【知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、 重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語(yǔ)
1．way: 在表示“方式，方法”的意思時(shí)，要注意其搭配：
way of doing something
way (for somebody) to do something
in this way=by this means
by the way：順便說(shuō)說(shuō)；順便提起
way of life：生活方式
to my way of thinking：依我看來(lái)
Some women like the older ways of doing things.
有些女性喜歡處理事務(wù)的老辦法。
Can you suggest a good way for us to ask people to send us the money, and let us buy the gift when we get to the mainland?
您能不能給我們建議一個(gè)好辦法,讓我們請(qǐng)大家送錢(qián)給我們,然后讓我們?cè)诨氐酱箨憰r(shí)再購(gòu)買(mǎi)禮物?
Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.
壓力是日常生活中不可分割的一部分,無(wú)法逃避。
In this way, Americans 'send their climates' to people in other states.
這樣美國(guó)人把'本地的氣候'傳送給其它州的人。
In this way, he has begun his own private 'telephone' service.
就這樣,他開(kāi)始了自己的私人'電話(huà)'業(yè)務(wù)。
Each successful manager has a way of his own in bringing his views to bear.
每一個(gè)成功的經(jīng)理都有他自己獨(dú)特的方式使別人接受他的意見(jiàn)。
By the way, what happened to the money?
順便問(wèn)一句，那筆錢(qián)后來(lái)怎么樣了？
2．likely可以用作形容詞，意思是“ 預(yù)期的，可能的”。常用于下列句型：
It is likely that somebody does/do something
Somebody is/are likely to do something
It is very likely that she will ring me tonight.
今晚她很可能給我打電話(huà)。
She is very likely to ring me tonight.
It isn’t likely to rain tomorrow.
明天不大可能下雨。
Note: 許多同學(xué)認(rèn)為以-ly結(jié)尾的是副詞，其實(shí)這是一個(gè)誤區(qū)。如果一個(gè)形容詞后加-ly，那么常常是一個(gè)副詞，但是如果在名詞后加上-ly，那往往是一個(gè)形容詞。
例如：
lovely, friendly, manly, comradely 等都是名詞加上-ly后變成的形容詞。
那個(gè)騙子擅長(zhǎng)騙人。
3．examine的用法小結(jié)：
（1）examine 作及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“檢查；細(xì)看”。例如：
All the machines will be examined.
所有機(jī)器都將檢查一遍。
"Yesterday the firemen examined the ground carefully, but were not able to find any broken glass."
"昨天,消防隊(duì)員們仔細(xì)地檢查了地面,但未能找到任何碎玻璃。"
（2）examine還有“對(duì)…進(jìn)行考試”的意思，此時(shí)常在表示測(cè)試科目名詞前加介詞in或on。
例如：
He examined the boys in English.
他考孩子們的英語(yǔ)。
The teacher will examine the class on everything they have learnt this year.
教師要考學(xué)生今年學(xué)過(guò)的所有知識(shí)。
（3）examine還可以表示“詢(xún)問(wèn)；查問(wèn)；對(duì)…進(jìn)行審查”。例如：
He was examined by the police.
他被警察查問(wèn)。
（4）同義詞：test vt. 測(cè)試 quiz：n. 測(cè)驗(yàn)
二、詞義辨析
1．for example, for instance, such as, like
（1）for example用來(lái)舉例說(shuō)明。為句中插入語(yǔ)，其前后需用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。它可用于句首、句中或句末。
Fox example, liquid has no definite shape.
例如，液體沒(méi)有固定的形狀。
Noise, for example, is a kind of pollution.
例如，噪音是一種污染。
Many great men have risen from poverty-Lincoln and Edison, for example.
許多偉人是從貧困中崛起的-比如林肯和愛(ài)迪生。
（2）such as用來(lái)列舉同類(lèi)人或事物中的幾個(gè)例子。such as后切不可用逗號(hào)，
如：
Some of the European languages come from Latin, such as French, Italian and Spanish.
有些歐洲語(yǔ)言來(lái)源于拉丁語(yǔ)，例如法語(yǔ)、意大利語(yǔ)和西班牙語(yǔ)。
Note: 使用such as來(lái)舉例子，只能舉其中一部分，不能全部舉出。若全部舉出，要改用namely或者that is to say(意為：即)。
如：
He knows four languages, namely(=that is to say) Chinese, English, Russian and French.
他精通四門(mén)語(yǔ)言，即漢語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)。
（3）like也常用來(lái)舉例，可與such as互換。
如：
Some cold-blooded animals, like(=such as) the cat, the dog or the wolf, do not need to hibernate.
such as 用于舉例時(shí)可以分開(kāi)使用，這是不能與like互換。
Such people as you described just now are very common these days.
像你剛才描述的那種人這些日子很常見(jiàn)。
（4）for instance經(jīng)常與for example互換。
如：
There are occupations (which are) more dangerous than truck driving; for instance (for example), training tigers. 比開(kāi)卡車(chē)危險(xiǎn)的職業(yè)還是有的，比如說(shuō)馴老虎。
2．opportunity ，occasion與chance的區(qū)別：
opportunity, occasion, chance這組詞的一般含義是“時(shí)機(jī)”或“機(jī)會(huì)”。不管在口語(yǔ)中或者在文學(xué)作品中，這幾個(gè)都是常用的詞。
（1）opportunity表示某時(shí)機(jī)符合自己想干某事的意愿、目的、雄心甚至野心。常與動(dòng)詞have, get, find, create, take, miss等連用。
例如：
They are waiting for an opportunity to take action：他們正在伺機(jī)而動(dòng)
to avail oneself of the opportunity to say a few words：借此機(jī)會(huì)說(shuō)幾句話(huà)
I took the opportunity of visiting my aunt while I was in Shanghai.
我利用在上海的機(jī)會(huì)探望了我的姑姑。
Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out.
或許這兩種想象中都有一定的真實(shí)成分，但是我們中很少有人有機(jī)會(huì)去發(fā)現(xiàn)它。
（2）occasion含有opportunity所能表達(dá)的這樣一層意思：某時(shí)機(jī)能激發(fā)或喚起某人的某種行為，
如：
在“必要時(shí)”一語(yǔ)中便包含著激發(fā)某行為的時(shí)刻，此語(yǔ)可譯為When occasion demands…；“這不是哭泣的時(shí)候。”這句話(huà)可譯為It's no occasion for crying。在to have no occasion to do…固定詞組中，occasion之所以能夠引申為reason或cause的含義，也是與occasion的上述基本詞義有關(guān)的。
再如：
This sort of thing is usual on occasions like this. 這類(lèi)事情在這種場(chǎng)合是常見(jiàn)的。
This is not an occasion for laughter.
這不是笑的時(shí)候。（指不適合于笑，或不是笑的場(chǎng)合。）
（3）chance表示幸運(yùn)或偶然的時(shí)機(jī)，還可以指可能性的程度。
例如：
What are your chances of being promoted?你升職的可能性有多大？
N o one discovers a rarity by chance. 僥幸發(fā)現(xiàn)一件珍品的人是沒(méi)有的。
三、重點(diǎn)句型
1．-What’s the matter?
-I’ve got a pain here.
詢(xún)問(wèn)某人身體如何，除了用以上的表達(dá)方式，還可以用“What’s wrong with you?”。其中，wrong是形容詞，而例句中的the matter為名詞。在口語(yǔ)中都是很常用的。
例如：
--What’s wrong with you? （你怎么了？）
--I’ve had a bad headache ever since this morning. (自從今天早晨我的頭就很痛。)
2．A healthy diet should include a variety of food, most of which should be rich in nutrients.
此句中的most of which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，這是考試中常考的一類(lèi)題目。
再如：
There are all kinds of trees in the forest, most of which are tall ones.
There are all kinds of trees in the forest, and most of them are tall ones.
森林里有各種各樣的樹(shù)木，它們中大部分是很高的樹(shù)。
以上兩句的意思基本相同，但是要注意：第一句是most of which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而第二句為and引導(dǎo)的并列句。做題時(shí)，關(guān)鍵要分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是有關(guān)連詞的問(wèn)題。
3．Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life.
only置于句首而且修飾狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子用倒裝語(yǔ)序；但是，如果only在句首修飾主語(yǔ)，那就用陳述語(yǔ)序。
例如：
Only people with tickets can go into the cinema. 只有那些有票的人才可以進(jìn)電影院。
Only by the end of last month had they finished the difficult task.
只是到了上個(gè)月的月底他們才完成了那項(xiàng)困難的任務(wù)。
四、語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞had better, should, ought to,常被用來(lái)表示：義務(wù)、責(zé)任和規(guī)勸。
1．had better(提示：無(wú)人稱(chēng)的變化，不可用has/have替換它們；不用于第一人稱(chēng)。)意思是“最好”，后面跟動(dòng)詞原形，即had better do something；否定式是had better not do something。
如：
You’d better wait outside.
你最好在外面等著。
You’d better not stand in the street. There comes a car.
你最好別站在街上。來(lái)車(chē)了。
2．should用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，各種人稱(chēng)單、復(fù)數(shù)通用。主要用法有：
（1）表示“義務(wù)、責(zé)任”，譯為“應(yīng)該”，
例如：
You should tell the students to respect their parents. 你應(yīng)該告訴學(xué)生尊敬父母。
This is an important point that we should remember. 這是我們應(yīng)該記住的要點(diǎn)。
（2）表示“可能性、推測(cè)或理論”，常翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的“可能…，該…”。
例如：
They should be there by tomorrow, I think. 我想他們明天該到那兒。
It’s already three o’clock, the football game should begin soon.
已經(jīng)三點(diǎn)鐘了，足球比賽不久就該開(kāi)始了。
（3）說(shuō)話(huà)人在提出意見(jiàn)、建議、請(qǐng)求時(shí)，可用should表示委婉、謙遜的語(yǔ)氣，有時(shí)相當(dāng)于“可、倒是；想”等。
例如：
I should say it would be better to ask him about it again.
關(guān)于這件事我看最好再問(wèn)他一下。（提出意見(jiàn)）
I should think so. 我也是這么想的。
（4）表“吃驚”。
例如：
I’m surprised that you should have been late.
你居然遲到了，真讓我吃驚。
We are surprised that they should have been fooled by such a simple trick.
他們竟然被這么個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的詭計(jì)所愚弄，真讓我們吃驚。
3．ought to
ought to無(wú)人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)變化，只有ought to一種形式，后面跟動(dòng)詞原形，表示“有義務(wù)或責(zé)任”做某事，語(yǔ)氣比should強(qiáng)，表示客觀(guān)上應(yīng)該做某事，也可表示“勸告”。否定式為ought not to
如：
You ought to obey your parents.
你應(yīng)該聽(tīng)父母的話(huà)。
I knew that I ought not to tell him about it, so I didn’t.我知道我不該告訴他這件事，所以我沒(méi)有告訴他。
Note：“should(ought to)+不定式一般式”用來(lái)談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在和將來(lái)“應(yīng)該…”，若談?wù)撨^(guò)去“應(yīng)該…”要用should(ought to)+不定式的完成式，即should/ought to have done。其否定式表示“過(guò)去不應(yīng)做但做了”。
例如：
I should/ought to have done such a thing.
我本應(yīng)該做這件事的。(卻沒(méi)有做)
You should not/ought not to have gone back to work without the doctor’s permission.
你不應(yīng)該未經(jīng)醫(yī)生許可就去工作。（你卻回去工作了）
【考點(diǎn)透視 考例精析】
[考點(diǎn)] 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別。
[考例1] According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver’s licence ______ take an eye test. (NMET2005年春季上海，29)
A．can B．must C．would D．may
[解析] Ｂ must根據(jù)句意，此處意思是“必須”，要獲得駕駛執(zhí)照必須進(jìn)行視力測(cè)試。can為“能夠”；would為“愿意”；may為“可以”。
[考點(diǎn)] 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的意義區(qū)別。
[考例2] I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I ________ report it to the police? (NMET2004年全國(guó)卷I, 21)
A．should B．may C．will D．can
[解析] Ａ should表示“應(yīng)該”。因?yàn)榻?jīng)常看見(jiàn)那座空房子里有燈光，所以征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)是否應(yīng)該向警察報(bào)告。
[考點(diǎn)] 考查“should + have + done”的用法。
[考例3] Mr. White ______ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t turn up. (NMET2004全國(guó)卷，27)
A．should have arrived B．should arrive
C．should have had arrived D．should be arriving
[解析] Ａ 此句所使用的是“should + have + 過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示本來(lái)應(yīng)該做卻沒(méi)有做的事情。所提供的場(chǎng)景是but he didn’t turn up，說(shuō)明他本來(lái)應(yīng)該8：30來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)，但沒(méi)有來(lái)。再如：
You should have done your homework by yourself.
你本來(lái)該獨(dú)立完成作業(yè)。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、根據(jù)所給首字母或括號(hào)中的漢語(yǔ)意思填寫(xiě)句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．Young people usually have more ______(精力) than the old.
2．You have to _______（權(quán)衡） the advantages of living downtown against the disadvantages.
3．This drink is a m_______ of three different sorts.
4．A c________ change takes place in any substance when it burns.
5．The ________(作用) of an adjective is to describe or add to the meaning of a noun.
6．The Olympic Games begin with a _______（行進(jìn)） of all the competing nations.
7．Two parties may have _______(沖突) of ideas or goals.
8．An a________ is a disagreement or problem between two people in which they use words to fight.
9． c________ college teaches things that would be useful in business.
10．Usually people don't _______(尊敬) those who are too compliant.
二、單項(xiàng)填空：
1．On a cold winter night, I ______ spend an evening watching TV.
A．have to can B．have to be able C．have be able to D．have to be able to
2．"May I sit here?" "No, you _______."
A．must B．had better C．mustn't D．needn't
3． --"Why is he late?"
--"He _____ the bus."
A．must miss B．had to miss
C．should have missed D．must have missed
4．We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday. He ______ it.
A．mustn't attend B．can't have attended
C．would have not attend D．needed have attended
5．The policeman told the pupil, "You _____ play football in the street."
A．mustn't B．needn't C．can't D．shouldn't
6．--"What has happened to Peter?"
--"I don't know. He _____ lost."
A．can't have got B．might have got C．might get D．can got
7．You _____ allowed the child to go alone.
A．mustn't have B．had not have to C．ought not to D．ought not to have
8．He says you ______ have his bike if you don't take good care of it.
A． shan't B．won't C．mustn't D．needn't
9．--"Are you still going to England for your holiday?"
--"Yes, but I really _____ because I don't have much money."
A． can't B．won't C．shouldn't D．mustn't
10．–I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
--You ______her last week. (NMET 2004年福建，32)
A．ought to tell B． would have told
C．must tell D．should have told
【能力拓展】
閱讀理解：
It was one of the hottest August days, the fourth, and at twelve o’clock exactly, for a church clock was striking the hour, that a short, heavily built woman of about fifty, carrying a shopping bag, came out from the darkness of an old storehouse where she worked every morning as a checker, and set off along the narrow gray street to a bus stop. Most of the factories and offices in the town were closed for two weeks but the storehouse, which held foodstuffs(食品) and other goods, had remained open during the holidays. The heat, made worse by the heavy smell of petrol from the main street nearby and undisturbed by the slightest current(氣流) of cooler air, surrounded her. She was neither dressed nor built for energetic activity on a hot day, being very short indeed, and fat, so that she had to roll a little in order to get along. Her shoes made loud footsteps in the silence of the empty street of closed buildings. The worn old bag she carried caused her to lean over slightly to her right as she walked, but it was clear that she was used to carrying such heavy weights.
Reaching her usual stop, she put down her bag and rested. Then, suddenly realizing being watched, she turned quickly round and looked sharply upward at the tall man behind her.
He was the only other person waiting, and indeed, at that moment, the only other person in the street. She had never spoken to him, yet his face was already familiar to her. She had seen it yesterday, the day before yesterday, and for all she knew, the day before that as well. For the last three or four days anyway, this great nervous lump of a man, waiting for a bus or hanging about on the footpath outside the storehouse, had become a figure of the street for her; and what was more, a figure of a certain definite（明確的） type, though she had yet to put her finger on exactly which type it was. More than once, she had felt his interest in her and she had wondered whether he was a policeman.
1．There were so few people out in this particular street. It was probably mainly because ________.
A．most workers were on holiday
B．it was too hot to be outside at midday
C．the lunch-time break had not yet started
D．very few people lived in the area now
2．From the passage we can know _________________.
A．the woman was fond of dressing up
B．something was wrong with the woman’s right leg
C．a(chǎn)lmost all the shops were closed except the store house
D．the woman had to walk fast as she was busy
3．The woman turned around at the bus stop because _____________.
A．she heard someone coming B．she thought the bus was coming
C．she thought of her heavy bag D．she felt someone looking at her
4．The underlined phrase “hanging about” in the 3nd paragraph means ___________.
A．thinking about B．walking around
C．looking around D．running about
5．The woman recognized the man by the bus stop because _______________.
A．he was the local policeman
B．he traveled on the bus quite regularly
C．he had been near the store house before
D．he was interested in her
參考答案
高一部分
Units 13-14 (B1)
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、1．energy 2．balance 3．mixture 4．chemical 5．function 6．parade 7．conflict 8．a(chǎn)rgument 9．commercial 10．respect
二、1-5 DCDBA 6-10 BDACD
能力拓展
1-5 BCDBC
1．B 文章第一段第三、四句話(huà)為答案依據(jù)。
2．C文章第一段第二句話(huà)為答案依據(jù)。“Most of the factories and offices in the town were closed for two weeks but the storehouse, which held foodstuffs(食品) and other goods, had remained open during the holidays.”
3．D 文章第二段第二句話(huà)為答案依據(jù)。“suddenly realizing being watched, she turned quickly round and looked sharply upward at the tall man behind her”。
4．B 等車(chē)時(shí)動(dòng)作肯定是走來(lái)走去，故選walking around。
5．C文章第三段第三、四、五句話(huà)。