(發(fā)表《英語輔導(dǎo)報》高二版2004年第28期)
湖南省隆回縣第一中學(xué) 羅玉南
定語從句是中學(xué)階段英語學(xué)習(xí)的主要語法之一，也是高考題的命題熱點所在。因此我們一定要重視定語從句的學(xué)習(xí)。下面通過分析歷屆高考題，對定語從句應(yīng)注意的“熱點”問題分析一下。
“熱點”之一：that和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句
典型考題：
1．The weather turned out to be very good, ＿＿＿ was more than we could expect．(NMET’94)
A． what B． which C． that D． if
2．All ＿＿＿＿ is needed is a supply of oil． (MET’89)
A． the thing B． that C． what D． which
3．Finally the thief handed everything ＿＿＿＿ he had stolen to the police． (MET’87)
A． after B． what C． whatever D． that
分析：1－3 BBD ①在非限定性定語從句中只能用which不用能that。如題1。②在下列幾種情況下用that不用which：1)先行詞為不定代詞anything, everything, all, nothing等時。如題2，題3。2) 先行詞前有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾時。3）先行詞被no, the only, very等修飾時。4）先行詞既有人又有物時。
“熱點”之二：“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句
典型考題：
1．He paid the boy ＄10 for washing the windows, most of ＿＿＿＿ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year．(MET’90)
A． those B． these C． that D． which
2．In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ＿＿＿＿ she could turn for help．(MET’92)
A． that B． who C． from whom鶧． to whom
3．Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ＿＿＿＿ were reasonable． (上海2000)
A． which price B． the price of which
C． its price D． the price of whose
4．In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30pm, ＿＿＿＿ many people have gone home． (上海’94)
A． whose 鶥． that C． on which D． by which time
分析：1－4 DDBD 在“（名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞＋）介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞只能用whom（指人）和which（指物）。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，“介詞”的選擇可依據(jù)下列幾點：1）介詞和定語從句中的謂語動詞是一種習(xí)慣搭配。如題2中的“turn to sb．for help”為固定搭配。2）表示“所有關(guān)系”或整體中的一部分時常用of。如題3，此處的the price of which＝whose price。3）介詞與定語從句中的形容詞一起構(gòu)成固定搭配，如：China is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud． (be proud of為固定詞組) 4)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。5）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時間，地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where，why 互換。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
=This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
=Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
This is the reason why he was late for school.
=This is the reason for which he was late for school.
“熱點”之三：定語從句中的“隔離”現(xiàn)象
典型考題：
1．The film brought the hours back to me ＿＿＿＿ I was taken good care of in that faraway village．(NMET 2001)
A． until B． that C． where D． when
2．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ＿＿＿＿ of course, made the others unhappy． (NMET 2000)
A． who B． which C． this D． what
3．The pen I ＿＿＿＿ I ＿＿＿＿ is on my desk, right under my nose．(NMET’93)
A． think; lost B． thought; had lost
C． think; had lost D． thought; have lost
分析：1－3DBB ①因定語從句過長，為使句子保持平衡，常將定語從句和其所修飾的名詞或代詞分開。如題1，when引導(dǎo)的定語從句和先行詞the hours分開。②在定語從句中使用“插入語”以增加語言的靈活性。如題2中的“of course”為插入語，題3中 的“I thought”為插入語。
“熱點”之四：as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句
典型考題：
1．＿＿＿＿ is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month．(NMET2001)
A． That B． It C． Which D． As
2．The result of the experiment was very good, ＿＿＿＿ we hadn’t expected．(北京2000春)
A． when B． that C． which D． what
3．＿＿＿＿ is mentioned above the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing． (上海’99)
A． Which B． As鶦． That D． It
4．Those houses are sold at such a low price ＿＿＿＿ people expected． (上海2000)
A． like B． as C． that D． which
分析：1－4DCBB ①由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句中，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可放在主句之前、之后或插在句中，而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句后面。如題1，as引導(dǎo)的從句置于句首。②as引導(dǎo)定語從句有“正如”、“就像”之意，具有描述性的特點，而which沒有，如題2和題3。③在固定結(jié)構(gòu)“such/as /so．．．a(chǎn)s”， “the same．．． as”,用as而不用which，如題4。再如：
He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
Don't read such books as are not worth reading．不要讀那些不值得讀的書。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
The film is so good as we saw last night.(as 作saw 的賓語)
“熱點”之五：定語從句及其近似句型
典型考題：
1．It is the ability to do the job ＿＿＿＿ matters not where you come from or what you are． (NMET 2000)
A． one B． that C． what D． it
2．You should make it a rule to leave things ＿＿＿＿ you can find them again．(NMET’99)
A． when B． where C． them D． there
3．She thought I was talking about her daughter, ＿＿＿＿ in fact, I was talking about my daughter． (NMET’95)
A． whom B． where C． while D． which
4．Go and get your coat．It’s ＿＿＿＿ you left it． (MET’92)
A． there 鶥． where C． there where鶧． where there
分析：1－4 BBCB在高考題和平時的練習(xí)中有一些句子看似定語從句而實際上是其他句型。如題1為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，that在此處不是關(guān)系代詞，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連詞。題2為狀語從句，where為連接副詞而非關(guān)系副詞。題3為并列句，while表示“而，卻”。題4為表語從句，where在此是連接副詞。
易與定語從句混淆的其他復(fù)合句
1.定語從句與同位語從句
定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系“……的（名詞）”。而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表事實或概念的抽象名詞，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定語從句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用。試比較：
1)We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位語從句，that從句表示news的內(nèi)容，that 在從句中不作任何成分)
2)We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定語從句，that 作told 的賓語)
2.定語從句與狀語從句。試比較：
1)He left the key where he had been an hour before.
(where引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句，相當(dāng)于in the place where)
2)He left the place where he lived for many years.
(where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾the place)
3)He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.
(as 引導(dǎo)定語從句)
4)He is such a good teacher that we all like him.
(that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,such…that… “如此…以致…”)
3． 定語從句與主語從句。試比較：
1) As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.
(as 引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代整個主句內(nèi)容，可置于句首)
2) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.
(it 做形式主語，代替that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句)
Cf. What is known to us is that paper was first made in China.
4．定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較：
1)It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾house，where在定語從句中作地點狀語)
2)It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，可還原為I met the young man in the house.)
5．定語從句與并列句。
請分析下列題目并分析：
A．whom B．them鶦．they鶧．who
1）Mr Smith has three sons，none of ＿＿＿＿ is a computer expert．
2）He has three sisters，＿＿＿＿＿ are doctors．
3）She has three CDs，but none of＿＿＿＿＿ is interesting．
4）I have many friends，and all of＿＿＿＿＿ are nice and friendly．
5）Miss Yang has some relatives here；＿＿＿＿ like her very much．
［答案與簡析］本組題考查定語從句與并列句的區(qū)別。第1和2小題是定語從句，正確答案分別是A和D；第3和4小題有并列連詞but和and，為并列句，每句只能有一個連接詞，故正確答案均為B；第5小題中的前后兩部分用分號連接，是兩個并列分句，無需連接詞，故C項正確。