1. wish: vt.但愿,要是…多好; 希望,想要; 祝愿
*我但愿自己能年輕三十歲。I wish I were 30 years younger.
*How I wish you had attended (attend) the party last night! We had great fun.
*He wished her good night.
*He wished (her) to come.
Cf: hope
I hope I can help you.
I hope to come.
I had hoped to come, but I was ill. (I hoped to have come, but I was ill.)
2. adventure: an unusual , exciting or dangerous experience 冒險(經歷),奇遇
1） 可數名詞，意思是 冒險經歷
所有孩子都在專心聽他在非洲的冒險經歷。
All the children were attentively listening to his adventures in Africa.
2）作不可數名詞，意思是冒險
Our life is full of adventure.
這個男孩具有冒險精神
The boy has a love /spirit/sense of adventure.
3）也可作定語
驚險故事/電影adventure stories /films
4）還作動詞 意思是拿…冒險，使…冒風險
Don’t adventure your life.
The boy adventured his opinion.
She likes adventuring in a remote place.
adventurous adj 喜歡冒險的 充滿冒險的
adventurer 冒險家
3. explore: vt. to investigate systematically; to search into or travel in for the purpose of discovery探測/索/險;研究,勘探,
*Scientists must explore every possibility（研究每個可能） before the launch of a space shuttle.
*explorer exploration
4. challenge: vt.向…挑戰,邀請…進行比賽,對…質疑
他向我挑戰要我跟他再打一場網球。
他們學校向我們學校挑戰，要進行足球比賽。
Great as Newton was, his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified.
challenge: n.
*Destruction of the environment is one of the most serious challenges we face.
*He didn’t do as his mother told him to, which was a direct challenge to her authority權威.
challenging adj.
5. trek: vi.艱難地行走To make a slow or arduous journey; To journey on foot, especially to hike through mountainous areas.
*go trekking
6. 表示”量”:
many/(a) few/a great many/a number of
much/(a) little/a great deal/a large amount of
lots of/a lot of/plenty of/a large quantity of
5. ______ of apples______ rotted away because of the bad weather.
A. large quantities; has B. large amounts; have
C. A large quantity; has D. A large amount; has
7.so many exciting places
e.g. I feel shamed that I’ve made so many mistakes.
Tips
so many + n. (countable)
so much + n. (uncountable)
so few + n. (countable)
so little + n. (uncountable)
adj/adv
so
adj+a(n)+單數可數名詞
[練習]
1.It was ___ that a hundred people looked lost in it.
A so large a room B so a large room C such large a room D a such large room
2.They arrived home late and were astonished to find the house______ but nothing______.
A. turned upside down; stolen B. turning upside down; stealing
C. to be turned upside down; had been stolen D. to have been turned upside down; to be stolen
8. astonish: vt. amaze, surprise
astonishment astonishing astonished
be astonished at /by sth / to do/ that
in astonishment=in surprise
to one’s astonishment=to one’s surprise
這消息使大家感到很驚訝。
你似乎對此結果很驚訝。
. [練習] I didn’t notice the ______ look _______her face.
A. astonished; on B. astonishing; on
C. astonished; in D. astonishing; in
9. on camels
e.g. Watch out for dangers while traveling on camels.
Tips:
by camel / on the camel(s) / on camels
by bike / on the bike(s) / on bikes
by car / in the car(s) / in cars
We’ll be travelling by camel, with local guides, camping in tents and sleeping on the ground in our big, thick sleeping bags. 我們要和當地的導游一直坐駱駝旅行,在帳篷中野營,睡在我們又大又厚的睡袋里.
(1) by camel
by 此處表方法,手段, 原因, “以……” “借助于………”
by + 不帶冠詞的工具名詞
by train/ air/ plane/ bus
I go to school by bus and by train, but my father goes to the office by car.
我乘公共汽車和火車上學,但我爸爸開車上班.
by doing
You can make the cake by mixing eggs and flour.
把雞蛋和面粉混合, 你就可以做出那種蛋糕.
He caught a cold by playing football in the rain.
他因在雨中踢足球而感冒了.
(2) camping in tents and sleeping on the ground 是動詞的現在分詞在句中作伴隨狀語,
travel 過程中的一些伴隨動作.
The boy sat in front of the farm-house, cutting the branch.
那男孩坐在農舍削樹枝.
They went to the cinema, jumping and singing.
他們又跳又唱著去看電影.
11.expect
Tips:
expect + clause／n. (sb. / sth.)
expect to do
expect sb. to do
expect so
expect not = don’t expect so
be expected to=be supposed to
You are expected to hand in your homework tomorrow morning.
第一條信息預計在今晚7點到達。
The first message is expected to arrive at 7 this evening.
翻譯：Some of the parents expect too much of their children.
一些家長對孩子期望太高。
正如所預計的那樣，他再次失敗。
As expected, he failed again.
12. on clear nights
e.g. The newly-wedded couple often takes a heart-to-heart talk in the moonlight on clear nights.
Tips:
at night / in the night
on Saturday night
on the night of…
在一個寒冷的夜晚 on a cold night
在星期六晚上on Saturday night
在6月13日晚上on the night of 13th of June
12. rough: adj.
翻譯：
*a rough road
*rough waters
*a rough winter
*rough diamonds
*a rough drawing
*to have a very rough time
13.clothing/ clothes /cloth
1）clothing 是衣服，服裝的總稱，是集合名詞，只有單數形式。作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
food and clothing 衣食
a piece of clothing 一件衣服
2）clothes 統指各種衣服，包括外套，西裝，襯衣，褲子，裙，鞋，帽等，不指單件衣服。它既不能用作單數，也不能和表示具體數目的數詞連用。做主語時，謂語用復數形式。
He had to buy many clothes.他只好買很多衣服。
These clothes are new.這些衣服都是新的。
3)cloth 指做衣服用的材料（布料，毛料，絲綢等）是物質名詞，不可數，沒有復數形式。
a piece of cloth 一塊布料（不能說a cloth）
How much cloth does it take to make a coat for the child?
給這個孩子做件上衣要多少布？
[提示]
cloth 指“具體用途的布”時，是可數名詞。
a table cloth 一塊桌布
[練習]
1..Food here is cheaper than in Britain;_______ , on the other hand, is dearer.
A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dress
2.As Children’s Day is drawing near, there are always many new kinds of _______, shoes and so on in the shops for children’s _______.
A. clothing; cloth B. clothes; cloth
C. clothes; clothing D. cloth; clothing
14. in case:
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
When in London, he took an umbrella every day just in case.
Cf: in case of如果發生…
Call 110 in case of emergency.
in any case無論如何
*We shall get the spread of bird flu under control in any case.
in that case如果是那樣的話
in no case決不
*In no case shall we give up hope.
[練習]When you go to climb the mountain, you’d better take more clothes with you ______ you feel cold at the top of it.
A. in case B. even though
C. in case of D. even if
15. your raft gets turned upside down or sinks.橡皮筏傾翻或者沉入水中。
Don’t hold the box upside down..
不要把那盒子倒著拿。
You have hung that picture upside down.
你把那幅畫掛顛倒了。
[知識拓展]
1)turn…upside down 把…弄得亂七八遭；給（某人生活）造成大的變化（混亂）
His sudden death turned her world upside down.
他的去世使她的生活完全亂套了。
小偷把整座房子翻得亂七八糟。
The thief turned the whole house upside down.
16. we will live with the local people in their villages, and eat and drink whatever they do,
including cow’s blood.我們會與當地居民一起生活，住在他們的村莊，和他們吃一樣的飲
食，包括飲牛血。
whatever 表示“任何的事物 無論什么，無論什么樣的”
1)引導主語從句和賓語從句時，相當于 anything that
You can take whatever you like.
你可以帶走任何你喜歡的東西。
I can’t believe whatever you say.
無論你說什么，我都不相信。
whatever he said wasn’t true.
無論他說的什么，都不是真的。
2)引導狀語從句，whatever相當于 no matter what.
Whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.
無論你有什么樣的困難，都可以向我來求助。
Whatever reason you have, you should keep your promise.
無論你有什么理由，你都應當遵守諾言。
Don’t change your plans, whatever happens.
無論怎樣，別改變計劃。
Whatever weather it is , we will go.
不管天氣怎么樣，我們還是要去。
[聯想]whenever, whichever, whoever 都有類似的用法。
[注意] no matter +疑問詞只能引導讓步狀語從句， 意為“不管 無論……..”而疑問詞+ever 既可以引導讓步狀語從句，也可用來引導主語從句或賓語從句。
whatever v.s. no matter what
*Whatever/No matter what we said to her, she just wouldn’t listen.
*She wouldn’t listen to whatever we said to her.
1.* You can eat ___whatever you want.
2. whatever he is reading doesn’t matter much. (whatever, no matter what)
3. --How did you learn to speak English so well?
--- By practicing speaking _______ I had a chance.
A. whatever B. however C. whenever D. whoever
4. ___________ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
A. No matter what B. No matter which C. Whatever D. Whichever
5. ___________ she did was right.
A. No matter what B. Whatever C. No matter D. What ever
17.supplies of food（常用復）供應品，補給品
e.g. The drought-hit areas are more dependent upon supplies of food.
Tips:
1) n. supplies of food
food supplies
2) vt. supply A to B
supply B with A
.[練習] It is said that more food _____ to the poor countries by the developed countries soon.
A. will be supplied B. will supply
C. will give D. has given
18.I really want to see an elephant up close.我真的想近距離的看看大象。
close 和closely 的區別
close 即可以作形容詞，又可作副詞，作副詞用時常與to 連用，表示實際距離近。
I live close to the shops.
我住的離商店很近。
He came close to the house to see it clearly.
為了看得清楚，他走近了房子。
closely 用作副詞表示抽象意義的“嚴密地 仔細地 密切地 緊密地”
He watched the birds closely.
他密切地注視著這些鳥。
The two things are closely connected.
這兩件事是緊密地聯系在一起的。
[練習]
1. Betty stood _______ on her teacher and watched ________ what he was doing.
A. close closely B. close close C. closely close D. closely closely
2.Most travelers don’t dare to ______ wild animals, even if they dream of seeing them _______.
A. get closely to; up close B. get close to; close
C. get closely to; closely D. get close to; up close
19.scare the animals away
e.g. The sight of the snake scared the boy away.
Tips:
1) scare…away (off, to death…)
2) scared / scary (區別)
3) scare = frighten
be scared of sth/sb be scared of doing sth
be scared to do
[練習]All of a sudden, the birds in the trees around were ______ away by the sound of the gun coming from a distance.
A. scared B. surprised
C. supported D. suggested