn)變。

　　中國將著力實(shí)施“走出去”戰(zhàn)略，引導(dǎo)各類所有制企業(yè)有序到境外投資，積極開展有利于改善當(dāng)?shù)鼗�礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和人民生活的項(xiàng)目合作。中國將著力參與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理和區(qū)域合作，推動國際經(jīng)濟(jì)金融體系改革，推動建立均衡、普惠、共贏的多邊貿(mào)易體制，反對

　　全國英語翻譯試題 10

　　A former Government chief scientist once told me that we should always have a Plan B ready in case Plan A doesn’t work – or doesn’t happen. He was speaking in relation to the possibility of “geo-engineering” the climate if it becomes obvious that global warming is beginning to tip irrevocably towards a potentially dangerous state.

　　He could only say this once he was out of office of course because the official Government view at the time – as it is now – was that “there is no Plan B” in relation to climate change, that the only conceivable way of avoiding dangerous global temperature increases in the future is to curb the production of greenhouse gas emissions now.

　　Geo-engineering is defined as the deliberate, large-scale in order to limit undesirable climate change, but it is seen by many as a technical fix too far. At its most outlandish, geo-engineering envisages putting giant mirrors in space to deflect incoming solar radiation, but it also includes more benign interventions, such as solar powered “artificial trees” in the desert for soaking up carbon dioxide in the air.

　　Despite the official view of there being no Plan B, however, last week’s fifth report by the has placed geo-engineering firmly on the agenda – even if the scientific panel rather denigrates the idea as probably unworkable and potentially dangerous. Nevertheless, for some critics of geo-engineering the mere mention of the concept in such an official and high-profile publication is enough to see red.

　　Indeed, the Canadian-based ETC Group of environmentalists, perceived a Russian-led conspiracy to subvert the IPCC process. Russia had insisted on the addition of geo-engineering to the report and it is Russia where many geo-engineering projects are being tested, the ETC Group claims.

　　Before getting carried away with the inclusion for the first time of geo-engineering in an IPCC report, it is worth pointing out that the panel emphasises the inherent flaws of the proposals to counter rising temperatures. Deflecting sunlight with artificially created white clouds over the oceans, for instance, would do nothing to prevent the acidification of the oceans and, if it had to be stopped for any reason, global surface temperatures would soon rise again even higher than before.

　　In short, if we rely on a technical fix to , rather than addressing the root problem, we could become addicted to the illusion that all is well when, in fact, all that we are doing is delaying the inevitable, while increasing the risk of some serious unintended consequences, which history tells us are never far away from big engineering proposals of this kind.

　　Take for instance the relatively small-scale geo-engineering project to divert the rivers running into the Aral Sea of the former Soviet Union. Half a century ago the Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world with a thriving commercial fishery, but by 2007 it had declined to about 10 per cent of its original size, with fishing boats stranded in the middle of a toxic salt pan.

　　Soviet scientists diverted water from two rivers running into the Aral Sea to irrigate fields of cotton and other crops. But in the end they created a barren, dusty landscape where once there was a sea filled with wildlife. Toxins and salt blown from the Aral’s parched basement even threatened the very crops that the project was meant to generate.

　　So when some people talk about the possibility of “fixing” the climate with technological interventions rather than cuts in carbon dioxide emissions, let’s not forget history. Perhaps HM Government is right: there is no Plan B.

　　Talking of carbon dioxide, I have just returned from an interesting visit to the Czech Republic where health tourism, rather than being frowned upon, is positively encouraged.

　　What has this got to do with carbon dioxide, you may ask? Well one of the more curious, if not bizarre “medical” treatments you can buy is a dip in a dry bath of carbon dioxide. For 20 minutes or so you bathe everything below your waist (fully clothed) in an atmosphere of “natural” carbon dioxide pumped from underground sources.

　　It is said by those who sell it to cure a range of conditions and even acts like a dose of Viagra. Strictly in the interests of science I volunteered. I intend to publish my findings in a peer-reviewed scientific journal – that is if I can find one prepared to overlook my limited set of data points.

　　本文后附上三個題目：

　　1、What is geo-engineering? What are the possible international measures of geo-engineering?

　　2、What are the views of the critics of geo-engineering?

　　3、Why does the author introduce the small scale geo-engineering project?

　　從題目中可以看出，本文的中心詞是geo-engineering，文章對geo-engineering還提出了相當(dāng)?shù)馁|(zhì)疑，并提出可以實(shí)驗(yàn)小型 geo-engineering。從文章第三段開始，可以找到geo-engineering的定義。接著正好是各國可以采用的.手段和人們提出的質(zhì)疑。文章后三段相熟了小型的geo-engineering。

　　全國英語翻譯試題 11

　　The first outline of The Ascent of Man was written in July 1969and the last foot of film was shot in December 1972. An undertaking aslarge as this, though wonderfully exhilarating, is not entered lightly. It demands an unflagging intellectual and physical vigour, a total immersion, which I had to be sure that I could sustain with pleasure; for instance, Ihad to put off researches that I had already begun; and I ought to explai-n what moved me to do so.

　　There has been a deep change in the temper of science in the last20 years: the focus of attention has shifted from the physical to the life sciences. As a result, science is drawn more and more to the study of in-dividuality. But the interested spectator is hardly aware yet how far-reaching the effect is in changing the image of man that science moulds. Asa mathematician trained in physics, I too would have been unaware, had not a series of lucky chances taken me into the life sciences in middle age. I owe a debt for the good fortune that carried me into two seminal fields of science in one lifetime; and though I do not know to whom the debt is due, I conceived The Ascent of Man in gratitude to repay it.

　　The invitation to me from the British Broadcasting Corporation was to present the development of science in a series of television programmes to match those of Lord Clark on Civilisation. Television is an admirable medium- for exposition in several ways: powerful and immediate to the eye, able to take the spectator bodily into the places and processes that are described, and conversational enough to make him conscious that what he witnesses are not events but the actions of people. The last of these merits is to my mind the most cogent, and it weighed most with me in agreeing to cast a personal biography of ideas in the form of television essays. The point is that knowledge in general and science in particular does not consist of abstract but of man-made ideas, all the way from its beginnings to its modern and idiosyncratic models. Therefore the underlying concepts that unlock nature must be shown to arise early and in the simplest cultures of man from his basic and specific faculties. And the development of science which joins them in more and more complex conjunctions must be seen to be equally human: discoveries are made by men, not merely by minds, so that they are alive and charged with individuality. If television is not used to make these thoughts concrete, it is wasted.

　　參考答案：

　　《人類的進(jìn)程》一書的提綱初稿是1969年7月完成的，影片的最后一部分是在1972年12月拍攝的。像這樣大的一個項(xiàng)目，雖然異常精彩，令人激動，卻并不是輕易上馬的。它要求我保持旺盛的腦力和體力，專心致志地投入工作。我必須確保持之以恒，并從中得到樂趣;比方說，我不得不停下已經(jīng)開始的研究工作;我還應(yīng)當(dāng)說明一下，究竟是什么促使我承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)工作的。

　　二十年來，科學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢發(fā)生了深刻的變化：關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)已經(jīng)從自然科轉(zhuǎn)移到生命科學(xué)。結(jié)果，便把科學(xué)越來越吸引到個體特征的研究上來。然而感興趣的旁觀者幾乎沒有意識到此事對于改變科學(xué)塑造的人的形象產(chǎn)生了多么深遠(yuǎn)的影響。我是一個研究數(shù)學(xué)的.人，以前學(xué)過物理學(xué)，若不是中年有幸有幾次機(jī)會涉足生命科學(xué)，我也不會有所認(rèn)識。我應(yīng)當(dāng)感謝我交的好運(yùn)，是它使我在一生中參與了兩個啟發(fā)性的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。盡管我并不知道應(yīng)該向誰表示感謝，我編寫了《人類的進(jìn)程》一書，以表示我的感激之情。

　　英國廣播公司邀請我做的是通過一套電視節(jié)目來表現(xiàn)科學(xué)的發(fā)展過程，以與克拉克勛爵制作的關(guān)于文明的電視節(jié)目相匹配。通過電視來進(jìn)行解說有幾大好處：它有力、直觀，能使觀眾身臨其境或親身參與所描述的過程，它的語言親切，能使觀眾覺得他所看到的是人們的行動而不是事件。這些優(yōu)點(diǎn)之中，我認(rèn)為最后一點(diǎn)最為突出，它是一股最大的動力促使我同意以電視散文的方式從個人的角度來講述各種思想的發(fā)展史。重要的是知識總體，尤其是科學(xué)知識不是由抽象的思想構(gòu)成的，而是由人的思想構(gòu)成的，自有知識開始直到現(xiàn)代千奇百怪的模式莫不是如此。所以介紹打開自然界之門的基本思想，必須表現(xiàn)出它們很早就已產(chǎn)生，而且是產(chǎn)生在人類最淳樸的文化之中，產(chǎn)生于人類基本的、具體的感官之中。同時還必須表現(xiàn)出使種種思想形成越來越復(fù)雜的結(jié)合體的科學(xué)的發(fā)展也同樣是人類的貢獻(xiàn)：種種發(fā)現(xiàn)都是人的產(chǎn)物，而不僅僅是頭腦的產(chǎn)物，因此它們都是有生氣的，而且具有個人的特色。如果電視未能把這些思想表現(xiàn)得很具體，那豈不是浪費(fèi)!

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