羅玉南
Lesson 11
Teaching Aims:
1. Learn and master the following:
鶩our skills: manner, manners, comfortable, guest
鶷hree skills: distance, first, truth, juice, one another
2. Train the Ss' reading ability.
3. Learn the infinitive used as predicative and review other usages of the infinitive.
Teaching Important Points:
1. Master the usages of the word"manner' and the phrase"one another".
2. Master the usages of the infinitive.
Teaching Difficult Points:
1. The difference between" each other" and "one another".
2. The difference between "'some'' and "certain''.
Teaching Methods:
1. Question-and-answer activity to help the students to go through the passage.
2. Pair work to make every student work in class.
Teaching Aids:
1. a projector2. a recorder
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1鶪reetings
Greet the whole class as usual.
Step 2 Revision and Lead-in
T:In the last lesson we learnt the passage about body language. Now I ask two students to retell the passage in their own words. Who will have a try?
S1 :Let me try...
T: Very good, thank you. Sit down,please. Any volunteers?
2: I Will...
T: OK. Well done!
(Bb: good manners, bad manners, distance)
Step 3鶳reparation for Reading
T:Before reading the passage, let's learn some new words and phrases. Please look at the blackboard. (Bb: host, guest, fist, juice, communicate, comfortable, one another)Read them after te tape. After listening to the tape,鷗ry to learn them by heart. After two minutes, teacher gives simple explanation to Ss. ) ':Now please make some sentences with good manners, bad manners, communicate,one another. Any volunteers?
S1:It's good manners to wait in line.
S2 :It's bad manners to leave without say ing goodbye.
S3:Using body language in a correct way will help to communicate people.
S4:We two help and learn from one another.
T:In the fourth sentence,we also can use the phrase "each other", that is. We two help and learn from each other.
But in the following sentence, we can only use "one another".e. g. The students help one another.
Step 4鶵eading
T: Now please read the passage quickly and tell if the sentences are true or false. Then correct the sentences if there are any mistakes in them.Show the three sentences on the screen. ) Suppose you're talking with one of your Arabian friends, it is good manners for you to stand close to him when talking. All body language expresses the same meanings in different countries. Country people in Britain stand closer than city people.
Suggested answers:
1. True.
2. False. Not all body language expresses the same meaning in different countries.
3. False. City people鷌n Britain鷖tand closer than country people.
鶷: Now I'll explain some difficult sentences and important phrases to you.
(Show them on the screen and explain them. )
1. stand/be/keep close to sh./sth.
鷈. g. My house is quite close to the station.
They are standing close to the wall.
There is a bus stop close to the school.
2. keep away
e. g. Keep away,or I'll call the police.
Keep away from that house. There is a dangerous dog there.
3. certain/some
( 1 ) some/a certain+ (sing.) n.
e. g. They escaped to France for a certain political reason/some political reason.
He must be waiting for you at some/a certain place.
(2) certain+ (pl.)n.
In certain conditions, this could be done.
4. help(to) do sth./help sb. (to) do sth.
e. g. Reading helps (to) enlarge your vocabulary.
鶬 will help (you) to do the housework.
5. could--be possible
e. g. This story could be true, but I hardly think it is.
6．close；closely鷆lose, closely這兩個詞都可以用作副詞，close表示“靠近”、“緊緊地”，closely則表示“緊密地”、“嚴密地”、“密切地”。如：鶬 went closer, and saw clearly a tall man in the moonlight．鶦ome close, I want to tell you something important．鶷he policeman followed the strange man closely．鶷he scientists got closely in touch with the astronauts．
(Write the words and phrases on the Bb. )
7．manner/manners
1) A way of doing something or the way in which a thing is done or happens.
方式做某事的方式或某事被做或發(fā)生的方式
Why are you talking in such a strange manner?
你為什么用這種奇怪的方式談話？
2)A way of acting; bearing or behavior.舉止行為的方式；舉止或行為; 態(tài)度；舉止
a very rude manner很粗魯?shù)膽B(tài)度
3)Practice, style, or method in the arts: 風格藝術(shù)中的實踐、風格、施行或方法：
This fresco is typical of the painter's early manner.
這幅壁畫法是這個畫家典型的早期風格
4)Kind; sort: 種類；類別：
What manner of person is she? 她是什么樣的人?
5)(pl) 禮貌；禮節(jié)
It's bad manners to talk with a full mouth. 嘴里吃著東西說話是不禮貌的。
You should have good manners all the time. 任何時候都應(yīng)該有禮貌。
[pl. ]禮貌, 規(guī)矩good manners有禮貌 bad manners沒禮貌
Mind your manners.注意禮貌。
6) (pl) 風俗；習(xí)俗
the manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians
古埃及的風俗習(xí)慣
Step 5 Consolidation
T:Now read aloud the text for a few minutes,then do an exercise according to the text.(Ex.1 in the Workbook Lesson 11)
Step 6 language study
Part 2 the Infinitive
不定式的幾種形式與高考試題
一、不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式，即“to＋動詞原形”，表示的動作通常與謂語動詞同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，或之后發(fā)生。不定式一般式與句子主語、賓語或for sb.to do sth．結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞賓語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：鶬 am glad to see you．（to see與 am glad 同時發(fā)生，其邏輯主語是I）鶱o one could tell me where to get the book． （to get在could tell之后發(fā)生，其邏輯主語是賓語me）
【NMET 95】鶺e agreed ____________ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
A．having met鶥．meeting鶦．to meet鶧．to have met
析：答案 C。agree to do sth．意為“同意做某事”，不定式用一般式，表示在agree之后發(fā)生的動作。meet不會發(fā)生在agree之前，所以不用完成式。
二、不定式的完成式1輩歡ㄊ降耐瓿墑劍即“to have ＋過去分詞”，表示動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生， 的邏輯主語也是句子的主語或賓語。如：鶫e is said to have written a new book about workers．（to have written發(fā)生在is said之前，其邏輯主語是 he）鶬 am sorry to have given you so much trouble．（to have given發(fā)生在 am sorry之前，其邏輯主語是I）
【MET 93】鶦harles Babbage is generally considered ____________ the first computer．鶤．to have invented鶥．inventing鶦．to invent鶧．having invented
析：答案 A。consider作“認為”解，后接不定式。此題選不定式完成式，表示 to have invented發(fā)生在謂語動作 is considered之前。
【NMET 99】鶵obert is said ____________ abroad，but I don't know what country he studied in．鶤．to have studied鶥．to study鶦．to be studying鶧．to have been studying
析：答案 A。從后一句“我不知道他曾在哪國學(xué)習(xí)”知道不定式要表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作 is said之前。2庇⒂鎦幸恍┍硎鞠Ｍ、愿望的詞，如 would love，meant，hoped，expected， planned，wished，wanted等詞常與不定式的完成式連用，表示過去曾希望過，但未曾實現(xiàn)。它們之所以未能實現(xiàn)，常可通過后面but連接的句子看出來。如：鶬 hoped to have seen you yesterday，but I didn't have time．（昨天我本來想去看你，但沒有空。）
【NMET 97】鶬 would love ____________ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report． A．to go鶥．to have gone鶦．going鶧．having gone
析：答案 B。would love后接不定式。用不定式完成式表示過去未發(fā)生的動作，即“本想去參加聚會”，但因為“加班寫報告”而沒有去成。
3薄扒樘動詞＋不定式完成式”結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示對已發(fā)生的事情進行推測，或者表示對已發(fā)生的事情的“責備”、“批評”，或做了不該做的事情。如：鶬t's six o'clock．She must have gone home．（六點鐘了，她準回家了。---推測在這之前她“已回家”。）鶷hey shouldn't have left so soon．（他們不該走得這么早。---責備他們走早了。）鶼ou needn't have told them that．（你沒必要告訴他們。---責備你不該告訴他們。）
【1999上海】鶷here was a lot of fun at yesterday's party．You come，but why didn't you？
A. must have鶥．should鶦．need have鶧．ought to have
析：答案 D。“ought to ／should ＋不定式完成式”表示本該做的事而沒有做：昨晚你應(yīng)該來，為什么沒來？
【NMET 2001】鶬 was really anxious about you．You ____________ home without a word．
A．mustn't leave B．shouldn't have left C．couldn't have left D．needn't leave
析：答案 B。“ought not to ／shouldn't ＋不定式完成式”表示做了本不該做的事。“你不應(yīng)該不辭而別”，含有婉轉(zhuǎn)的批評口氣。
NMET 95】-There were already five people in the car，but they managed to take me as well．
-It ____________ a com fortable journey．
A．can't be鶥．shouldn't be鶦．mustn't have been鶧．couldn't have been
析：答案 D。“can't ／couldn't ＋不定式完成式”表示對過去事情的否定推測。根據(jù)上文“車上已有五人，但他們還是設(shè)法帶了我”可以推測：這次旅游不可能舒適。
三、不定式的進行式不定式進行式（to be ＋現(xiàn)在分詞）表示正在進行的動作，與謂語動作同時發(fā)生。如：鶷hey seemed to be eating something they had cooked on the fire．（to be eating與seemed同時發(fā)生）鶺e pretended to be working very hard when he came in．（to be working與 pretended同時發(fā)生）
四、不定式的被動式當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，要用不定式被動形式，即 to be done或 to have been done。如：鶶he hated to be laughed at．（她不喜歡被人嘲笑。）鶷he magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room ．（這些雜志不可以被帶出閱覽室。）
五、不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是在不定式前加否定詞not構(gòu)成。如：鶫e decided not to do it．鶺hat I want is not to be interrupted while I'm writing．
【NMET 96】鶷he patient was warned ____________ oily food after the operation．
A．to eat not鶥．eating not鶦．not to eat鶧．not eating
【答案：C】
【NMET 99】鶷he purpose of new technology is to make life easier，is_____ more difficult．
A．not make鶥．not to make鶦．not making D．do not make
析：答案 B。不定式否定式not to make與to make life easier具有強烈的對比意義，在句中作表語。
六、to代替整個不定式如果句子前面已出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞，為避免重復(fù)，句子后面的不定式應(yīng)省略動詞原形及其后續(xù)部分，只保留不定式符號 to。如：-Will you join me in a walk？-I'll be glad to．（to后省略了join you in a walk）鶼ou'd better give a performance if the students should ask you to．（to后省去了give a performance）
【NMET 95】鶷he boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____________ ．
A．not to鶥．not to do鶦．not do it鶧．do not to
析：答案 A。not to＝not to ride his bicycle in the street。因為上下文意思清楚，為避免重復(fù)，省略了動詞不定式中的動詞，只保留了 not to。
七、不帶 to 的動詞不定式1.在同一結(jié)構(gòu)中若有兩個并列的不定式，一般可省略后一個不定式前的 to。如：鶶he didn't know whether to laugh or cry．鶷he teacher told the student to stand up and read the text．
【NMET 94】鶵ather than ____________ on a crowded bus，he always prefers ____________ a bicycle．
A．ride；ride鶥．riding；ride鶦．ride；to ride鶧．to ride；riding析：答案 C。句型 prefer to do sth． rather than do sth．，這里用了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)， rather than后的不定式不帶 to。但也有時為了強調(diào)兩者對比，后一個不定式就不宜省去to。如：鶬t's better to laugh than to cry．
2．在“四看”（see，look at，watch，notice）、“二聽”（hear，listen to）、“感覺”（feel）以及使役動詞 let，make，have后跟不定式和賓補時，通常省略 to。但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，不定式符號 to 要加上。如：鶺e saw him play chess with the workers．鶫e was seen to play chess with the workers．
【NMET 95】鶳aul doesn't have to be made ____________ ．He always works hard．
A．learn鶥．to learn鶦．learned鶧．learning【答案：B】
八．不定式（短語）作主語時，為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將不定式（短語）放在句尾。 2．Is ＿＿＿＿ necessary to complete the design before National Day﹖(MET’89)
A．this B．that C．it鶧．he
Step 8 Practice
SB part 3
Step 9 Workbook
Ex.2
Homework
Write a passage about the body language learned in Lesson 10 and Lesson 11.