Unit 17
1 guidance n. 指導，指引
He did the work with his teacher's guidance. 他在老師的指導下做了這件工作。
under sb.'s guidance 在某人指導下
traffic guidance 交通管理
【習慣用語】
take sb. under one's guidance 置某人于自己的庇護之下
2 gift n.
天賦;才能[C][(+for)]
He is a man of gifts.他是個多才多藝的人。
The boy has a gift for music.這男孩有音樂天賦。
禮品[C]
She has got lots of birthday gifts.她得到了許多生日禮物。
【英】【口】極便宜的東西;極容易做的事[S]
At five dollars, it is a gift!只賣五美元,那真是便宜。
vt.賦予[(+with)]
He was gifted with a good voice.他天生一個好嗓子。
【習慣用語】
have a gift for 對...有天賦
in sb.'s gift 有贈與權; 為某人所贈與; 由某人安排處理
in the gift of sb. 有贈與權; 為某人所贈與; 由某人安排處理
3 assist vt.幫助,協助[(+with/in)][O]
We asked him to assist us in designing a new bridge.
我們請他幫助我們設計一座新橋
assist sb. to his feet 攙扶某人站起來
vi.幫助,協助[(+with/in)]
He assisted in designing the new bridge.他協助設計那條新橋。
習慣用語】
assist sb. with sth. 幫助某人[做某事]
assist sb. to do sth. 幫助某人[做某事]
assist sb. in doing sth. 幫助某人[做某事]
用法歸納
*assist有如下用法：（1）＋賓語；（2）＋賓語＋介詞＋（代）名詞；（3）＋賓語＋副詞（短語）；（4）＋賓語＋to do。
特別提示用作不及物動詞時常與介詞in和with搭配。
4 sympathy n.
同情,同情心[U][(+for/with)]
I have no sympathy for beggars.我不同情乞丐。
一致,同感;贊同[U][(+with)]
Many people are in sympathy with your views.許多人贊同你的看法。
I have no sympathy with your silly ideas.我不贊成你那愚蠢的主意。
憐憫，慰問
a letter of sympathy 慰問信
【習慣用語】
express sympathy for (對...表示)慰問
feel sympathy for (=have sympathy for) 同情
in sympathy with 同情; 贊成; 和...一致
out of sympathy with 對...不同情; 不贊成; 對...沒有同感, 和...不一致
win sympathy of 博得...的同情
5 adjust vt.
調節;改變...以適應[(+to)]
She must learn to adjust herself to English life.她必須學會適應英國的生活。
校正;校準;調整
I must adjust my watch, it's fast.我的表快了,我得把它校準。
adjust the errors 校正誤差
vi.調整;校準；適應[(+to)]
Astronauts in flight must adjust to weightlessness.宇航員在飛行中得適應失重狀態。
【習慣用語】
adjust to... 使自己適應于
adjust oneself to... 使自己適應于
6 victory n.
勝利;戰勝;成功[C][U][(+in/over)]
The basketball team had a string of victories last season.這個籃球隊在上一個賽季中贏得了一連串的勝利。
a major victory 大捷
narrow victory 很勉強的勝利, 險勝
【習慣用語】
gain [have, obtain, win] a (the) victory over 戰勝...; 擊敗...
【參考詞匯】
victory conquest 都含“取勝”、“勝利”的意思。
victory 指“在戰爭、競賽、斗爭中獲勝”, 并有“擊敗對方或敵人”的含義, 如:
They won a victory in battle. 他們在戰斗中獲勝。
conquest 指“征服某國或某民族, 從而使之處于被支配地位的勝利或戰勝”, 如:
They succeeded in the conquest of that city. 他們奪取了那城市。
7 sense
8 participate vi.
. 參加,參與[(+in)]
No professionals participated in the contest.沒有職業選手參加這一比賽。
Everyone can participate in this game.每個人都能參加這游戲。
分享,分擔[(+in/with)]
participate in profits 分享利潤
含有,帶有[(+of)]
His poems participate of the nature of satire.他的詩帶有諷刺性。
9 role n.[C]角色
She played the leading role in the school play.她在學校的戲里扮演主角。
the leading role 主角
作用,任務
He denied any role in the robbery.他否認曾參與這起搶劫案。
【習慣用語】
fill the role of 擔負...的任務
play an important role in 在...中起重要作用
play the leading role 起主要作用, 起帶頭作用
play the role of(sb.) (在劇中)扮演(某人)角色
10 impair vt.削弱;減少
Fatigue impaired their judgment.疲勞削弱了他們的判斷力。
損害,損傷
Poor food impaired her health.粗劣的食物損害了她的健康。
adj. impaired 受損的；變差的
TV reception may be impaired in some areas.某些地區電視的接收效果可能會受到影響。
Unit 18
1 reject vt. 拒絕；不接受
He rejected their invitation point-blank. 他直截了當地拒絕了他們 的邀請。
We rejected his idea for a music club, and decided to have an art club instead.
我們沒有采納他關于成立音樂俱樂部的想法，而是決定成立藝術俱樂部。
丟棄
駁回;否決
The prisoner's plea for pardon was rejected.該犯的赦免請求被駁回了。
reject an offer of help 拒絕別人提供的幫助
reject an appeal 駁回上訴
a rejected suitor 未被接受的求婚者
2 possibility
n.可能性[U][(+of)][+that]
There is a good possibility of rain tonight.今晚很可能要下雨。
可能的事,可能發生的事[C]
Life on other planets is a possibility.其他行星上有生命是可能的。
發展前途,潛在價值c
He is a man of possibilities.他是一個有發展前途的人。
be within [out of] the range of possibility ... 是可能[不可能]的
by any possibility 萬一, 也許
by some possibility 或許
What are the -ties? 有哪些可能發生的情況?
Is it a possibility that you will work abroad? 你有可能去國外工作嗎？
There is no possibility of his coming. 他不可能來。
3 otherwise ad.
用別的方法;不同樣地
We'll get there somehow, by boat or otherwise.我們總要設法去那里的,乘船也好,用其他辦法也好。
We were going to play football, but it was so hot that we decided to do otherwise.
我們原打算踢足球，可是天很熱，我們就決定干別的了。
在其他方面;除此以外
The rent is a bit high, but otherwise the house is satisfactory.這所房子租金貴了點,但在其他方面倒是令人滿意的。
否則,不然
I'm not feeling very well today -- otherwise I would do it myself.
今天我身體不太舒服,否則這事我就親自去做了。
【習慣用語】
and otherwise 等等, 及其他
but otherwise 然而在別的方面卻
or otherwise 或相反
otherwise from 不同于
otherwise than 與...不同的; 除...之外
4 attempt vt.
試圖;企圖;試圖做[+to-v][+v-ing]
They attempted to finish the task before July.他們試圖在七月以前完成這項任務。
試圖攻占
They attempted the life of the dictator.他們試圖殺死這個獨裁者。
n.[C]企圖,嘗試[(+at/on)][+to-v]
He made an attempt on the world record.他試圖打破世界紀錄。
Her attempt at poetry was a failure.她嘗試寫詩失敗了。
Zhang Jian made an attempt to swim across the English Channel.
張健試圖游過英吉利海峽。
They decreased their production in an attempt to push the prices.
他們減少生產量，以試圖抬高價格。
攻擊[(+on)]
Several attempts have been made on the president's life.已經有人三番五次試圖謀殺總統。
【習慣用語】
make an attempt at 打算; 試圖
make an attempt at to do 打算; 試圖
make an attempt on 試圖奪取
make an attempt on sb.'s life 試圖殺害某人
in an attempt to 力圖, 試圖
用法歸納
*attempt 可用作名詞和及物動詞，意為：努力、嘗試、企圖、未遂行為； 嘗試；試圖；試圖征服（危險的山、海等）。
特別提示
attempt 用作及物動詞表示“試圖；企圖”時，常含結果失敗之意。
5 allow for考慮[(+for)]
In working with this cloth, be sure to allow for shrinking.用這種布縫衣,務必考慮到洗后會縮水。
Allowing for inflation, the cost of the project is $2 million.考慮到通貨膨脹的因素，這個項目的費用為200萬美元。
注：allow vt. 允許,準許[O][+v-ing]
Swimming is not allowed at this beach.這片海灘禁止游泳。
She allowed us to smoke.她允許我們抽煙。
準...進;準...出[O]
He doesn't allow cats in the room.他不允許貓進入房內。
【書】承認[+that]
He allowed that they were right.他承認他們是對的。
vi.容許[(+of)]
The situation allows of no delay.情況不容許有任何延誤。
相關歸納
considering（介詞）考慮到；鑒于
Considering the strength of the opposition,we did very well to score two goals.
考慮到對方實力強大，我們進了兩個球就很不錯了。
John did quite well considering how little he studied.考慮到約翰才學了那么一點點，他考得已算很不錯了。
特別提示 allow for 為動詞詞組，而considering詞性為介詞。
6 be aware of
I’m well（quite）aware of the risk.我深知那項風險。
She was/became aware of the danger.她（終于）覺察到危險。
He was aware that he had drunk too much.他曉得他喝了太多（酒）。
Few of them were aware（of）what a hypocrite he really was.
他們之中很少人知道他實際上是個什么樣的偽君子。
Are you aware（of）how much this means to me?你曉得這對我有多大意義嗎？
特別提示
作介詞“of”賓語的可數名詞、that從句及wh-從句，在接從句時，of常可省略。
【參考詞匯】
aware conscious sensible 都含有“意識到的”意思。
aware 側重“感官所意識到的外界事物”, 如:
Everybody is aware of the importance of the Four Modernizations.
每個人都意識到了四化的重要性。
conscious 側重“心理感知”, 如:
He is conscious of a sense of quilt. 他感到內疚。
sensible 指“可用感官察覺到的(較復雜或抽象的事物的)”, 如:
I was sensible of her solemn grief. 我知道她很悲哀。
7 more than “與其說……倒不如……；不只是”的表示法
教材原句
They need recognition, more than sympathy and help.
與其說他們需要同情與幫助，倒不如說他們需要承認。
補充例句
（1）It’s her manner I dislike, more than what she actually says.
我討厭的倒不是她實際上說些什么，而是她的態度。
（2）She cares far more for her dogs than she does for me.
她關心狗遠遠勝過關心我。
（3）Chinese is more than a language.中文不僅僅是一種語言。
*rather than也表此意
（1）He is a politician rather than a statesman.說他是政治家，不如說他是政客。
（2）It is hot rather than warm.與其說天氣暖和，不如說是熱。
（3）I would prefer to stay home rather than go out.
我寧愿留在家里也不愿出去。
Unit 19
1 argue vi.爭論,辯論;爭吵[(+with/over/about)]
I'm not going to argue with you tonight.我今晚不想與你爭辯。
提出理由[(+for/against)]
He argued against the plan.他據理反對這個計劃。
Vt .辯論;議論
We argued the matter over for hours.我們為這事辯論了幾小時。
主張,認為[+that]
Columbus argued that the world was round.哥倫布認為地球是圓形的。
說服[(+into/out of)]
We argued her out of going on such a dangerous journey.我們說服她不要去作這樣危險的旅行。
【習慣用語】
argue about \on\ over辯論[爭論]某事
argue against 反駁 ;顯示出與...相反的結論, 證明...是站不住腳的
argue down 駁倒某人
argue sb. down 駁倒某人
argue for 贊成; 為...而力爭
argue sb. into 說服某人(做某事或接受某種意見)
argue sb. out of 說服某人不做某事, 打消某種念頭
2 desire vt. 渴望;要求[+to-v][+that][O]
He desired us to leave soon.他希望我們盡快離開。
She desired to marry a rich man.她很想嫁個富翁。
People desire peace.人們渴望和平。
She desires that you (should) see her at once. 她要你立即見她。
n.欲望,渴望[C][U][(+for)]
I have no desire to discuss the question.我不想討論這個問題。
. 渴望的東西;渴望的人
He brought me my heart's desire.他給我帶來了我心里渴望的東西。
【習慣用語】
at sb.'s desire 應某人的要求
by desire 應邀
have a strong desire to do sth. 迫切想做某事
satisfy one’s desire 滿足某人的愿望
【參考詞匯】
desire wish want 都含“需要或希望得到”的意思。
desire屬正式用語, 可代替wish 和want, 強調“主觀愿望的熱切性”, 含有“強烈希望做某事”的意思, 如:
He got the book he desired. 他得到了他渴望得到的那本書。
wish語氣比desire弱, 一般用于“難以實現或不可能實現的愿望”, 強調“主語的主觀愿望”, 指“希望”、“愿”、“想”, 如:
I wish I could have a new car.
我多么希望有一輛新車(我要是有一輛新車就好了)。
want 多用于口語式普通場合, 指“想”、“要”或“需要”, 表示“較弱的偏愛、選擇”或“強烈的需要、熱愛”, 如:
I want a book. 我要一本書。
3 envy n.妒忌;羨慕[U][(+at/of/towards)]
She said it out of envy.她出于嫉妒說了這話。
Feel envy at…對…感到嫉妒
妒忌的對象;羨慕的目標[(+of)]
His talent is the envy of his colleagues.他的同事都羨慕他的才能。
vt.妒忌;羨慕[O]
I envy you your good luck.我羨慕你的好運。
【習慣用語】
green with envy 妒忌得面色發青, 非常妒忌
lost in envy 非常嫉妒
4 swear vi.發誓;宣誓
They refused to swear on a Bible.他們拒絕手按《圣經》發誓。
詛咒;罵臟話[(+at)]
What is the woman swearing at?那女人在咒罵什么?
vt.發(誓);宣(誓)
Before giving evidence you have to swear an oath.在作證之前你得先發誓。
發誓要;起誓保證[+to-v][+(that)]
The witness swore to tell the truth.證人起誓保證講真話。
【口】斷言;保證說[+(that)]
He swore that he had never talked with the girl.他發誓說,他從未與那個姑娘說過話。
使宣誓[(+to)]
You must swear him to silence.你一定要他發誓保持沉默。
使宣誓就任[(+in)]
The new president will be sworn in January.
新總統將在一月份宣誓就職。
【習慣用語】
be sworn in (to office) 宣誓就職
swear against 指控(某人)并起誓所控屬實
swear at 咒罵; [俚](顏色)和...完全不調和
swear by 以(...名義)起誓, 以(人格)擔保; [口]非常信賴; 肯定, 確定
swear sb. to sth. 使某人發誓做某事
swear to sth. 保證某事; 肯定某事
5 declare vt.宣布,宣告;聲明[O][+(that)]
The new Congress declared a state of war with Germany.新的國會向德國宣戰了。
宣稱;斷言[+(that)]
The accused man declared himself innocent.被告聲稱他是無罪的。
She declared that she didn't want to see him again.她宣稱再也不愿見他了。
She declared herself（to be）innocent.她聲稱自己是清白的。
申報(納稅品等)I have nothing to declare.我沒什么要申報的。
vi.聲明,表示[(+for/against)]
We declared for their proposal.我們聲明贊成他們的建議。
Declare… off取消
declare war on/against...對……宣戰
Terrorists declared war on the United States,and war is what they got.
（布什總統高論）恐怖分子向美國宣戰，而他們得到的就是戰爭。
用法歸納
declare用作及物動詞和不及物動詞。含義為：宣布，宣告，聲稱。用作及物動詞時的主要用法為：＋名詞/從句/復合賓語。
6 .immediately
adv. We must act immediately.我們必須立即行動。
conj. You may leave immediately he comes.他一來你就可以離開了。
用法歸納
immediately可用作副詞和連詞。主要有兩個義項：立即、馬上（=at once,without delay）;一……就……（=as soon as）。
特別提示
immediately用作連詞時后接從句，另外，表示“一……就……”的句型還有：
the moment/the minute/the instant+ 從句
directly/instantly+ 從句 as soon as+ 從句
on/upon+n./v.-ing No sooner had+ 主語＋過去分詞＋than-從句
Hardly had+ 主語＋過去分詞＋when-從句
7 order
n. 次序, 順序, 正常(工作)狀態, 秩序, 命令, 定購
vt. 命令, 定購, 定制
keep order 維持秩序
give orders 下命令
take orders 接受命令
n.順序,次序[U] ;狀況;良好的狀況[U]
The names are in alphabetical order.名字按字母順序排列。
Things were in terrible order.情況一團糟。
The young teacher can't keep order in her classroom.那位年輕教師無法維持課堂秩序。
命令,指示[+to-v][+(that)]
He gave orders that the job be done in three days.他指示三天內完成這項工作。
訂購;訂貨[C][(+for)]
The company received a large order for computers.這家公司接到一份要求大量供應電腦的訂單。
【習慣用語】
in good order 有條不紊, 整齊; 情況正常
in order 按照順序; 挨次 ;整齊; 整潔
in order that ... 為了..., 目的在于...
in order to 為了(做某事), 以便(做某事)
keep in order 使遵守秩序; 維持秩序
on order 定購中(發貨而尚未交貨)
out of order 次序紊亂 ;(機器等)失靈; 出故障
under the orders of 受...的指揮, 在...指揮下
用法歸納
order 可用作名詞和動詞，主要義項有：命令，訂購，訂做，點菜；次序，順序。用作動詞時主要用法為：＋名詞/ sb.to do sth./sth.to be done/sb.+adv./sb.+斜.prep.斜./that從句
特別提示 order后that從句中的謂語動詞形式為“（should）+動詞原形”。類似的詞還有：demand,desire,insist,propose,request,require,suggest等。
8 mercy
n. -cies 寬大；寬恕 ;仁慈；慈悲
show mercy to sb. 對某人起了憐憫之心
幸運
It's a mercy that the explosion happened after the theatre.
"爆炸發生在散戲以后,真是不幸中之大幸。"
【習慣用語】
at the mercy of 任…處置；無能為力
beg for mercy 乞求寬大, 討饒, 乞憐
for mercy(=for mercy's sake) 請大發慈悲, 請可憐可憐
have mercy on [upon] 對...有憐憫心
have sb. at one's mercy 使某人任憑自己擺布
in one's mercy 出于惻隱之心
It is a mercy. 真幸運。
M-on me! 哎呀! 我的天哪!
show mercy to sb. 對某人表示寬大[仁慈]
take sb. to mercy 饒某人的命, 免某人一死
take mercy on 對...表示憐憫
without mercy 殘忍地, 毫不留情地
9倍數表達法
教材原句
If you offered me six times what you have just offered,I would still take my pound of flesh.
即使你愿意給我六倍于你剛才提出的錢數，我也要得到我應得的一磅肉。
特別提示 英語中表示倍數的句式有：
倍數+as+形容詞（副詞）原級+as
倍數+形容詞（副詞）比較級+than
倍數+the+名詞（size, weight, height, depth, length, width等）+of...
形容詞的比較級+than...+by+倍數
倍數＋what從句
用times表示倍數時，一般是限于表示三倍或三倍以上的數，表示兩倍用twice或double,一倍則用once。
補充例句
（1）This square is three times as big as that one.=This square is twice bigger than that one.=This square is three times the size of that one.=This square is bigger than that one by twice.這個方塊是那個的三倍大（大兩倍）。
（2）He offered me six times what you have just offered.他愿意給我六倍于你所提供的錢。
（3）Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
（4）The tower is twice the height of the building.這塔是那棟樓房的兩倍高。
（5）The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的體積是月球的49倍。
10 so+adj.+ a/an+n.句型
教材原句 He is young,but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.
他很年輕但是我過去從來不知道有這么年輕又如此聰明的人。
如果形容詞前有as,so,too,how時，a/an就放在形容詞之后，其結構是：as/too/so/how+ adj. +a/an + n.。
11 .flesh, meat
flesh通常指人或動物身上的肉或果肉。
meat供食用的獸類的肉（區別于魚或禽類的肉）。
注意：豬肉pork;牛肉beef;羊肉mutton;鹿肉venison;馬肉horse meat;雞肉chicken;鴨肉duck;鵝肉goose等。
12 .offer up 貢獻
She offered up a prayer to God for her husband’s safe return.她向上帝禱告，保佑她丈夫平安回來。
offer up a sacrifice作出犧牲；獻祭
相關歸納
（1）offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.給某人提供某物
He offered me his seat.他主動讓座給我。
（2）offer to do sth.主動干某事
The boys offered to help the old woman.孩子們要幫助那位老婦人。
（3）offer some money for sth.出價多少買某物
We offered 1 000 dollars for the computer.我們出價1 000美圓買這臺電腦。
（4）offer sth.for some money出價多少賣某物
I offered him the house for thirty thousand yuan.我以三萬元的價格賣給他這所房子。
（5）offer/give sb.a lift讓某人搭便車；幫助
He gave me a lift by lending me 100 dollars.他借給我100美圓來幫助我。
unit 20
1 curiosity
n. 好奇心[U][(+about)][+to-v]
We burned with curiosity over what was in the box.我們急切地想知道箱子里是什么東西。
He is full of curiosity. 他充滿了好奇心。
奇品;珍品,古玩[C]
The old wooden skis are a curiosity.那副木制舊滑雪板是珍奇之物。
【習慣用語】
from curiosity (=out of curiosity) 在好奇心驅使下
set sb.'s curiosity 引起某人的好奇心
satisfy one’s curiosity滿足…的好奇心
curious 稀奇的, 奇異的;好奇的
【習慣用語】
be curious about sth. 對(某事物)感到好奇
be curious to (do) 很想(做); 渴望(做)
2 .decorate v. 裝飾,修飾[(+with)]
We decorated the Christmas tree with glass balls.我們用玻璃球裝飾圣誕樹。
授勛(章)給[(+for)]
The general was decorated for winning the battle.將軍因贏得這一戰役而被授勛。
特別提示
decorate不接雙賓語，而采用decorate...with sth.結構。
[誤]Some pictures of pop stars were decorated on the wall.
[正]The wall was decorated with some pictures of pop stars.
decoration裝飾,裝潢[U]; 裝飾物,裝飾品[C]
They are putting up decorations for the festival.他們在為節日布置裝飾品。
勛章;獎章[C] award a decoration授予勛章
3【常用詞組】
die away 逐漸停止，逐漸消失
The noise of the motorcar died away. 摩托車的噪聲消失了。
die down 逐漸減弱，逐漸模糊
"After the excitement of the audience died down, the speaker restarted his speech."
"等聽眾激動的情緒平息后,演講人又重新開始演講。"
die off 相繼死去
"As the window was still middle-aged, her relatives all died off."
"這個寡婦還在中年時,她的親屬就先后離開了人世。"
die out 滅絕
4 serve
vt. 為...服務;為...服役
Children must be educated to serve their country when they grow up.
必須教育孩子長大后為國家服務。
供應[(+with)] a pipeline serving the house with water 給房子供水的水管
侍候(顧客等);供應(飯菜);端上[(+to/with)]
She served me a cup of coffee.她給我端上一杯咖啡。
任(職);服(刑);當(學徒)[(+as/for/in)]
He served eight years in prison.他坐過八年牢。
適合(特定用途或目的);對...有用;供...使用[+to-v]
My old car has served me well.我那輛舊汽車對我很有用。
vi.服務;服役;供職;幫傭[(+in/on/under)]
My father served in the navy during the Second World War.
我父親在第二次世界大戰期間在海軍服役。
招待,侍候;上酒,端菜
Pearl is serving at the table.珀爾在侍候進餐。
適用;有用;足夠[(+for/as)][+to-v]
A simple example will serve to illustrate the point.一個簡單的例子可以說明這一點。
This box will serve for a seat. 這箱子可當作座椅。
This platform would serve as a port and a railway station. 這個平臺將用作港口和火車站。
【習慣用語】
serve as [for] 作為...用; 擔任; 起...作用
serve on 擔任...的職; 成為...中的一員
serve out 發給, 分配 ;做到期滿, 學到期滿
serve sb. out 使自食其果, 給予報復, 使吃苦頭
serve up 端出(飯菜等); 提出, 提供
serve with 向... 提供; 把(傳票)交給
5 spare vt.
分出,騰出(時間,人手);分讓(多余的東西)[(+for)]
Can you spare me a few minutes?你能為我挪出幾分鐘時間嗎?
(常用于否定句或疑問句)節約,省用;吝惜
He spared no expense in building a villa for himself.他不惜工本為自己造了一幢別墅。
spare no efforts [pains] 不遺余力
spare no expense 不惜工本 =spare sb. his life)饒某人一命
使免遭;免去;解除
I want to spare him the trouble of seeing me off at the airport.
我不想麻煩他去機場為我送行。
饒恕,赦免;不傷害
They took his money but spared his life.他們拿走了他的錢但饒了他一命。
a.多余的,剩下的;空閑的
He has nothing to do in his spare time.他休閑時間無事可做。
備用的
Every car should carry a spare tire.每輛車子應帶一個備用輪胎。
節約的;少量的;貧乏的[(+of)]
He is spare of speech.他很少說話。
n.[C]備用品;備用輪胎
This tire is damaged. Do you have a spare?這個輪胎壞了,你有備用輪胎嗎?
【習慣用語】
to spare 剩余；多余
6 cover vt. 遮蓋;覆蓋[(+with)]
Mary covered her face with her hands.瑪麗用雙手捂住臉。
The highway was covered with snow.公路被雪覆蓋著。
掩飾;隱匿
She laughed to cover her anxiety.她試圖以笑來掩飾她的焦慮。
Lies cannot cover up facts. 謊言掩蓋不住事實。
包含;適用于
These regulations cover such cases.這些規定適用于這類情況。
His reading covers a wide range of subjects.他閱讀的書籍涉及多種學科。
. (不用被動態)行過(路程)
We covered about 30 miles a day.我們每天大約走三十英里。
采訪,報導
Jack covered the Gulf War for CNN then.杰克當時替美國有線新聞電視網報導海灣戰爭。
(錢)足夠付;負擔支付
Is the money sufficient to cover the tuition?這筆錢付學費夠嗎?
These expenses are covered by the state. 這些費用都由國家負擔。
占（時間或空間）
The town covers 5 square miles. 小鎮占地5平方英里。
為...進行保險; 抵償;使免受損失[(+against)]
Are the goods covered against fire damage?這批貨物保了火險嗎?
7 .date back to, date from
The Great Wall dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period.長城始建于春秋時代。
In China,the needle treatment dates from ancient times.在中國，針灸療法起源于古代。
特別提示
date back to 也可寫作date from,后常接過去時間，動詞date用一般現在時，而且不用被動語態。
相關歸納
（1）bring...up to date 使……趕上時代；使……成為最新之物；給予（某人有關……的）最新消息/資料（on,about）
All the equipment has to be brought up to date.所有裝備必須予以更新。
Please bring me up to date on the fuel requirement.請將最新燃料需求的資料提供給我。
（2）out of date過時的，舊式的
This encyclopedia has gone out of date.這部百科全書已過時了。
（3）up to date迄今，直到現在；最新的，現代的
Our computer is up to date.我們的電腦是最新式的。
（4）without date沒有日期的；（美）無期限的
a letter without date一封沒有日期的信
8 lie, lay
原 形 過去式 過去分詞 現在分詞 詞 義 用 法 搭 配
lie lied lied lying 說謊 vi./n. 說謊
lie lay lain lying 躺，位于 vi. 在于
lay laid laid laying 放置，下（蛋） vt. 放下，放棄
Success lies in hard work.成功在于勤奮。
Lies have short legs.謊言總是站不住腳的。
Lu Xun laid down medicine and took up writing.魯迅棄醫從文。
Many people laid down their lives for our country.許多人為祖國獻出了生命。
She laid herself down.=She lay down. 她躺下了
Lie vi.(人、動物)躺,臥;(東西)被平放
His hat and gloves were lying on the table.他的帽子和手套都放在桌上。
He lay down for a rest.他躺下休息一會。
呈...狀態,置于[L]
The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake.地震之后整個城市成了一片廢墟。
I have lain awake all night thinking of them.我心里想著他們,徹夜未眠。
(事情)在于
The remedy lies in education.補救的辦法在于教育。
位于Japan lies to the east of China.日本在中國的東面。
9 certain, sure 確信，有把握
相同點：① 都可接about/of,意思是“確信，對……有把握”，只能用人作主語。
Are you sure/certain of that?你對那件事有把握嗎？
②都可接不定式，意思是“一定會……”，人或物均可作主語。
He is certain/sure to succeed.他一定會成功。
The project is sure/certain to be a success.這個計劃一定會成功。
③后面跟連接詞（疑問詞，連詞whether）+不定式結構，意思是“確定……”，只能用人作主語。
I’m not sure/certain what to do.我不知道怎么辦。
④都可跟從句，意思是“肯定……，確定……”，只能用人作主語。
I’m not sure/certain whether I’ve met him before.我不能確定以前是否見過他。
不同點：sure不能用于“It is certain that...”句型。
It is certain that your team will win.你們隊肯定會贏。
應用
It’s quite ______that Dr Smith will be present at the meeting.
A.certain B.sure C.certainly D.surely
答案:A
典例剖析
【例1】 （2004年上海高考題）Why?I have nothing to confess.______you want me to say?
A.What is it that B.What it is that C.How is it that D.How it is that
剖析：考查強調句。
答案：A
【例2】 （2004年全國卷Ⅰ，27）I like ______in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A.this B.that C.it D.one
剖析：“it”是代詞，作賓語，代替后面的句子“when the weather is clear and bright”。
答案：C
【例3】 （2004年北京，24）The Foreign Ministersaid， “______our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”
A.This is B.There is C.That is D.It is
剖析：考查的是“It is+n.+ that從句”
答案：D
【例4】（2004年湖北，24）It was ______back home after the experiment.
A.not until midnight did he go
B.until midnight that he didn’t go
C.not until midnight that he went
D.until midnight when he didn’t go
剖析：這是一個強調句，對not until midnight進行強調，要用that連接。
答案：C
【例5】（2004年福建，26）I’d like to buy a house
-modern,comfortable,and ______in a quiet neighbour-hood.
A.in all B.above all C.after all D.at all
剖析：above all首要，最重要的是；in all總計；after all畢竟；at all根本，全然。
答案：B
【例6】（2004年上海，52）In dealing with public relations,we should make every effort to prevent the ______in personality.
A.contact B.contrast C.connection D.conflict
剖析：contact 和connection是同義詞，“聯系”；contrast “對比”；conflict “沖突”。
答案：D