How to improve writing
How to write ?
Writing steps:
1. Examine topics
a. styles
b. person
c. tenses
2. Observe pictures and list points
3. Express points in English
4. Form a passage
書面表達如何提高檔次？
熟練掌握語法、句法等基礎知識的基礎上，
著力于以下四個方面的研究和訓練。
一、布大局，基本句型運用自如。
二、憑關系， 并列，復合恰當介入。
三、保順暢， 過渡詞語各司其職。
四、顯技能， 高級結構用在妙處。
陳述句的五種基本句型：
信手拈來 運用自如 適當擴展和變形
1、主語 + 謂語（vi）
2、主語 + 謂語 + 賓語
3、主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語+直接賓語
4、主語 + 謂語 +賓語 + 賓語補足語
5、主語 +連系動詞＋表語
1、主語 + 謂語（vi）
1)那位老人大叫一聲倒下了，汽車并未停，而是快速向西開走了。
fell with a cry didn’t stop drove off at a high speed
The old man fell with a cry . The car didn’t stop but drove off at
great speed heading west.
2) 一大清早， 我們在學校大門口集合，一起去了那兒。（98）
Early in the morning we met at the schoolgate and went there together
3) 1984-1990， 我在光明小學上學。
I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984-1990.
2、主語 + 謂語 + 賓語
1) 現在，我有了更多的課余時間，能夠從事我的愛好.如讀書、參觀博物館、學習電腦、繪畫等。
have more free time follow my own business/do what I like reading books visiting museums taking computer lessons
Now I have more free time . I can follow my own business, such as reading books ,visiting museums ,taking computer lessons, drawing and so on.
2) 我特別擅長英語和電腦。去年在全校電腦競賽中獲第一名。
I am very good at English and computer .Last year I won the first prize in the school computer competition.
3、主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語+直接賓語
1)農場的工人們熱情歡迎我們。
welcome warmly /give a welcome
The farm workers gave us a warm welcome.
2)我們把禮物送給奶奶，她非常高興。
We gave the presents to Grandma and she was very happy.
4、主語 + 謂語 +賓語 + 賓語補足語
1)政府號召學校減輕學生學習負擔。
The government called on school to reduce the learning load.
2)我們看到莊稼和蔬菜長勢很好。
We saw the crops and vegetables growing well.
5、主語 +連系動詞＋表語
1）2000年2月8日清晨7點15分。（2000）
It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000.
2) 孫淑偉，男，14歲，廣東人，從小就喜歡游泳。（91）
Sun Shuwei is a boy of 14 from Guangdong . He loved swimming when he was a boy.
3）村里所有的孩子都免費上學。（90）
Education is free for all the children in the village.
書面表達其它句法簡介
1、被動句表達（be +done)
學生分為5個班級，共教授6門課程。
The pupils are divided into five different classes, in which six subjects are taught.
2、There be …… 句型表達
1)（活動內容）有音樂，跳舞，唱歌，游戲，交換小禮品。
There will be music ,dancing , singing ,games and exchange of gifts.
2) 在大路的一邊，蓋起了一幢新教學樓。
On one side of the road there is a new classroom building.
3、非謂語動詞表達
1)凡參加（音樂）比賽的同學要聽歌曲片段，然后猜出處（94）
The students taking part in the contest will listen to part of a song or a piece of music and then guess where it comes from.
2)指著不遠處的一位警察，那個年輕人解釋道……(97)
Pointing to a policeman not far away, the young man explained…
4、從句表達(定語從句， 名詞性從句， 狀語從句）
你想了解中國中小學（現在）情況嗎？自從號召學校 減輕學習負擔以來， 很快，情況已經有了改善。（2001）
You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short , things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce the learning load.
2)在大路的另一邊，過去是操場的地方，現在興建了一座大樓
-- 我們的圖書館。（９９）
On the other side of the road , where the playground used to be, now stands another new building – our library.
30）40%的同學認為應收門票，但票價不宜過高。
Apart from those 60% , there are 40% students who think an entrance fee should be charged , as long as the price is not so high .
4)我相信你一定會不費勁地找到我們。
I’m sure you’ll have no trouble finding us.
如果收票， 需建大門，圍墻， 會影響城市形象。
If an entrance fee is charged , gates and walls will be built so that it will influence the appearance of the city. What’s more , it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city. If people should pay money when entering the parks, the park should build gates and walls , so they affect the beauty of the city. If an entrance fee is charged , gate and walls should be built , which will have a bad effect on the appearance of the city.
5、并列句表達及并列連詞的運用
1） 我正沿公園路向東走，這時一位老人從街對面的公園里出來了 。
I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.
2) 當時， 我們坐下來聊天，而叔叔就去準備午餐了。
Then we sat down to talk , while Uncle went to prepare lunch.
2001年7月13日，你的美國朋友給你寫了一封信，祝賀北京申奧成功。收到信后，你給他寫了一封回信，介紹了你們是如何慶祝申奧成功的。回信應包括下面圖畫所示內容，并邀請他在2008年來中國。
注意：1.詞數100左右；
2．信的開頭和結尾已寫好。
生詞 ：1……競標成功 win the bid for …
2．出墻報 put up a wall newspaper
1 、表示感謝。
2、得知申奧成功很高興。
3、討論，決定出黑板報。
4、怎樣出黑板報。
5、同學們看后興奮激動。
6、邀請。
Dear Bill,
Very glad to receive your letter of July 13, Thank you for your congratulations. I was very excited when I heard that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games. Immediately I called Wei Guo and Li Hong to my house. After a brief discussion we decided to put up a wall newspaper for our class. We hurried to our classroom and began to work, Wei Guo wrote a poem. Li Hong copied some news from the newspapers. I drew an Olympic flag. The next Monday. Our classmates were both surprised and overjoyed when they saw the wall newspaper.
I hope you can come to China to watch the Olympic Games in 2008. Them I’ll be very happy to be your guide.
Sincerely yours.
Zhang Hua
語意要合情合理，過渡自然；
語句要有簡有繁，隨“意”而安；
語法要結構正確，無懈可擊；
語言要地道流暢，書寫規范。
Person can kill lives, animal can kill lives too.
Persons can kill, and animals can kill too.
Persons can kill life and animals can kill life too.
Either persons or animals can kill life.They do that in order to get food or kill enemies.
In order to get food or kill enemies, both persons and animals can kill.
Killing is common. Not only human will kill, but also animals. For one thing they want to get food, for another they should kill enemies.
It is known to us all that both human and animals can kill the living thing. For one thing they can get food in this way;for another they want to kill their enemies.
Some of the discourse markers
并列and; as well as ; also;
選擇or; either-or; or else; otherwise
原因because ; owing to; due to ;on account of ; thanks to
結果so ; therefore ; thus ; as a result
時間when ;soon after ; before; later ; first ; and then ; next ; finally; afterwards.
比較on the contrary ; on the other hand ; like
轉折but ; yet; however ; although; in spite of ; instead ;
遞進besides ; moreover ; even ; in addition
舉例for example/instance; such as ; that is ; namely ;
總結after all ; in short ; in general ; generally speaking in all, in a word