1. What sort of questions do you think the reporter will ask?
★do you think/ believe/ imagine/ guess/ suppose等常被放在特殊疑問句中作插入語，并放在特殊疑問詞之后，構成句型：疑問詞+do you think/ believe/ imagine/ guess/ suppose +特殊疑問句的其余部分？
★“特殊疑問句的其余部分”要用陳述語序，疑問詞要充當特殊疑問句的一個句子成分。
eg. What do you think has happened to him?（What在特殊疑問句中作主語）
Who do you guess she is?（Who在特殊疑問句中作表語）
When do you suppose he will come back?（When在特殊疑問句中作時間狀語）
★I think, I believe, I guess, I find, I imagine, I know, I say, I mean, I see, I’m sure等也可以作插入語，放在一個陳述句的句中或句末，常用逗號與句子其它部分隔開。
eg. They, I’m sure, have been working at least 5 hours.
They will be back in half an hour, I guess.
2. What modern means can explorers make use of today?
★make use of= use:利用；使用。use之前可以加good, the best, full, little等詞修飾。
You should make the best use of the chance you get.
We must make good use of our spare time.
★注意make use of 在使用時的結構變形。
Every minute should be made good use of to study.（由于make good use of用了被動語態，后面不再需要賓語，因此后面接了不定式作目的狀語）
They didn’t realize the use we made of the information.（注意make use of中的use在前面作了定語從句的先行詞，因此，從句中就只剩下了make of）
3. In which way will a human trip to Mars be similar to the trips of explorers in the past.
★be similar to：與……相似 The gold is similar to brass in color.
★(be) the same as：與……相同 Your idea is the same as mine. / I have the same idea as you ( have).
★be different from：與……不同 My answer is different from the teacher’s.
4. In their work, scientists meet with situations about which they have to make decisions.
★meet (with) sb遇見或會見某人：英國英語中把meet當及物動詞用，而美國英語中把meet當不及物動詞用。不過，meet with sb更強調“偶然遇到”，因此，到機場、車站等地“去接某人”只能用meet sb。中學英語中表示“偶然遇見”之意的短語有：meet by chance/ come across/ run into/ run across, etc.
meet with sth.：遭到；遇到；經歷（不愉快的事）
eg. Will you meet me at the station?
I met (with) her at the supermarket.
You will meet with all kinds of difficulty in your life.
While reading, you are sure to meet with some new words.
★make decisions about：對……做出決定
You must make a decision about whether to go or not.
5. Evaluate them from various points of view and try to make the best decision.
★various -adj.of several kinds; several; unlike one another; a number of各種各樣的；不同種類的；若干
Their hobbies are many and various.他們的業余愛好五花八門。
People came here for various reasons.人們來這里的原因各不相同。
★vary - v. 相異；存在不同；變化；改變 常見搭配有：
vary in sth.：在某方面呈現不同 vary with (=vary from sth. to sth).：隨著……的變化而變化
The two coats vary in size.這兩件外套尺寸不同。
The weather here varies with the seasons. =The weather here varies from season to season.
★variety - n. 多樣化；豐富多彩；種類；品種 a ( large/ wide) variety of = varieties of：各種不同的
Everyone arrived late at the meeting for a variety of reasons.
We are growing a new variety of wheat this year.
He wants to live a life full of change and variety.他想過一種豐富多彩的生活。
6. …he took possession of it in the name of the British Crown.
That lovely cottage by the seaside has been in the possession of their family for more than eighty years.
★take possession of：把……據為己有；占領；奪取
Don’t take possession of the wallet,though you picked it up in the street.
in possession of sth：擁有或占有某物 Mr. Black is in possession of the house now.
in the possession of sb.：被某人所占有或擁有 The house is in the possession of Mr. Black now.
possessions：私有財產；財物 When you travel, take good care of your possessions.
★in the name of：以……的名義；代表The police arrested him in the name of the law.
We welcomed our foreign guests in the name of the government.
He limited my freedom in the name of love.
by name：名叫；憑名字I only know him by name.我只知道他的名字。
I got to know a girl, Mary by name at the party.我在晚會上認識了一個名叫瑪麗的女孩。
by the name of：名叫……的
I got to know a girl by the name of Mary at the party.(= named/ called/ whose name is)
under the name of：借助……的名字；在……的名字下（不是本名）
They published his works under the name of Lu Xun.他們用魯迅這個筆名發表了他的著作。
The guest registered at the hotel under th name of Jackson.那位客人用杰克遜這個名字在旅館登記的。
7. Chinese scientists believe that the moon stores great masses of fuel …
★masses of = a mass of：許多；大量。后面可以接不可數名詞或可數名詞復數。作主語時，謂語動詞的數根據mass的數來定。
I got masses of cards on my birthday.
There are masses of dark clouds in the sky.
8. Mars may be rich in valuable and useful minerals which cannot be found on earth.
★be rich/ high in sth.盛產；豐富的；充滿……的 be poor/ low in sth貧乏；缺少
He is poor in money but rich in knowledge.
China is rich in natural resources.
This food is low in fat.
★表示“在地球上”用on the earth，在口語和非正式場合也可用on earth。
on earth還可以表示“在世上；在人間”，也可以用在疑問詞之后加強語氣，相當于in the world，表示“到底；究竟”。
What on earth are you doing?
Who is the greatest scientist on earth?
9. …Where they are doing research on a state key project.
★do research on/ into sth.研究；探討；調查
In the past few years, he has been doing research on/ into the causes of cancer.
★key：adj.- 重要的；關鍵性的 a key high school/ university重點中學或大學
a key point關鍵點 a key sentence關鍵句
n. 鑰匙；答案；鍵；關鍵the key to (doing) sth.做某事的關鍵
the key to the door/ exercises/ success/ doing sth.
the keys of a piano/ computer/ typewriter
The key to achieving your goal is to stick to it.
10. …they will learn a great deal about the origins and the history of the native people.
★origin：n. 根源；起源；出身；血統 original：adj.原始的；新穎的
by origin：籍貫 Her mother is French by origin.
a man of noble origin：貴族出身的人 the original：原著
Have you found out the origin of your English being poor?你弄清楚了你的英語不好的根源了嗎？
11. …science needs brave people who are willing to risk their lives,…
★be willing to do sth.愿意做某事
★risk one’s life：冒著生命危險 risk doing sth.冒險做某事
He risked his life to save the child. = He risked losing his life to save the child.
12. …we can send robots equipped with cameras and other tools to do observations for us.
★equip…with…：用……裝備……We will equip our offices with computers.
equip…for…：為……配備或準備……Please equip yourself with a sharp pencil and a rubber for the exam.
be equipped with：配備有All the police are equipped with guns and bullets.
eqipment 設備，是個不可數名詞。
★do observations for：為……去做觀察
13. REACHING OUT ACROSS THE OCEAN
It was a major development that the Africans were reaching out to China.
★reach作動詞的用法歸納：
1) reach someplace = arrive at/ in someplace; get to someplace 到達某地（非延續性動詞）
reach (out) to someplace = reach as far as someplace 延伸到某地；伸展到某地
2) reach ( out) for sth. = reach one’s hand (out) for sth. 伸手去拿或抓某物
3) reach (to) sth.伸手夠得著某物
4) reach sb sth = pass sb sth 把某物遞給某人
★reach作名詞的用法：
1) out of (one’s) reach：伸手夠不著之處；手所不能及之處
2) beyond (one’s) reach：手或能力所不能及之處
3) within (one’s) reach：在某人伸手能夠得著的地方；在能力所及的范圍
eg. The road reached to our school.
The garden reached down to the lake.花園一直伸展到湖邊。
The boy reached (out) for the ball, but it was too far away. He didn’t reach (to) it.
Please reach me that book.請把那本書遞給我。
Put the medicine out of the children’s reach.
Such high-paid jobs are out of his reach.
Keep a dictionary within easy reach.
14. …the world map was a great puzzle.
★puzzle v.
1) puzzle sb. = make sb. think hard使某人困惑；使某人動腦筋
2) puzzle over sth. = think deeply about sth. in order to understand it為……傷腦筋；苦苦思索某事
3) puzzle sth out想出；苦思出
★puzzle n. 謎；難題 be a puzzle to sb.對某人說是個謎或難題 do a word puzzle猜字謎
★puzzled adj. （感到）困惑的 puzzling adj. 令人困惑的 be puzzled about對……感到困惑
Her decision puzzled me. ＝Her decision was a puzzle to me.
We feel puzzled at the puzzling question.
She listened with a puzzled expression on her face.
They are puzzled about what to do next.
The teacher asked the students to puzzle out the answer to the problem.
15. …inspired Christopher Columbus and other European exploeres to search for sea routes to the …
★search for sb./ sth./ someplace =look for：尋找某人、某物或某地
search sb./ someplace (for sth.)：（為了找某物）搜某人的身或搜查某地
(be) in search of sb./ sth: 為了尋找某人或某物
a/ the/ one’s search for: 尋找……
He searched all his pockets for his key, but failed.
The policeman searched the prisoner to see if he had a gun.
I looked everywhere in search of my glasses.
They all set out to search for ( in search of) the lost child.
The search for the lost child went on for one year.
16. However, long before that brave merchants were the real explorers of the Western Ocean.
★long before：1) adv. “很久以前”，在句中單獨作狀語，可用過去時或過去完成時。
2) prep. “……之前很久就”，后接名詞或代詞。
3) conj. 引導時間狀語從句。
It was (not) long before…“過了很久才……”或“沒過多久就……”
It will (not) long before…“要過很久才……”或“不久就要……”
Sb. hadn’t done sth. long before …“某人沒做多久就……”
Sb. had done sth long before…“某人做了很久才……”
★before long：adv.在句中單獨作狀語，“不久以后；很快； 不久”。常和過去時或將來時連用。
★long ago：adv.在句中單獨作狀語，“很久以前”，常用一般過去時。
(1) _____ , there lived an old man who wore very long beard.
(2) He said that he had seen the film ________.
(3) I’ll see you again ________.
(4) It was not ________ we met again.
(5) He lost his mother _______ his graduation.
Keys: Long before/ ago; long before; before long; long before; long before
17. It’s well known that Africa had contacts with India and the Red Sea civilisations from the earliest times.
★It’s well known (to sb.) that- clause：“眾所周知”，It為形式主語，that從句才是真正的主語。
As is well known (to sb), …：As引導非限制性定語從句，并代表主句的整個內容。
What’s well known (to sb) is that- clause：What引導主語從句，that引導表語從句。
It’s well known that the earth moves around the sun.
= As is well known, the earth moves around the sun.
= What’s well known is that the earth moves around the sun.
★have contact with = be in contact with =be in touch with與……有聯系
make contact with =get in touch with與……取得聯系
lose contact with = lose touch with與……失去聯系
We made contact with the ship by radio.
Have you been in contact with John?
18. Silk from China found its way over land along the Silk Road to India, the Middle East and Rome, in exchange for spices and glass.
★find one’s way找到……的路 I hope you can find your way home.
She couldn’t find her way out of the building.
make one’s way（艱難地）前進或行走 feel one’s way摸索著前進 push one’s way擠著前進 lose one’s way迷路 fight one’s way奮勇前進 struggle one’s way掙扎著前進
wind one’s way蜿蜒前進 go one’s way我行我素
★over land從陸路；由陸路
★in exchange for交換；互換 exchange A for B用A換B exchange sth. with sb.與某人交換某物
He gave me an apple in exchange for a piece of cake.
He is giving her English lessons in exchange for her Chinese lessons.
Ali exchanged seats with Ben.
19. …the Swahili kingdoms and the islands off the African coast developed into the world’s trading centre…
★off the coast 在離……海岸有一段距離處 on the coast在海岸上 along the coast沿海岸
★develop into 發展成為……
20. The Arabic contacts to the African coast led to the next meeting between black people and a Chinese.
★lead to：1) 導致；致使(= result in) Hard work leads to success.
Hie careless led to this accident.
2)通向 All roads lead to Rome.條條道路通羅馬。
3)lead sb. to someplace：把某人領到某處
4) lead sb. to do sth.：使得某人做某事 What led you to think so?
21. In the year 751, the Chinese traveller Du Huan was taken prisoner by the Arabic army.
★be taken prisoner被俘虜
22. He escaped, and after a long journey wandering through Arabic countries,…
★wander：徘徊；閑逛；流浪；漫游
wander (through) someplace：在……地方漫游閑逛流浪
wander from/ off sth.; wander away/ off：離開原處或正道；離群；失散
The boy was found wandering (through) the streets alone.
I’ve spent two years wandering the world.
We seem to have wandered from/ off the path.我們好像已經偏離了原路。
The child wandered off and got lost.那個孩子自己走開而迷了路。
Little Tom’s mind often wanders in class.小湯姆上課經常思想開小差。
23. The earliest Asian cultural relic found in Africa also dates from this period.
★date from =date back to：追溯到；始建于
注意：這個短語沒有被動語態，后面常接過去時間，但卻常和一般現在時連用，只有在間接引語中才可能用過去時。
Our school dates from the early 1900s.
This custom dates back to the Tang Dynasty.→
He told us that This custom dated back to the Tang Dynasty.
24. …led to the awareness of each other’s existence, but still no accurate maps of the countries …
★awareness的形容詞為aware，常見搭配為be aware of意識到、覺察到
Are you aware of your mistake?
★existence：存在；生活（方式）
come into existence產生 be in existence 存在的；現存的
lead/ have a(n) … existence/ life過著……的生活
This law came into existence in 1980.
This rule has been in existence for 5 years.
They led a hard existence.
★accurate adj. 精確的；準確的 be accurate in在……方面精確或準確 to be accurate準確地說
He is accurate in his judgement.他的判斷很準確。
To be accurate, you are late by one minute.準確地說，你遲到了一分鐘。
25. By the beginning of the fifteenth century the time was ripe for a grand meeting.
★be ripe for時機成熟；準備就緒
The time is ripe for their marriage.
26. …seven large treasure fleets sailed westwards …
★treasure：1) n. 財寶；財富；珍品 The museum has many art treasures.
2) n. 不可多得的人才 He is considered to be a real treasure in this field.
3) vt. 珍藏；珍惜；珍視 I’ll treasure our friendship for ever.
27. Under the command of Zheng He, the fleets set sail from the South China Sea …
★command：1) n. under the command of sb. 在某人的指揮下
The army is under the command of General Washington.
2) n. be in command of sth.指揮 Bill is in command of the fleet.
3) n. have a good command of sth. 精通 She has a good command of English.
4) v. command sb. to do sth. = order sb. to do sth.
5) v. command that 從句（從句中用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣）
He commanded his men to fire.
He commanded that everyone (should) make the best of the chance.
★set sail to/ for someplace起航前往某地 The ship set sail for/ to Africa.
set sail from someplace 從某地起航
28. …the contact with the black court so excited China’s curiosity about Africa that …
★此句型是so…that…句型的變體，但意思不變。通常情況下這一結構所用的句型是：主語＋謂語動詞＋so+形容詞或副詞＋that從句。但此處的用法有所不同，句中的excited是謂語動詞而非形容詞。其句型是：主語＋so＋謂語動詞＋that從句，其中so修飾的不是形容詞或副詞，而是直接修飾動詞。在該句型中，謂語動詞通常是能夠表示人的情緒的動詞。
He so regretted his fault that he couldn’t help crying.
29. In return, the Ming court sent gold, spices, silk, and various other presents.
★in return (for sth.)：作為（對……的）回報或報答
He didn’t expect anything in return for his kindness.
I brought him a drink in return for his help.
注意：in turn的意思是“依次；逐個地；反過來”。
The girls called out their names in turn.
We must protect nature and nature will do us good in return.
30. The exchange of goods had a sybolic meaning far more important than the value of the goods themselves.
★far在這里修飾比較級，相當于much。比較級常見的修飾語有：
1) 比……得多：far, by far, much, a lot, a great deal etc.
2) 比……更加：still, even
3) 比……一點兒：a little, a bit, rather
4) 此外，倍數、分數、百分數、數詞等也可以放在比較級之前修飾比較級。
He runs far faster than his brother. = He runs faster by far than his brother.
We are working even harder than before.
My sister is two years younger than me.
She gets a little older than her classmate.
31. They were traded to merchants from the Arabic countries…
By trading with the fleet the African kings were showing their friendship to …
★trade sth. to sb.把某物賣給某人 I remember the vase was traded to a young lady.
trade with sb.與某人做生意；與某人做買賣My father has traded with Mr. Smith for twenty years.
trade in sth.做……方面的買賣；經營……What does the shop trade in?
trade sth. for sth.用一物交換另一物 I wouldn’t trade my job for anything.
32. …an even greater number of volunteers will contribute to making the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing a success.
★volunteer (1) n. 志愿者，后面接for sth.或to do sth.
The volunteers for farm work (=to do farm work) get up early every morning.
(2) v. volunteer to do sth.或volunteer for sth.自愿做某事
He volunteered to join the army/ for the hard work.
★contribute to doing sth.有助于做某事；對做某事有利。以to結尾，to為介詞，后面接動名詞的短語常見的有：look forward to doing sth. 渴望或盼望做某事 be/ get used to doing sth.習慣于做某事
turn to doing sth.轉而做某事 get down to doing sth.著手認真做某事
prefer doing to doing sth.寧愿做……而不愿意做…… pay attention to doing sth.注意做某事
devote oneself/ sth. to doing sth.獻身于或致力于做某事 object to doing sth.反對做某事
the key to doing sth.做某事的關鍵 on the way to doing sth.即將做某事
33. The modern equipment of the studio cost the band a large sum of money.
★sum 1) n. 金額；款項 a large sum of money一大筆錢
2) n. 總和；總數 in sum簡言之；總之
The sum of 5 and 3 is 8. In sum, the plan failed.
3) v. sum sth. up總結；概括某事物 Now please sum up your views in a few words.
34. Born in 1371 in Yunnan province and brought up in a family originally from Central Asia,…
★bring up：培養；提出；嘔吐 He was brought up by his aunt.
He brought up all that he had eaten.
The question he brought up was worth considering.
★bring常見短語：bring in 引進；收獲；賺得 bring about 引起；導致；造成
bring down降下；降價 bring sth. back回想起；恢復
35. In return, Zheng He presented the ruler with many gifts.
★present sb. with sth. = present sth. to sb.將某物贈送或交給某人；向某人顯示某事物。
My father presented me with a book.
The job presents many difficulties to the new comer.
36. Things did not always go so well.
★go well = get on/ along well/ fine進展順利 How are things going? 情況進展如何？
37. Some suggested it could not be accomplished.
★suggest：1) v. 建議；提議；提出
suggest sth to sb.向某人提議某事 He suggested a rest to me.
suggest doing sth.建議做某事She suggested doing it in another day.
suggest that-clause（從句中用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣）
It’s suggested that - clause（從句中用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣）
2) v. 暗示；表明（從句中不用虛擬語氣）
The expression on her face suggested that she was tired, so I suggested that she (should) have a rest.
3) suggestion：n. 建議；提議（其后的名詞性從句也用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣）
My suggestion is that he (should) start at once.
★accomplish：v. =succeed in doing sth.; finish sth. successfully; achieve sth.
A lazy man can never accomplish anything.
38. Apart from the cold, thin air and low oxygen levels can cause mountain sickness.
★apart from prep.
1) = besides; as well as; in addition to除……外（尚有）
Apart from Beijing, they have visited Tianjing, Nanjing, Jiangsu and Qingdao.
Apart from me, there ten other people at the meeting.
2) = except 除……之外
The children hardly see anyone apart from their parents.
3) = except for 如無……；要不是（在某一細節方面修正前面概括性的話）
Apart from his nose, he is good-looking.
The room is empty apart from a desk.
Apart from a few words, I do not know any French.
4) = beyond; out of; away from 遠離
This is apart from the subject.這是題外話。
39. …because their body is unable to adjust to these extreme conditions.
★be unable to do sth.不能夠做某事
★adjust (oneself) to sth.（使自己）適應某事 adjust sth. 調節；調整
The foreigners have adjusted to the life here.
He adjusted himself quickly to the heat of the country.
You’d better adjust your watch.
You can adjust the chair to the height of a person.
40. They had no idea what they were up against.
★have no idea：不知道（后面常接同位語從句）
★be up against sth. 遇到（艱難困苦等）；遇到（問題、困難等）
We shall be up against a strong team in the next team.
She’s really up against many difficulties.
41. …laughed at the strange bottles containing what they referred to as “English air”.
…so you want to read on without looking up all words in a dictionary.
★refer to sb./ sth.提到、說到或涉及到某人或某物；向……查詢信息；與……有關；關系到某人或某物
look up sth in a dictionary = refer to a dictionary查字典
I often refer to these books in my translation.
Don’t refer to this matter again, please.
When I said someone was stupid, I wasn’t referring to you.
What I have to say refers to all of you.
★refer to …as…把……稱作……Once, these people would often be referred to as “deaf” or “blind”.
42. When their oxygen ran out, they had no chance of surviving.
★run out：耗盡；用網；跑出來（沒有被動語態）
Sb. run out of sth.某人用完了某物 = Sb. use sth. up.
Sb. run out ( of someplace).某人跑出（某地）
Sth. run out.某物被用完了 = Sth. be used up.
My patience has completely run out. 我已經徹底沒了耐心。
He has run out his money to look for his lost child.
He got angry and ran out of the room.
★have/ there is no chance of doing sth. = have/ there is no chance to do sth.沒有機會或可能性做某事
He has not much chance of winning.
43. In later years the question arose who was the first to reach the top.
★arise ( arose, arisen)：1) vi. 呈現；出現；發生A new difficulty has arisen.
A storm arose during the night.
★arise from/ out of sth.因某事而產生、造成或引起
The problems arose out of the lack of communication.
★arise =rise; get up or stand up起身；起來；起立
44. …were the first to make it to the summit of Mount Qomolangma.
★make it：做成；成功；達到目的地；趕上
The train leaves in five minutes -we’ll never make it.
He’s never really made it as an actor.
He says he’ll get up at 6 tomorrow morning, but he’ll never make it.
45. On their return, they were praised as national heroes.
★on/ upon (doing) sth.：在句中做時間狀語，表示“一……就……”。on后面接動名詞或表示動作的名詞。句子的主語必須是on后面動詞的邏輯主語。
On my arrival (= On my arriving), I found my house broken into.我一到就發現有人強行進入過我家。
On his return to Guilin, he set to work at once.他一回到桂林就馬上開始工作。
On hearing (=When he heard) the news, he was very excited.
On reading the letter (=As soon as he read the letter), he cried.
★praise：1) v. praise sb/ sth for sth.因……而稱贊某人或某物 He praised her for her courage.
praise sb/ sth. as sth.稱贊某人或某物是…… He was praised as a model worker.
2) n. in praise of：表揚；表彰
The leader spoke at the meeting in praise of the hard-working people.
3) sing high praise for = think highly of 高度贊揚；歌頌
Though they can’t see the clothes, they sing high praise for them.
46. …the challenge lies in going past limits into new areas of achievement.
★lie in：1) 在于；存在 The cure for stress lies in learning to relax.消除緊張的方法在于學會放松。
His success lies in his hard work.
2) 位于；在某地 China lies in the east of Asia.
3) 睡懶覺 It’s a holiday tomorrow, so you can lie in.
47. …they discussed whether taking oxygen should be allowed or not.
★在賓語從句中，whether和if常可以互換，但在動詞discuss之后的賓語從句若表示“是否”只能用whether，不能用if。另外，在介詞后面的賓語從句也只能用whether。
They are discussing whether they should go there.
His decision depends on whether it will be fine tomorrow.
48. …which had nothing to do with sports.
★have nothing to do with sb./ sth.與……沒有關系
have sth. to do with sb./ sth與……有點關系
What you will do has nothing to do with me.
49. We climbed as a team, period.
★句中的period的意思是標點符號中的“句號”，常用于口語中，加于一段話之后強調完畢，還可以譯為“其他沒什么好講的了；就是這么回事”。
I’m not going, period.我不去了，就這樣了。
I’ll never be for this idea, period.我永遠不會支持這個觀點，沒什么好說的。