初中英語音標(biāo)課件
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一、 音素
1、單元音：
2、雙元音：
3、清、濁輔音：
二、語音的基本常識(shí)
1、音節(jié)的劃分
一個(gè)單詞的音標(biāo)中有幾個(gè)元音就有幾個(gè)音節(jié)。
2、重讀音節(jié)
任何雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)單詞的音標(biāo)中，有重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié) ，哪一個(gè)音節(jié)重讀，該音節(jié)的左上方或該音節(jié)的元音上方標(biāo)有重讀符號(hào)“'”。
3、濁化音
以sp__, st___, sk___開頭的單詞清輔音/p/ /t/ /k/分別要發(fā)濁輔音/b/ /d/ /g/。
4、定冠詞the的讀音
e.g. the man
c.f. the old man
5、不完全爆破
爆破音[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] 后面緊跟另一個(gè)爆破音時(shí)，前面的那個(gè)爆破音只在口腔內(nèi)形成阻礙，而不能完全讀出。
e.g. basketball
the part of the earth
6、連讀
在一個(gè)短語或句子中，如果相鄰兩詞的關(guān)系相等密切，而前一個(gè)詞以輔音結(jié)尾，后一個(gè)詞以元音開頭，輔音和元素連在一起讀。
7、意群的停頓
對(duì)于一個(gè)較長的句子，可以根據(jù)意思和結(jié)構(gòu)將其劃分成幾群,一個(gè)意群必須一口氣說完。 關(guān)于語音的幾個(gè)概念
1) 字母：語言的書寫形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2) 音標(biāo)：詞的語音形式。
3) 音素：音的最小的單位。英語中有48音素。
4) 音節(jié)：由元音和輔音構(gòu)成的發(fā)音單位。
ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5) 元音：發(fā)音響亮，是樂音；口腔中氣流不收阻礙；是構(gòu)成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有20元音。
6) 輔音：發(fā)音不響亮，是噪音；口腔中氣流受到阻礙；不是構(gòu)成音節(jié)的主要音。中有28輔音。
7) 開音節(jié)：a) 輔音+元音+輔音+e name bike home due; b) 輔音+元音 he, go, hi
8) 閉音節(jié)：a) 輔音+元音+輔音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+輔音it
9) 重讀音節(jié)：單詞中發(fā)音特別響亮的音節(jié)。
2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括號(hào)是電腦無法輸入的音標(biāo))
1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth
3) [e] bed, desk, head,
4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp
5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6) [ ] hot, want
7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9) [u] look, put, women, could
10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough
11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse
12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16) [au] house, town
17) [ ] boy, oil
18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair
20) [ ] tour, poor,
3. 容易混淆的元音
1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don
4. 輔音
1) [p] pen,
2) [b] bed, comb
3) [t] tell,
4) [d], day, played, wanted
5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6) [g] big, go, guess, language
7) [m] man
8) [n] nine, knife, autumn
9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10) [l] land, world
11) [r] read, write,
12) [f] five, cough, laugh
13) [v] voice, of
14) [ ] think,
15) [ ] this, bathe
16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17) [z] zoo, close,
18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation
19) [ ] pleasure,
20) [h] hot, who, hour
21) [w] wall, what, answer
22) [j] yes
23) [ ] child, teach, catch
24) [ ] joke, bridge,
25) [ts] boats
26) [dz] goods
27) [tr] tree
28) [dr] dream
5. 容易混淆的輔音
1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 讀音規(guī)則
1) 重讀音節(jié)(見元音和輔音的例句)
2) 非重讀音節(jié) [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7. 特殊讀音
1）音的連讀：前面的詞以元輔音結(jié)尾，后面的單詞以元音開頭，這樣結(jié)尾的輔音要和開頭的元音連讀。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2）失去爆破：輔音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的輔音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3）音的同化：兩個(gè)特殊的音碰到一起，會(huì)發(fā)出變異成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,
8. 重音
1)單詞重音
A)雙音節(jié)詞
a)一般在第一個(gè)音節(jié)重讀。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前綴的詞，第二個(gè)音節(jié)是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce；
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前綴的重音與詞義和詞類有關(guān), 一般名詞的重音在第一個(gè)音節(jié)上，其它的詞性在第二個(gè)音節(jié)上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent
d)有些復(fù)合詞和帶有前綴 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的詞，有兩個(gè)重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B)多音節(jié)詞
a)一般倒數(shù)第三個(gè)音節(jié)是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.
b)有一些雙音節(jié)詞，加了前綴和后綴成了多音節(jié)，但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c)詞尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后綴的.詞，重音在這些后綴的前一個(gè)音節(jié)上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)詞尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后綴的詞，重音在該后綴上，而且有一個(gè)次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2)句子重音
A) 的節(jié)奏：（輕）-輕-重-輕-（輕）或重-輕-（輕）（輕）重
B) 英語句子的長短：是由句子中的重讀詞的數(shù)目決定的，而不是象漢語那樣由句子中的漢字?jǐn)?shù)目決定的。
C) 實(shí)詞重讀（副詞重讀），虛詞輕讀(冠詞，單音節(jié)介詞，單音節(jié)連詞，人稱代詞，反代詞，物主代詞，關(guān)系代詞，相互代詞，助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞be
D) 實(shí)詞不重讀的特殊情況
a) 實(shí)詞第二次出現(xiàn) He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一個(gè)名詞被第二個(gè)名詞修飾 I met her in the railway station.
c) 代替詞 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感嘆詞中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在專有名詞中 Wangfujing Street.
f)this在這些短語中，this morning/afternoon/evening
E)虛詞重讀的特殊情況
a) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞be在句首，句尾和否定時(shí)。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示可能，驚奇和肯定時(shí)。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介詞在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. d) 引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句的連詞在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him. e)反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。He couldn't come himself.
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