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英美文學試題
20xx年英美文學試題
20xx年英美文學試題
PART ONE (40 POINTS)
I. Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)
Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your choice on the answer sheet.
1.The most significant idea of the Renaissance is（ ）.
A. humanism B. realism C. naturalism D. skepticism
2.Shakespeare’s tragedies include all the following except（ ）.
A. Hamlet and King Lear B. Antony and Cleopatra and Macbeth
C. Julius Caesar and Othello D. The Merchant of Venice and A Midsummer Night’s Dream
3.The statement “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability”opens one of well-known essays by
A. Francis Bacon B. Samuel Johnson C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift
4.In Hardy’s Wessex novels, there is an apparent（ ）touch in his description of the simple though primitive rural life.
A. nostalgic B. humorous C. romantic D. ironic
5.Backbite, Sneerwell, and Lady Teazle are characters in the play The School for Scandal by（ ）.
A. Christopher Marlowe B. Ben Jonson C. Richard Brinsley Sheridan D. George Bernard Shaw
6.Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a“（ ）in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
A. tragic epic B. comic epic C. romance D. lyric epic
7.In his poem “Tyger, Tyger,”William Blake expresses his perception of the“fearful symmetry”of the big cat. The phrase“fearful symmetry”suggests（ ）.
A. the tiger’s two eyes which are dazzlingly bright and symmetrically set B. the poet’s fear of the predator
C. the analogy of the hammer and the anvil D. the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God’s creation
8.“What is his name?”
“Bingley.”
“Is he married or single?”
“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
The above dialogue must be taken from（ ）.
A. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice B. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights
C. John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte Saga D. George Eliot’s Middlemarch
9.The short story“Araby”is one of the stories in James Joyce’s collection（ ）.
A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man B. Ulysses C. Finnegans Wake D. Dubliners
10.William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except（ ）.
A. the using of everyday language spoken by the common people
B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
C. the humble and rustic life as subject matter
D. elegant wording and inflated figures of speech
11.Here are two lines taken from The Merchant of Venice:“Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew/Thou mak’st thy knife keen.”What kind of figurative device is used in the above lines?
（ ） A. Simile. B. Metonymy. C. Pun. D. Synecdoche.
12.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”is an epigrammatic line by（ ）.
A. J. Keats B. W. Blake C. W. Wordsworth D. P. B. Shelley
13.The poems such as“The Chimney Sweeper”are found in both Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience by
A. William Wordsworth B. William Blake C. John Keats D. Lord Gordon Byron
14.John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress is often regarded as a typical example of（ ）.
A. allegory B. romance C. epic in prose D. fable
15.Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by（ ）rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.
A. classical B. romantic C. sentimental D. allegorical
16.In his essay“Of Studies,”Bacon said:“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and（ ）.”
A. skimmed B. perfected C. imitated D. digested
17.“For I have known them all already, known them all—/Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons,/I have measured out my life with coffee spoons.”The above lines are taken from（ ）.
A. Wordsworth’s “The Solitary Reaper” B. Eliot’s“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”
C. Coleridge’s“Kubla Khan” D. Yeats’s“The Lake Isle of Innisfree”
18.(The)（ ）was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.
A. Romanticism B. Humanism
C. Enlightenment D. Sentimentalism 19.A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of（ ）, who never pays any attention to human feelings.
A. morality B. justice C. property D. humor
20.The typical feature of Robert Browning’s poetry is the （ ）.
A. bitter satire B. larger-than-life caricature C. Latinized diction D. dramatic monologue
21.George Bernard Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession is a grotesquely realistic exposure of the（ ）.
A. slum landlordism B. political corruption in England
C. economic oppression of women D. religious corruption in England
22.The story starting with the marriage of Paul’s parents Walter Morel and Mrs. Morel must be
A. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles B. D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers
C. George Eliot’s Middlemarch D. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre
23.In American literature the first important writer who earned an international fame on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean is（ ）. A. Washington Irving B. Ralph Waldo Emerson C. Nathaniel Hawthorne D. Walt Whitman
24.The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his“black vision.”The term“black vision”refers to
A. Hawthorne’s observation that every man faces a black wall
B. Hawthorne’s belief that all men are by nature evil
C. that Hawthorne employed a dream vision to tell his story
D. that Puritans of Hawthorne’s time usually wore black clothes
25.Theodore Dreiser was once criticized for his（ ）in style, but as a true artist his strength just lies in that his style is very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sought.
A. crudeness B. elegance C. conciseness D. subtlety
26.“He is the last of the romantic heroes, whose energy and sense of commitment take him in search of his personal Grail; his failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.”The character referred to in the passage is most likely the protagonist of（ ）.
A. Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby B. Dreiser’s An American Tragedy
C. Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls D. Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
27.Almost all Faulkner’s heroes turned out to be tragic because（ ）.
A. all enjoyed living in the declining American South B. none of them was conditioned by the civilization and social institutions C. most of them were prisoners of the past D. none were successful in their attempt to explain the inexplicable
28.Yank, the protagonist of Eugene O’Neill’s play The Hairy Ape, talked to the gorilla and set it free because
A. he was mad, mistaking a beast for a human
B. he was told by the white young lady that he was like a beast and he wanted to see how closely he resembled the gorilla C. he was caged with the gorilla after he insulted an aristocratic stroller
D. he could feel the kinship only with the beast
29.In（ ）, Robert Frost compares life to a journey, and he is doubtful whether he will regret his choice or not when he is old, because the choice has made all the difference.
A. “After Apple-Picking” B. “The Road Not Taken” C. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”
D. “Fire and Ice”
30.Though Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were romantic poets in theme and technique, they differ from each other in a variety of ways. For one thing, whereas Whitman likes to keep his eye on human society at large, Dickinson often addresses such issues as（ ）, immortality, religion, love and nature.
A. progress B. freedom C. beauty D. death
31.The Romantic Writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the（ ）in the American literary history. A. individual feeling B. survival of the fittest C. strong imagination D. return to nature
32.Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be（ ）.
A. transcendentalists B. optimists C. pessimists D. idealists
33.With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,（ ）became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century.
A. Sentimentalism B. Romanticism C. Realism D. Naturalism
34.American writers after World War I self-consciously acknowledged that they were(a)“（ ）,”devoid of faith and alienated from the Western civilization.
A. Lost Generation B. Beat Generation C. Sons of Liberty D. Angry Young Men
35.In（ ）, Washington Irving agrees with the protagonist on his preference of the past to the present, and of a dream-like world to the real world.
A. “Young Goodman Brown” B.“Rip Van Winkle” C. “Rappaccini’s Daughter” D.“Bartleby, the Scrivener”
36.Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely characters in（ ）.
A. The House of the Seven Gables B. The Scarlet Letter C. The Portrait of a Lady D. The Pioneers
37.Like Nathaniel Hawthorne,（ ）also manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through symbolism and allegory in his narratives.
A. Mark Twain B. Henry James C. R. W. Emerson D. Herman Melville
38.In his realistic fiction, Henry James’s primary concern is to present the（ ）.
A. inner life of human beings B. American Civil War and its effects
C. life on the Mississippi River D. Calvinistic view of original sin
39.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Mark Twain’s writing style?（ ）
A. Simple vernacular. B. Local color.
C. Lengthy psychological analyses. D. Richness of irony and humor.
40.Which of the following statements about E. Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner’s story“A Rose for Emily,”is NOT true?（ ）
A. She has a distorted personality. B. She is physically deformed and paralyzed.
C. She is the symbol of the old values of the South. D. She is the victim of the past glory.
PART TWO (60 POINTS)
Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 for each)
Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
41.“Words are like leaves; and where they most abound,
Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found”
Questions:
A. Identify the poem and the poet. B. What idea do the two lines express?
42.“To be so distinguished, is an honor, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.”
Questions:
A. Identify the work and the author. B. What is the tone of author?
43.“‘Faith! Faith!’cried the husband. ‘Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One.’”
Questions:
A. Identify the work and the author. B. What idea does the quoted sentence express?
44.“We passed the School, where Children strove
At Recess—in the Ring—
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—
We passed the Setting Sun—”
Questions: A. Identify the poem and the poet.
B. What do“the School,” “the Fields”and“the Setting Sun”stand for respectively?
Ⅲ. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 for each)
Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
45.As a rule, and allegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a surface meaning, and an implied meaning. List two works as examples of allegory. What is the implied meaning an allegory is usually concerned with?
46.“Let it not be supposed by the enemies of‘the system,’that during the period of his solitary incarceration, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation.”
What do you think Charles Dickens intends to say in the above ironic statement taken from Oliver Twist?
47.Whitman has made radical changes in the form of poetry by choosing free verse as his medium of expression. What are the characteristics of Whitman’s free verse?
48.Some of Hemingway’s heroes are regarded as the Hemingway code heroes. Whatever the differences in experience and age, they all have something in common which Hemingway values. What are the characteristics of the Hemingway code hero?
Ⅳ. Topics for Discussion (20 points in all, 10 for each)
Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
49.Elizabeth Bennet, the heroine in Pride and Prejudice, is often regarded as the most successful character created by Jane Austen. Make a brief comment on Elizabeth’s character.
50.Take Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustrate the statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature.
溫馨小貼士：正確對待考研英語作文模板
快考研了，對于英語作文的復習，大家比較常用的方法就是背模板，來聽聽一些閱卷老師的看法：
一、作文模板要背,但不要背太多。關鍵是要準!老師是人,當然知道大家都是模板,不會因為這個難為大家。模板不是錯,也沒有歧視,但你連摸版都背不準,都背錯,那就是你的不對了.我發現很多同學上下句不連貫,但都很優美,可見是拼接的,按本人經驗,模版一個就可以對付大多數,問題是你要會用,而不是背一堆,又不準,同時還自己拼,那怎么能行?
二、考場上除非萬不得已不要抄上面卷面上的句子。本人第一天連續發現4張卷子句子相同。上報組長,雷同卷,差點按0分處理,后來還好又發現類似卷子,原來都是從翻譯抄下來的,0分終于避免了,但8分以下是跑不了了,欺騙老師啊~~~~
三、要有發光點,注意你是在考研,你讓老師看到的是important,there be,那就等著8分左右吧,好象中國學生最會的句子就是there be,一片there be,更郁悶的是,有人還把時態弄錯了,那完了,祈禱吧！用詞,要對的起研究生(Q吧) 考試的水平啊,你就不能換點高級的詞嗎?
四、最重要的是每段開頭.我算了一下,每份卷子,快的老師5秒,我差不多要10多秒。而且還要寫兩個名字,你覺得我能看到什么?首句!我們肯定不會亂改,但你要是在首句被我們看見低級詞、低級句子、低級錯誤,那完了,這就決定你最終分數,就算你后面寫的再好,也完了，前面是定性的,后面是定量的記得我的話!!!
五、多用難句,難詞。要讓我在枯燥的工作中驚艷,而且在5秒內,你就只有讓我覺得,你很牛啊,從句子看出來,同時注意,不要寫錯！
六、一定要檢查!特別是普通用法,要是普通用法錯誤,直接降一等,難的用法錯了也就算了。你連there be都錯,那能怪老師嗎?我給的2個高分被組長打回原形,就是因為有低級錯誤!不要出錯!
七、字體優美!強烈建議練練字,能寫斜體的就很好，至少多3分,不能寫的,字寫明白,否則,損失的不止3分。
八、從07年北京地區改卷來看,分數比較多的是在,7,8左右,要按文章要求寫,文章第一段多是描繪,注意上下句銜接,同時要有鋪墊,不要上來第一個詞就是confidence,太突兀了,看了有點暈。
九、作文不用花太多時間,但不花時間絕對不行,還是我說的,三個方面
1:背熟一個模版并運用好
2:不出錯誤
3:讓老師驚艷的詞句,就差不多了。
十、小作文沒改,不知道,不過似乎他們看的速度比我們快的多,為你們祈禱~~呵呵。
十一、補充,套話還是要學的。背一點,最后可以籌字數起碼,用的好的話也是個閃光點。
十二、好象沒什么了,記住相信老師,北京地區分數低,不是老師隨意壓分,是我們嚴格執行標準,你們能做的,是提高水平!
十句對你不客氣的英語口語
10句對你不客氣的英語口語
1. Just wait and see. I won't let you get away with that.
咱們走著瞧。我不會讓你得逞的。
2. You'll be sorry.
你會后悔的。
3. You're gonna get what's coming to you.
你會得到報應的。
4. If you're looking for a fight, you don't have to look far.
如果你想找人打架的話，不用找太遠。
5. Watch your mouth. Do you know who you're talking to?
說話客氣一點。你知道你在跟誰說話嗎？
6. I'll get even with you sooner or later.
跟你的這筆賬我遲早會要回來的。
7. Listen, you've picked the wrong person to quarrel with.
聽著，你找錯吵架的對象了。
8. You'd better take that back.
你最好收回那句話。
9. You want to take it outside? Anytime!
你想到外頭解決(干架)嗎？隨時奉陪！
10. Don't mess with me! / Don't get fresh with me!
不要惹我！/ 給我放尊重一點！
英美文學作家作品
■ 英國部分
古英語Old English 450-1066<Beowulf
中世紀英語(文學) Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century
喬叟Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales first time to use 'heroic couplet' 英雄體雙行詩
文藝復興(含義)The Renaissance - rebirth or revival
人文主義Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life
1.斯賓塞Edmund Spenser - the poets' poet<The Faerie Queen 詩人中的詩人 《仙后》
2.馬洛Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English drama Blank verse無韻詩體, hyperbole夸張
浮士德博士的悲劇<Dr. Faustus-- the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness 對知識、權利、幸福的追求
<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love pastoral(牧人的,田園的) life
3.莎士比亞William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present time
四大悲劇Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth
十四行詩第18首<Sonnet 18 eternal or immortal beauty
《威尼斯商人》<The Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality
《哈姆雷特》<Hamlet hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger (復仇者) To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action 獨白 Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters
4.培根Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness(簡潔) & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose Inductive method 歸納法 in place of deductive method 演繹法
《論學習》<Of Studies uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互補 to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
5.鄧恩John Donne
玄學詩派metaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods Conceits, syllogism 三段論
《日出》<The Sun Rising the busy sun is always ready to interfere with(干擾) other things and everywhere？
《致死神》<Death, Be Not Proud whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.
6.彌爾頓John Milton
《失樂園》<Paradise Lost the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.
《復樂園》<Paradise Regained
《力士參孫》<Samson Agonistes the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.
新古典主義Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感 & accuracy 怯懦
啟蒙思想(運動) Enlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science
哥特式小說Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castles 神秘、恐怖
7.班揚John Bunyan
(“浮華集市”)<The Vanity Fair from 《天路歷程》<The Pilgrim's Progress, a religious allegory (寓言), pursue the truth
8..蒲伯Alexander Pope
《論批評》<An Essay on Criticism a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance(指導), 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.
“words are like leaves; and where they most abound. Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found. ”what idea do the two lines express?
On fruit trees, where leaves are plentiful, fruit will be few. Similarly, in a piece of writing, where too many fine words are used, good sense will be reduced.
9. 笛福Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people《羅賓漢》<Robinson Crusoe, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒堅韌
10.斯威夫待Jonathan Swift - a master satirist諷刺作家. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently永存的 flawed有瑕疵的 Proper words in proper places
《溫和的建議》<A Modest Proposal
《格列佛游記》<Gulliver's Travels, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & Houyhnhnm
11.菲爾丁Henry Fielding –英語小說之父 Father of English novel, Prose Homer Comic epic in prose
《湯姆?瓊斯》<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
12.約翰遜Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener
《英文字典》<A Dictionary of the English Language
致切斯特菲爾德勛爵的信<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield
13. 謝里丹Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century
《?情敵》<The Rivals and《造謠學校》 <The School for Scandal are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.
14.格雷Thomas Gray
The Graveyard(墓地) School《寫在教堂墓地的挽歌》<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
?浪漫傳奇Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of 人文主義精神the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace
The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's<Lyrical Ballads
浪漫主義時期 The Romantic Period
15.布萊克William Blake -engraver雕刻家
《掃煙囪的人》<The Chimney Sweeper from《天真與經驗之歌》<Songs of Innocence a happy and innocence world from children's eye; <The Chimney Sweeper from 《經驗之歌》<Songs of Experience a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 憂郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites; 老虎< The Tyger
16.華茲華斯William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous自發的, worshipper of nature' Lake Poets' - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey騷賽
He defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow洋溢 of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected沉思默想的 in tranquillity安靜'.
“我孤獨地游蕩，就象一朵云”<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙 and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.
《威斯敏斯特橋上,1802年9月3日》<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔誠for nature.
《她居住在人跡罕至的地方》<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
《孤獨的割麥女》<The Solitary Reaper thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.
17.柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remote Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversational(對話的)
The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces –《古舟子詠》(又,《老水手之行》)<The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,《庫里斯特白》(克里斯塔貝爾)< Christabel ,《忽必列汗》<Kubla Khan
18.拜倫George Gordon Byron
拜倫式英雄'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin貴族血統, against tyrannical殘暴的 rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in《恰爾德?哈羅德游記》<Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.
<Song for the Luddites 'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.
<The Isles of Greece from《唐璜》 <Don Juan (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?
19.雪萊Percy Bysshe Shelley
Shelley’s masterpiece, Prometheus unbound, Is a verse drama. which borrows the basic story from a Greek play.
英國人民之歌<Men of England
《西風頌》<Ode to the West Wind terza rima三行體, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'
20.濟慈John Keats
4 great odes – 憂郁頌<Ode on Melancholy,希臘古甕頌 <Ode on a Grecian Urn, 夜鶯頌<Ode to a Nightingale, 倦怠頌<Ode to Psyche
<Ode on a Grecian Urn the contrast between the permanence永久 of art and the transience 短暫of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'
21.簡奧斯汀Jane Austen
《傲慢與偏見》<Pride and Prejudice
維多利亞時期 The Victorian Period
達爾文《物種起源》Darwin's<The Origin of Species and 《人類起源》<The Descent of Man shook the traditional faith, everything is created by God
功利主義Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people
22.狄更斯Charles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers批判現實主義作家 of the Victorian Age維多利亞時代
Character-portrayal描寫 is the most distinguishing feature特點 of his works A mingling混合 of humor and pathos 悲傷,惆悵
《雙城記》<A Tale of Two Cities 《霧都孤兒》<Oliver Twist
23.勃朗蒂姐妹The Bront? Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Bront?, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.
《簡?愛》<Jane Eyre 《呼嘯山莊》<Wuthering Heights
24.丁尼生Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠詩人, a real artist
拍吧, 拍吧, 拍吧<Break, Break, Break the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the 無憂無慮carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling無情的 movement of the ship and the sea waves
《過沙洲》<Crossing the Bar we can feel his fearlessness無畏的 towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife死后. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering進入 the next world陰間
”尤利西斯”<Ulysses not endure忍耐 the peaceful commonplace平凡的事 everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, but honored by all of them
25.布朗寧Robert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue
《指環與書》<The Ring and the Book his masterpiece
我逝去的公爵夫人<My Last Duchess this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man
26.喬治?艾略特George Eliot: As a 女性作家woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women
《米爾德馬契》<Middlemarch a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor
27.哈代Thomas Hardy - both a 自然主義naturalistic and a critical realist writer 地方鄉土色彩Local-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'
《德勃家的苔斯》<Tess of the D'Urbervilles experience is as to intensity劇烈, and not as to duration持續
?夜里的相會<Meeting at Night ?早上的分別<Parting at Morning
現代主義 The Modern Period
28.蕭伯納George Bernard Shaw- 1884 join the Fabian Society, strongly against the credo信條 of “art for art’s sake”, vehemently 激烈condemned the “well made” but cheap, hollow plays. He wrote more than 50 plays. Mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.
《鰥夫的房產》<Widower’s Houses 《康帝坦》<Candida 《華倫夫人的職業》<Mrs. Warren’s Profession 《愷撒和克里奧佩特拉》<Caesar and Cleopatra 《圣女貞德》<St. Joan 《人與超人》<Man and Superman 《皮格馬利翁》<Pygmalion 《回到麥修色拉》<Back to Methuselah 《蘋果車》<The Apple Cart
29.高爾斯華綏 John Galsworthy- was born into a upper-middle-class上層(富裕的)中產階級 family.
《銀盒》<The Silver Box established his prominent novelist and playwright in the public mind.
第一個三步曲Trilogy--《福賽特世家》<The Forsyte Saga:《有家產的人》<The Man of Property,《進退兩難》(騎虎難下)<In Chancery, 《出租》<To Let
第二個三步曲second Forsyte trilogy:《現代喜劇》<A Modern Comedy
第三個三步曲<End of the Chapter
30.葉芝 William Butler Yeats was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dublin. organized the Irish National Dramatic Socirty and opened the Abbey Theatre. a moderate nationalist. build a mystical system of beliefs(history, life followed a circular spiral螺旋 pattern consisting of long cycles which repeatd themselves over and over on different levels).
象征symbol : “winding stairs旋梯”, “spinning tops陀螺”, “gyres旋轉”, “spirals”
long poetic career, 3 period
《茵尼斯弗利島》<The Lake Isle of Innisfree 《夢見仙境的人》<The Man Who Dreamed of Fneryland
《麗達及天鵝》<Leda and The Swan 《在學童們中間》<Down By The Sally Gardens
31. T. S.艾略特 T. S. Eliot
《普魯弗洛克的情歌》<The Love Song of J.Alfred 《荒原》<The Waste Land 《灰星期三》<Ash Wednesday
《四個四重奏》<Four Quartets
32.勞倫斯 D. H. Lawrence
《兒子和情人》<Sons and Lovers 《虹》<The Rainbow 《戀愛中的女人》<Woman in Love
33.喬伊斯 James Joyce
《都柏林人》<Dubliners 《青年藝術家的肖像》<The Portrait of The Artist As a Young Man 《尤利西斯》<Ulysses
■ 美國部分
Started with Washington Irving's<The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's <Leaves of Grass, also
called 'the American Renaissance'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature
New England Transcendentalism 先驗主義/超驗主義
1.歐文Washington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American Goldsmith
Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced
First novel <A History of New York
<The Sketch Book contains German folk tales <Rip Van , <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
2.愛默生Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement
<The American Scholar, <Self - Reliance, <The Over-Soul
<The Poet a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America
<Experience a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature
<Nature is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism
3.霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne
Interior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity
<The Scarlet Letter
<Young Goodman Brown
4.惠特曼Walt Whitman
Openness, freedom, individualism
I - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)
A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style
<There Was a Child Went Forth how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments
<Cavalry Crossing a Ford a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.
<Song of Myself Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideas
5.麥爾維爾Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac
Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence
Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyon man's control
6.馬克?土溫Mark Twain - the true father of American literature
Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age
3 boyhood books<Life on the Mississippi, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.
7.亨利詹姆斯Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association
<Daisy Miller the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.
8.迪金森Emily Dickinson
Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys
<This is my letter to the World express Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with the outside world.
<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - description of a moment of death
<I like to see it lap the Miles Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.
<Because I could not stop for Death - personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt
9.西奧多?德萊塞Theodore Dreiser - America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire -<The Financier, <The Titan, <The Stoic <Sister Carrie 'who shall cast the first stone?'
The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorder
Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis
Imagist movement, Jazz Age
10.龐德Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'
<The Cantos
<In a Station of the Metro Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.
<The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter
<A Pact agreement with Whitman's free verse
11.弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene
<After Apple-Picking
<The Road Not Taken
<Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
12.尤金?奧尼爾Eugene O'Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times
毛猿<The Hairy Ape
13.司哥特?費茲杰拉德F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920s
A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream
了不起的蓋茨比<The Great Gatsby
14.海明威Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel Prize
Iceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure
<Indian Camp from <In Our Time birth and death coexist
15.福克納?William Faulkner - awarded a Nobel Prize
South, imprisonment in the past
Stream of consciousness, multiple points of view
Yoknapatawpha Country
<A Rose for Emily Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the
old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.
20xx年4月自考英美文學選讀試題
2004年4月自考英美文學選讀試題
全部題目用英文作答，并將答案寫在答題紙相應位置上，否則不計分。
PART ONE （40 POINTS）
Ⅰ.Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)
Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your correct answer on the answer sheet.
1.“And we will sit upon the rocks, /Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,/By shallow rivers to whose falls/Melodious birds sing madrigals.” The above lines are taken from ______.
A. Milton’s Paradise Lost B. Marlowe’s “The Passionate shepherd to His Love”
C. Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” D. John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”
2.The English Renaissance period was an age of ______ .
A. poetry and drama B. drama and novel C. novel and poetry D. romance and poetry
3.Here are four lines taken from Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene: “But on his brest a bloudie Crosse he bore,/The deare remembrance of his dying Lord,/For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore,/And dead as living ever him adored.” Who is the “dying Lord” discussed in the above lines?
A. Beowulf B. King Arthur C. Jesus Christ D. Jupiter
4.In Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylock, because ______. A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industry
B. his enterprise went bankrupt C. Bassanio was able to pay his own debt D. his ships had all been lost
5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?
A. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B. The speaker satirizes human vanity.
C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D. The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.
6. In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called ______.
A. heroic couplet B. quatrain C. Spenserian stanza D. terza rima
7. “Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,/Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;/Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile /The short and simple annals of the poor.” The above lines are taken from .
A. Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism B. Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”
C. John Donne’s “The Sun Rising”
8. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious ______of his time.
A. persecution B. improvement C. prosperity D. disillusionment
9. The 18th century witnessed a new literary form－the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common people.
A. romantic B. realistic C. prophetic D. idealistic
10. As a whole, ______is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life— socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally.
A. Moll Flanders B. Gulliver’s Travels C. Pilgrim’s Progress D. The School for Scandal
11. An honest, kind-hearted young man, who is full of animal spirit and lacks prudence, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and finally to have been accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative .
The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding’s work .
A. Jonathan Wild the Great B. Tom Jones C. The Coffe-House Politician D. Amelia
12. In Sheridan’s The School for scandal, the man who wins the hand of his beloved as well as the inheritance of his rich uncle is ______ .
A. Charles Surface B. Joseph Surface C. Sir Peter Teazle D. Sir Benjamin Backbite
13. Which of the following works best represents the national spirit of the 18th-century England?
A. Robinson Crusoe B. Gulliver’s Travels C. Jonathan Wild the Great D. A Sentimental Journey
14. Shelley’s masterpiece, Prometheus Unbound, is a verse drama, which borrows the basic story from ______ .
A. the Bible B. a German legend C. a Greek play D. One Thousand and One Nights
15. In the first part of the novel Pride and prejudice, Mr. Darcy has a (n) ______ of the Bennet family .
A. high opinion B. great admiration C. low opinion D. erroneous view
16. In Byron’s poem “Song for the Luddites,” the word “Luddite” refers to the ______ .
A. workers who destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment
B. rising bourgeoisie who fights against the aristocratic class
C. descendents of the ancient king ,Lud D. poor country people who suffered under the rule of the landlord class
17. Mr. Micawber in David Copperfield and Sam Well in Pickwick Papers are perhaps the best ______ characters created by Charles Dickens.
A. comic B.tragic C. round D.sophisticated
18. A typical feature of the English Victorian literature is that writers became social and moral ______ , exposing all kinds of social evils.
A. revolutionaries B. idealists C. critics D. defenders
19. “Is it not sufficient for your infernal selfishness, that while you are at peace I shall writhe in the torments of hell?”(Heathcliff uttered the sentence in the death scene of Catherine from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights.) The word “hell” at the end of the quoted sentence refers to ______ .
A. Heaven B. Hades C. the next world D. this world
20. A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of ______ ,who never pays any attention to human feelings.
A. justice B. humor C. morality D. property
21. “He was silent with conceit of his son. Mrs. Morel sniffed, as if it were nothing.”(Sons and Lovers by D.H.Lawrence)From the above quotation, we can see that Mrs. Morel’s attitude to her husband is ______ .
A. sincerely warm B. genuinely kind
C. seemingly angry D. merely contemptuous
22. A boy makes a quest of his idealized childish love through painful experience up to the point of losing his innocence and coming to see the drabness and harshness of the adult world.
The above sentence may well sum up the major theme of ______.
A. Eliot’s poem The love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock B. Bernard shaw’s play Mrs. Warren’s Profession
C. Joyce’s story Araby D. Lawrence’s story The Horse Dealer’s Daughter
23. Linguistically, compared with the writings of Mark Twain, Henry James’s fiction is noted for his ______.
A. frontier vernacular B. rich colloquialism C. vulgarly descriptive words D. refined elegant language
24. Which of the following statements about Washington Irving is NOT true?
A. Literary imagination should breed in a land rich in the past culture.
B. He is preoccupied with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil.
C. His stories are among the best of the American literature.
D. Some of his works are based on the materials of the European legendary tales.
25. Which of the following is NOT one of the main ideas advocated by Emerson, the chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism?
A. As an individual, man is divine and can develop and improve himself infinitely.
B. Nature exercises a healthy and restorative influence on human beings.
C. There exists an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Oversoul.”
D. Evil and sin are ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another.”
26. Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT ______ .
A. the strict poetic form B. the free and natural rhythm
C. the easy flow of feelings D. the simple and conversational language
27. “Then all collapsed, and the great shroud of the sea rolled on as it rolled five thousand years ago.” In the quoted sentence, the author might imply that ______.
A. nothing changes in the 5000 years of human history B. man’s desire to conquer nature can only end in his own destruction C. nature is evil as it was 5000 years ago D. nature has the ultimate creative power
28. “Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space ,—all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.” The above passage is taken from ______.
A. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin B. Cooper’s “Leatherstocking Tales”
C. Emerson’s “Nature” D. Dreiser’s Sister Carrie
29. Which of the following works best illustrates the Calvinistic view of original sin?
A. Stowe’s Uncle Ton’s Cabin B. James’s The Portrait of a Lady.
C. Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms D. Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.
30. Beside symbolism, all the following qualities EXCEPT ______are fused to make Melville’s Moby-Dick a world classic.
A. narrative power B. psychological analysis C. speculative agility D. optimistic view of life
31. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically.
A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious
32. In Daisy Miller, Henry James reveals Daisy’s ______ by showing her relatively unreserved manners.
A. hypocrisy B. cold and indifference C. grace and patience D. Americanness
33. The raft with which Huck and Jim make their voyage down the Mississippi River may symbolize all the following EXCEPT ______.
A. a return to nature
B. an escape from evils, injustices, and corruption of the civilized society
C. the American society in the early 19th century
D. a small world where people of different colors can live friendly and happily
34. Emily Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner’s story “A Rose for Emily,” can be regarded as a symbol for all the following qualities EXCEPT______.
A. old values B. rigid ideas of social status C. bigotry and eccentricity D. harmony and integrity
35. As a Modernist poet ,Pound is noted for his active involvement in the ______ .
A. cubist school of modern painting B. Imagist Movement
C. stream-of-consciousness technique D. German Expressionism
36. The statement that a boy’s night journey to an Indian village to witness the violence of both birth and death provides all the possibilities of a learning experience may well sum up the major theme of ______ .
A. Faulkner’s story “A Rose for Emily” B. Hemingway’s story “Indian Camp”
C. Irving’s story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” D. James’s story “Daisy Miller”
37. Which of the following plays by O’Neill can be read autobiographically?
A. The Hairy Ape B. The Emperor Jones C. The Iceman Cometh D. Long Day’s Journey Into Night
38. When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing.
A. Henry James B. Scott Fitzgerald C. Ernest Hemingway D. William Faulkner
39.After his experiences in the forest, Young Goodman Brown returns to Salem ______.
A. desperate and gloomy B. renewed in his faith C. wearing a black veil D. unaware of his own sin
40. According to Mark Twain, in river towns up and down the Mississippi, it was every boy’s dream to some day grow up to be ______.
A. Methodist preacher B. a justice of the peace C. a riverboat pilot D. a pirate on the Indian ocean
PART TWO (60POINTS)
Ⅱ.Reading comprehension(16 points,4 for each)
Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
41. “One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And death shall be no more; death, thou shalt die.”
Questions:
A. Identify the poem and the poet. B.What does the word “sleep” mean? C. What idea do the two lines express?
42. “Never did sun more beautifully steep
In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill;
Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!
The river glideth at his own sweet will:
Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;
And all that mighty heart is lying still!”
(William Wordsworth’s sonnet: “Composed upon Westminster Bridge” September 3, 1802)
Questions:
A. What does the word “glideth” in the fourth line mean?
B. What kind of figure of speech is used by wordsworth to describe the “river”?
C. What idea does the fourth line express?
43. “With Blue—uncertain stumbling Buzz—
Between the light—and me—
And then the Windows failed—and then
I could not see to see—” Questions:
A. Identify the poem and the poet. B. What do “Windows” symbolically stand for?
C. What idea does the quoted passage express?
44. “‘Is dying hard, Daddy?’
‘No, I think it’s pretty easy, Nick, It all depends.”’
Questions: A. Identify the work and the author.
B. What was Nick preoccupied with when he asked the question?
C. Why did the father add “It all depends” after he answered his son’s question?
Ⅲ. Questions and Answers(24 points in all, 6 for each)
Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
45. It is said that B. Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, has a strong realistic theme, which fully reflects the dramatist’s Fabianist idea. Try to summarize this theme briefly.
46. Emily Bronte used a very complicated narrative technique in writing her novel Wuthering Heights. Try to tell Bronte’s way of narration briefly.
47. “In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.” The two sentences are taken from Theodore Dreiser’s novel, Sister Carrie. What idea can you draw from the “rocking-chair”?
48. The literary school of naturalism was quite popular in the late 19th century. What are the major characteristics of naturalism?
Ⅳ. Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)
Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
49. Discuss the possible theme in W.B. Yeats’s “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” and how that theme is presented in the poem.
50. “My faith is gone!” cried he (Goodman Brown), after one stupefied moment. “There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is this world given.”
Comment on this passage from Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”.
1-5 B A B D C 6-10 B D A B B 11-15 B A A C C 16-20 A A C D D 21-25 D C D B D 26-30 A B C D D
31-35 B D C D B 36-40 B D B A C
41. A. The peam is "Death,Be not Proud", which writted by John Donne
B. The world "sleep" means "death";
C. The two lines express the idea that there is nothing frightening in
death. Though we might die,we can keep alive spiritually forever.
42.A The word "glideth" means "flows"; B wordsworth uses personification to describe the "river"
C The fourth line expresses the idea that the river is flowing happily as a living things , which implies the beauty of the nature;
43. A The poem is "I heard as Fly buzz --when I died--" by Emily Dickinson.
B "windows" symbolically stand for the door to heaven.
C The quoted passage vividly describes the moment of my dying and expresses my doublt of the existence of eternal heaven.
44. A. The work is "Indian Gamp" by Ernest Hemingway.
B. Nick was preoccupied with the pain and violence of death.
C. By adding "It all depends" the father meant that death means differently to different poeple. To such weak persons like the husband of the Indian woman it's a pretty easy,while strong-willed person will not easily commit suicide.
IIII.
45. The play deals with the themes of prostiution as a big bussiness in the bourgeois society . The play launches possibly the sharpest and the bitterest attack ever made by Shaw upon the very foundation of the "civilized" capitalist world.
The play hits the very heart of capitalism as a social system according to which economic exploitation is not only considered the legitimate thing adopted everywhere but is pursued shamelessly by "dignified"members of the society through the lowest and the dirtiest means.
46.There are complicated narrative levels in Wuthering Heights The main narrative is told by Nely ,Catherine's old nurse. to Mr. Lockwood,a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter gives an account of what he see at Wuthering Heights.In the main narrative by Nelly s the sub---narrative told through Isabella's letters a Nelly.While the central intrest is maintained,the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks,This marks the story all the more enticing and genuine.
47. From the "rocking-chair" we can draw that Carrie was dreaming of the bright future.
Although she was often disillusioned ,she was not at all in despair.
48. Naturalism is one school of realism where the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but
more ironic and more pesimistic. The American naturalism accepted the more negative implication of Darwin's evolutionary
theory and used it to account for the behavior of theose characters in literary works who conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes,their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. They chose their subjects from the lower ranks of society,and portrayed misery and poverty of the 'underdogs' who were deomostrably victims of society and nature. One of the most familiarcially as an explanation of sexual desire, Articically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language,lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure. Philosophically,the naturalists believe that the realand true is always partially hidden form the eyes of the individual,or beyond his control.
49. The major themes in Yeats's peoms are usually Celtic legends ,local folktales,or stories of the heroic in Irish history. Many of his early poems have a dream quality,expressing melancholy,passive and self-indulgent feelings.But ina number of poems, Yeats has achieved suggestive pattern of meaning by a careful countpointing of contrasting indeas or images like human and fairy, natural and artifical,domestic and wild ,and ephermral and permanent. "Innisfree" is just a popula representative fo such peomss;
around a "fairlyland" background,the peom is imagery give the peom a haunting quality. The charity and control of the peotry is very delicate with natural imagery,dream-like atmospher and musical beauty. The possible theme is that tired of the life of his day, Yeats sought to escape into an ideal "fairlyland" where he could live calmy as a herimit and enjoy the beauty of nature. The peam consists of three quatrains of iambic pentameter ,with each stanza rhymed abab.Innisfree is an inlet in the lake in Irish lengends. Here the author is referring to a place for hermitage.
50. This passage appears after Goodman Brown's experience in the forest. Brrown attends a witch's Sabbath in the woods and is confronted with a vision of human evil there. After he returns to his home,he lives a dismal and gloomy life because he is never able to believe in goodness or piety again.The passage exemplifies the concern of guilty and evil in Hawthorne's work. Its hero experience from the transition from naive young man who accepts both society in genral and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard to a sistrustful and doublful person.Howevers,the
story is manipulated in such a way that we as readers fell that Hawthorne poses the question of Good and Evil in man but withholds his answer, and he does not permit hismself to determin whether the events of the night of trail are real or the mere figment of a dream.
薄冰英語語法 第八章 被動語態
第八章 被動語態
8.1 語態的含義和種類
語態（voice）是動詞的一種形式，用以表示主語和謂語之間的關系。
英語的語態分為主動語態（active voice）和被動語態（passive voice）。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者。如：
（1）Yesterday! I parked my car outside the school. 昨天我把我的汽車停在學校外邊。
被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。如：
（2）A sound of piano is heard in the adjoining room. 聽到鄰居房間里有鋼琴聲。
被動語態常由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。被動語態可以用于各種時態，但較常用的有下列十種：
1）現在一般時
（3）Xiao Wang, you are wanted in the office. 小王，辦公室有事找你。
（4）I am not so easily deceived. 我不是輕易上當受騙的。
2）過去一般時
（5）I was invited to the concert. 我應邀參加了音樂會。
（6）Our house was built in 1969. 我們家的房子建于1969年。
3）將來一般時
（7）We hope that an agreement will be arrived at. 我們希望會達成一項協議。
（8）This matter will be looked into in the future. 這件事將來是要查明的。
4）過去將來一般時
（9）He said that the bridge would be built next year. 他說這座橋明年將建成。
（10）Another half-hour and all doors would be locked—all lights extinguished. 再過半小時，所有的門都要上鎖—所有的燈都要熄滅。
5）現在完成時
（11）My car has been repaired. 我的汽車已修好了。
（12）The party has been planned since the new year. 這聚會自新年起就已籌劃了。
6）過去完成時
（13）The portieres that hung across the folding doors had been taken down for the summer. 折門上面的門簾夏天已經取下來。
（14）Tootie looked at the lanterns that had been lighted and placed near the opening. 圖蒂望著那些已經點著并放在洞口附近的提燈。
7）將來完成時
（15）The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 這些新書在下一批書到來前將登記完畢。
（16）This class will have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by next summer. 到明年夏天，這個班將由布朗先生教畢二年了。
8）過去將來完成時
（17）The headmaster said the article would been completed translated by six o’clock. 校長說這篇文章將在6點鐘以前翻譯完畢。
（18）He said that the bridge would have been completed before July. 他說這橋將于7月前完成。
9）現在進行時
（19）This question is being discussed at the meeting. 這個問題正在會上討論。
（20）The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子們現在正由姑母照看著。
10）過去進行時
（21）When I called, tea was being served. 我來拜訪時，正值上茶之際。
（22）With his fingers, he gently searched the crown and brim of his hat to be sure it wasn’t being crushed. 他用手指輕輕地摸找帽頂和帽邊，以肯定它沒有被壓壞。
[注一]完成進行時態一般不用被動語態。它們的被動意義可用完成時態來表示，如He has been being examined.（他已被考過。）一般應代之以He has been examined。將來進行時與過去將來進行時一般也不用被動語態。其被動意義可用一般時態來表示，如He will be being examined while we are there.（他將在我們在那里時被考。）可代之以He will be examined while we are there。
[注二]關于非限定動詞的被動語態見本書第十章有關各節。
被動語態除常用be加過去分詞構成外，還可用“get+過去分詞”結構。這種結構多用在口語中，后面一般不接by短語。如：
（23）Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the roads. 每年都幾百人死于道路交通事故。
（24）The boy got hurt on his way to school. 這男孩在上學的路上受傷了。
被動語態可含有情態動詞，其結構是“情態動詞+be+過去分詞”。如：
（25）This must be done as soon as possible. 這件事必須盡快做。
（26）What’s done cannot be undone. 覆水難收。
（27）These stairs are very dangerous. They should be repaired. 這樓梯很危險，應該修理了。
（28）Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down. 過馬路要非常小心，要看兩邊，不然會被車撞倒的。
有不少短語動詞相當于及物動詞，所以這些短語動詞亦有被動語態。如：
（29）Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory. 我們實驗室做了許多有趣的實驗。
（30）Boxing was gone in for here in the early 1950s. 20世紀50年代初期，這里拳擊很盛行。
有些由“動詞+名詞+介詞”構成的短語動詞，其結構比較松散，變成被動語態時也可以將名詞和其后的介詞拆開（使介詞和其后的賓語合成一介詞短語）。這種被動語態常用于正式文體中。如：
（31）Mess had been made of the house. 家里亂作一團。（主動句是：The owner had made mess of the house.）
（32）Good use is made of the library. 這圖書館的利用率很高。（主動句是：They make good use of the library.）
8.2主動語態變被動語態
主動語態變為被動語態，可分為下列三種情況：
1）“主+ 謂+賓”句型變為被動語態時，先將主動結構中的賓語變為被動結構中的主語（賓語如為人稱代詞，須將賓格變為主格）；然后將主動結構中謂語動詞的主動語態變為被動語態；最后在謂語動詞的被動語態之后加by，再將主動結構中的主語置于介詞by之后（如為人稱代詞，須將其主格變為賓格）。如：
（1）Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 亞歷山大?格雷厄姆?貝爾于1876年發明了電話。（主動結構）
（2）The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. 電話是亞歷山大?格雷厄姆?貝爾于1876年發明的。（被動結構）
（3）The manager has not signed the papers. 經理沒有在這些文件上簽字。（主動結構）
（4）The papers have not been signed by the manager. 這些文件還沒有由經理簽字。（被動結構）
被動結構中的by短語，如無必要指出，則可省去。如：
（5）I posted that letter last night. 我昨晚把那封信投郵了。（主動結構）
（6）That letter was posted last night. 那封信是昨晚投郵的。（被動結構）
如賓語是—that從句，變為被動語態時可用it作被動句的形式主語。如：
（7）The know that he is an expert. 他們認為他是一位專家。（主動結構）
（8）It is known that he is an expert. 人們認為他是一位專家。（被動結構）
或把主動句中賓語從句的主語變為被動句的主語，賓語從句中的謂語部分變為不定式短語。如：
（9）He is known to be an expert. 他被認為是一位專家。（被動結構）
[注一]將主動句變為被動句時，偶爾可把by短語放在過去分記詞之前，如He was by someone known to have worked for the German fascists.（有人知道他曾為德國法西斯干過事。）這里將by someone移至過去分詞known之前顯然是由于known和其后的to have worked的關系更為密切。有時by短語也可放在主語補語之后，如Tea drinking is considered one of the pleasures of life by the Chinese.（喝茶被中國人認為是一種人生樂趣。）。
[注二]在較古的英語中，被動句中也可用of短語代替by短語。現仍見于少數一些說法中。如：
①He was beloved of everybody. 他受到大家的愛戴。
②He was devoured of a long dragon. 他被一長龍吞噬了。
被動結構中的by短語并不一定總是代表動作的執行者，它有時也可表方式或原因。如：
（10）A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以從他穿的服裝認出來。
（11）I was very much flattered by his asking me to dance a second time. 我對他再次請我跳舞感到高興。
2）“主+ 謂+賓+賓”句型（一般地說一為間接賓語，一為直接賓語）變為被動結構時，只將主動結構中的一個賓語變為被動結構中的主語，另一賓語不變。這一保留不變的賓語叫做保留賓語（retained object）。如將主動結構中的直接賓語變為被動結構中的主語，間接賓語之前則應加介詞to（可省去）或for（一般不可省）。如：
（12）He told her a long story. 他給她講了一個長故事。（主動結構）
（13）She was told a long story. 她聽了一個長故事。（被動結構）
（14）A long story was told to her. 有人對她講了一個長故事。（被動結構）
（15）Mother bought me a new coat. 母親給我買了件新上衣。（主動結構）
（16）I was bought a new coat. 有人給我買了件新上衣。（被動結構）
（17）A new coat was bought for me. 有人給我買了件新上衣。（被動結構）
[注]被動句中強調間接賓語時，其前的介詞to不可省去，如Ample warning was given to then, not to me.（受到嚴厲警告的是他們，不是我。）。
上述句型中的兩個賓語有時都是直接賓語。變為被動結構時，一般皆將主動結構中指人的賓語變為主語。如：
（18）The teacher asked the students a very unusual question. 教師向學生提了一個很不尋常的問題。（主動結構）
（19）The students were asked a very unusual question. 學生被問了一個很不尋常的問題。（被動結構）
偶爾也可將主動結構中指物的賓語變為主語，但指人的保留賓語之前一般不可加任何介詞。如：
（20）He will forgive you your offence. 他將寬恕你的無禮。（主動結構）
（21）Your offence will be forgiven you. 你的無禮將得到寬恕。（被動結構）
3）“主+謂+復合賓語”句型（含有一個賓語加賓語補語）變為被動結構時，只將主動結構中的賓語變為被動結構中的主語，賓語補語不變。如：
（22）They chose Tom captain. 他們選湯姆為隊長。（主動結構，賓語補語為名詞）
（23）Tom was chosen captain. 湯姆被選為隊長。（被動結構）
（24）In spring, all the islanders paint their houses white. 春天的時候，所有島民都把他們的房子涂成白色。（主動結構，賓語補語為形容詞）
（25）Their houses are painted white. 他們的房子被涂成白色。（被動結構）
（26）They recognized him as a genius. 他們認為他是一個天才。（主動結構，賓語補語為介詞短語）
（27）He was recognized as a genius. 他被認為是一個天才。（被動結構）
（28）We asked the teacher to explain the difficult sentences again. 我們要求教師再解釋一下這些難句。（主動結構，賓語補語為不定式）
（29）The teacher was asked to explain the difficult sentences again. 教師被要求再解釋一下這些難句。（被動結構）
（30）I found him lying on the floor. 我發現他躺在地板上。（主動結構，賓語補語為現在分詞）
（31）He was found lying on the floor. 他被發現躺在地板上。（被動結構）
（32）We found all our seats occupied. 我們發現所有我們的位子都被占了。（主動結構，賓語補語為過去分詞）
（33）All our seats was found occupied. 所有我們的位子發現都被占了。（被動結構）
但在下列情況下，主動句一般不能變為被動句：
1）謂語是：
a）及物動詞leave，enter，reach，resemble，become(適合) suit，benefit，lack等。
b）不可拆開的take place，lose heart，change colour，belong to，consist of等短語動詞。
2）賓語是：
a）反身代詞、相互代詞、同源賓語、不定式、動名詞等。
b）虛詞it，如cab it，foot it等。
c）身體的某一部分，如shake one’s head等。
d）某些抽象名詞，如interest（興趣）等。
8.3 被動語態的用法
英語里多用主動語態，但用被動語態的場合也不少，似乎要比漢語用得廣泛。英語的被動語態常用于下列幾種場合：
1）當我們不知道動作的執行者時。如：
（1）Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷術是由中國傳入歐洲的。
（2）Look! There’s nothing here. Everything has been taken away. 看！這里什么也沒有。一切都被拿走了。
2）當我們不必要提出動作的執行者時。如：
（3）I was born in 1960. 我生于1960年。
（4）Such things are not done twice. 這種事不可再做。
3）當我們強調或側重動作的承受者時。如：
（5）She is liked by everybody. 她為人人所喜歡。（強調she）
（6）A good time was had by all. 大家都玩得很痛快。（側重a good time）
4）當我們出于禮貌避免說出動作的執行者時。如：
（7）Where can you be reached? 哪里可以和你接頭？（避免說出“我”）
（8）You’ll be contacted. 我們會和你聯系的。（避免說出“我們”）
5）當我們出于行文的需要時。如：
（9）The film was directed by Xie Jin. 該電影由謝晉導演。（上文談的是該影片）
（10）Helen was sent to the school by her parents when she was nine. 海倫九歲時被父母送到這座學校。（上文談的是海倫）
6）有些動詞習慣上常用被動語態。如：
（11）It’s done! （可縮略為Done!）成啦！（現在一般時被動式表動作已完成）
（12）He is said to be a good teacher. 他被認為是一個好教師。
（13）The line of flags was slung between two trees. 一列國旗掛在兩樹之間。
（14）He was born in 1919. 他生于1919年。
（15）She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe. 她被譽為是歐洲最佳歌手。
[注]被動語態便于論述客觀事實，故常用于科技文章、新聞報道、書刊介紹及景物描寫。
8.4 含被動意義的主動語態
有些不及物動詞（其主語大都指物）的主動語態可以表示被動意義。這種不及物動詞有下列幾種：
1）某些連系動詞。如smell，taste，sound，prove，feel等。
（1）The flowers smell sweet. 這花兒很香。
（2）The food tastes nice. 這食物的味道好。
（3）That sounds very reasonable. 這話聽上去很有道理。
（4）The story proved quite false. 這一套話證實完全是假的。
2）某些與can’t，won’t等連用的不及物動詞，如move，lock，shut，open等。
（5）It can’t move. 它不能動。
（6）The door won’t shut. 這門關不上。
3）某些可和well，easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞，如read，write，wash，clean，draw，burn，cook，photograph等。
（7）The cloth washes well. 這種布料好洗。
（8）The poem reads smoothly. 這首詩讀起來很流暢。
（9）The cistern doesn’t clean easily. 這水槽不容易弄干凈。
（10）This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 這種米做飯比那種熟得快。
4）某些可用于“主+謂+主補”結構中的不及物動詞，如wear，blow等。
（11）This material has worn thin. 這種布料已穿薄了。
（12）The door blew open. 門給吹開了。
有些不及物動詞的進行時亦具有被動意義。如：
（13）Corn is selling briskly. 谷物暢銷。
[注] 上述不及物動詞有些亦可用作及物動詞，但二者有所不同。如：
①The door opened. 門開了。
②The door was opened. 門被打開了。
例①強調the door本身內在的特性，表明“門”本身可開可關，不強調動作的執行者；例②則相反，強調“門被人打開了”，與門本身的特性無關。
8.5 被動語態與系表結構的區別
所謂系表結構，在此乃指“連系動詞+用作表語的過去分詞”結構。它與被動語態的形式完全一樣，于是就有一個如何區別它們的問題。總的來說，它們有以下幾點不同：
1）被動語態中的過去分詞是動詞，表動作；系表結構中的過去分詞相當于形容詞，表狀態。前者可用by短語表動作的執行者，后者則一般不用by短語。如：
（1）The composition was written with great care. 這篇作文寫得很用心。（被動語態）
（2）The composition is well written. 這篇作文寫得好。（系表結構）
（3）These articles are sold quickly. 這些貨物售得快。（被動語態）
（4）These articles are all sold out. 這些貨物全售出了。（系表結構）
（5）Such questions are often settled through negotiations. 這類問題通常通過談判解決。（被動語態）
（6）The question is settled. 這個問題解決了。（系表結構）
2）系表結構一般只用于現在一般時與過去一般時。被動語態則除可用于上述兩種時態之外，還可用于其它時態。如：
（7）I have been driven to it. 我是被迫至此。（被動結構）
（8）The flowers will be planted next week. 下周種花。（被動結構）
3）系表結構中的過去分詞可被very所修飾；被動語態中的過去分詞可用much修飾。試比較：
（9）He was very agitated. 他很激動。（系表結構）
（10）He was much agitated by the news. 他聽到消息后很激動。（被動結構）
4）系表結構有主動意義，被動結構只有被動意義。現將具有主動意義的系表結構舉例說明如下：
a）過去分詞表心理、感情，如：
（11）She is resolved to become a ballet dancer. 她決心當一名芭蕾舞演員。
（12）I am quite puzzled. 我感到十分困惑。
b）過去分詞是反身動詞，如：
（13）The open square was bathed in light. 寬闊的廣場淋浴在陽光中。（主動式是bathed itself）
（14）The way was lost between the trees. 小路消失在樹林之中。（主動式是lost itself）
c）過去分詞與介詞搭配，如：
（15）He was puzzled about it. 他為那件事感到困惑。
（16）Are you interested in this subject? 你對這門課感興趣嗎？
（17）We were surprised at the news. 我們對那消息感到驚訝。
（18）She was scared out of her wits. 她嚇得不知所措。
（19）The child is accustomed to sleeping alone. 這孩子習慣獨自睡了。
[注]過去分詞有時可后接with，也可后接by。一般來說，by強調動作，with強調狀態，試比較：seized by a man 被人捉住，seized with a fever 發燒；covered by a lid 被蓋子蓋住，covered with a lid 為蓋子所蓋住
5）有時只能從上下文才能加以區別。如：
（20）The door was closed. 門關上了。
（21）The road was mended. 路修好了。
獨立地看，上述兩例，既可是被動結構，也可是系表結構。遇到這種情況，則應根據上下文去理解。
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