知識梳理
Ⅰ.網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建
詞匯 單詞 sailor *benefit disadvantage *entertainment *medium relatively solid *available pure *dense relationship mass *volume float *absorb *release *stable *sensitive bottom freedom form prison revolution judge slavery runaway forbid soul march *junior separation race marriage *vote political demand achieve *arrest lawyer racial act *religion *chapter sort *viewpoint
詞組 put...into prison join hands be active in march on set an example to from then on at first sight take advantage of *contribute to *be sensitive to
in common
語法 語法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 被動(dòng)語態(tài)
Ⅱ.重點(diǎn)精講
●重點(diǎn)單詞
1.demand
例句集錦
v.
（1）She demanded an immediate explanation.
她要求立即給予解釋。
The policeman demanded his name and address.
警察詢問了他的姓名和地址。
They demand too high a price of him.
他們向他要價(jià)太高。
（2）She demanded to see the manager.
她要求見經(jīng)理。
I demand to know the truth.
我要求了解真情。
（3）The UN has demanded that all troops（should） be withdrawn.
聯(lián)合國要求全面撤軍。
She demanded that he（should） finish the work within an hour.
她要求他在一小時(shí)內(nèi)完成工作。
（4）“Who the hell are you?” he demanded angrily.
“你到底是誰？”他怒氣沖沖地問道。
“Give me the key,” she demanded.
“給我鑰匙，”她要求道。
（5）This sport demands both speed and strength.
這種運(yùn)動(dòng)既需要速度又需要力量。
The work demands great attention.
這項(xiàng)工作需要精力高度集中。
n.
（1）The employers refused their demand for higher pay.
=The employers refused their demand that their pay（should） be raised.
雇主拒絕了他們加薪的要求。
（2）Demand for cotton is down.
棉花的需求下降了。
There is a great demand for coffee.=Coffee is in great demand.
咖啡的需求量很大。
There is an increasing demand for computer engineers.
市場對電腦工程師的需求不斷增加。
My new job makes great demand on me（my time）.
我的新工作需要花去我很多時(shí)間。
用法歸納
*demand可用作動(dòng)詞和名詞。主要有兩個(gè)義項(xiàng)：強(qiáng)烈要求，詰問；需要，需求。
*用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)的主要搭配形式為:demand+名詞；demand+動(dòng)詞不定式；demand+that從句。
特別提示
demand后that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞形式為（should）+動(dòng)詞原形。
2.race
例句集錦
n.
（1）He came second in the 100-meter race.
他在百米賽跑中獲得了第二名。
He won（lost） the race.
他贏（輸）了賽跑。
（2）We are running a race with（against）time.
我們正在趕時(shí)間。
I must have a race for the train.
我必須趕火車。
The arms race between the countries badly affects people’s living standards.
各國間的軍備競賽嚴(yán)重影響了人們的生活水準(zhǔn)。
（3）the human race人類
the black（white） race黑（白）種人
v.
（1）Let’s race.我們來賽跑吧。
They were racing along the course.
他們正在跑道上賽跑。
（2）The policeman raced after the thief.
警察猛追那個(gè)小偷。
He had to race to catch the train.
他不得不趕緊去搭火車。
（3）He raced his bicycle against a car.
他騎自行車和汽車比賽。
I’ll race you to the park.
我跟你賽跑到公園。
He raced the child to the hospital.
他把那個(gè)孩子急速送到醫(yī)院。
用法歸納
* race可用作名詞和動(dòng)詞（vi.& vt.）。主要義項(xiàng)有：賽跑，競爭，疾行，使……全速前進(jìn)，種族，族類
3.form
例句集錦
v.
（1）A plan formed in his mind.
他頭腦中形成了一個(gè)計(jì)劃。
Ice forms at 0℃.冰在零度時(shí)形成。
Tears formed in her eyes.
她眼里開始充滿淚水。
Flowers appeared,but fruits failed to form.
開花了，但未結(jié)果。
（2）They joined hands and formed a circle.
他們牽起手，組成一個(gè)圓圈。
You should form good habits.
你應(yīng)養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣。
It’s too early to form an opinion about the new policy.
要形成對于這項(xiàng)政策的意見還為時(shí)過早。
The soldiers were formed into a line.
士兵們站成一條線。
n.
（1）The disease can take several different forms.
這種病可有數(shù)種形式。
Music is not like most other art forms.
音樂不同于其他大多數(shù)藝術(shù)形式。
Help in the form of money will be very welcome.
非常歡迎捐款形式的幫助。
（2）to fill in a form（BrE）=to fill out a form（AmE）=to complete a form填表
（3）After six months’ training the whole team is in superb form.
經(jīng)過六個(gè)月的集訓(xùn)，全隊(duì)狀態(tài)極佳。
I really need to get back in form.
我真需要恢復(fù)健康狀態(tài)。
用法歸納
* form可用作動(dòng)詞（vi.& vt.）和名詞。主要義項(xiàng)有：形成；使……形成,組成；形狀,形態(tài),形式；（健康）狀態(tài)
特別提示
form作名詞時(shí)，前面常用in構(gòu)成詞組。
4.judge
例句集錦
n.
（1）The judge sentenced him to three years in prison.
法官判他三年監(jiān)禁。
（2）He was a judge at the beauty contest.
他是那次選美比賽的一名評審。
（3）She is no judge of art.
她沒有藝術(shù)眼光。
v.
（1）As far as I can judge,all of them are to blame.
據(jù)我判斷，他們都有責(zé)任。
Judging by her last letter,they are having a wonderful time.
從她的上一封信來看，他們過得好極了。
To judge from what he said,he was very disappointed.
聽他的口氣，他非常失望。
（2）Schools should not be judged only on exam results.
不能僅僅根據(jù)考試成績來評判學(xué)校。
They judged it wise to say nothing.
他們認(rèn)為還是一言不發(fā)為妙。
The tour was judged a great success.=The tour was judged to have been a great success.
那被認(rèn)為是一次非常成功的出游。
I judged him to be about 50.
我估計(jì)他大約五十歲。
It’s difficult to judge how long the journey will take.
這次旅程需多長時(shí)間難以預(yù)料。
Don’t judge a book by its cover./Never judge by appearances.
不要以貌取人（物）。
She was asked to judge the writing competition.
她被邀請當(dāng)寫作競賽的評委。
用法歸納
* judge 可用作名詞和動(dòng)詞（vi.& vt.），主要義項(xiàng)有：法官，評委；判斷，估計(jì)；評判，審判。
特別提示
Judging from（by）是常用結(jié)構(gòu)，句法功能相當(dāng)于according to。
●重點(diǎn)短語
1.at first sight
例句集錦
At first sight,it may look like a generous offer,but always read the small print.
乍看上去，那似乎是一個(gè)慷慨的奉送，但別忘了閱讀用小號字體印刷的內(nèi)容。
At first sight the problem seems easy.
乍看起來，這個(gè)問題似乎很容易。
They fell in love at first sight.
他們一見鐘情。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）at（the）sight of 一看到……
At（the）sight of the teacher the boys ran away.
一看到老師,男孩子們便跑掉了。
The lady fainted at（the）sight of blood pouring from her wound.
一看到血從她的傷口涌出，那位女士便昏過去了。
（2）in sight在視野之內(nèi)；out of sight在視野之外
The island is still in sight.
那個(gè)島還看得見。
There was no one in sight.四處不見人。
The mother waved to her son till the bus was out of sight.
那位媽媽一直向她兒子揮手，直到看不到公共汽車為止。
Out of my sight!
給我滾得遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的！
Out of sight,out of mind.
離久情疏。
（3）catch（get,gain）sight of看到；lose sight of 看不到
I caught sight of him in the crowd.
我在人群中看到了他。
Their boat was much faster and we soon lost sight of them.
他們的船比我們的快，不久我們就看不到他們了。
（4）come into sight 進(jìn)入視野
A bicycle came into sight on the main road.
大街上出現(xiàn)了一輛自行車。
特別提示
由sight構(gòu)成的詞組sight前常不用冠詞。
2.set an example to
例句集錦
He sets an example to the other students.
=He sets an example for the other students.
=He sets the other students an example.
他為其他學(xué)生樹立了榜樣
相關(guān)歸納
（1）for example=for instance
The report is incomplete；it does not include sales in France,for example.
該報(bào)告欠完整，比如，它未將法國的銷售額包括進(jìn)去。
It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects,for example Physics.
將計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)課程與其他課程如物理結(jié)合起來是可能的。
She visited several cities in Japan,for example,Tokyo and Kobe.
她在日本參觀了幾個(gè)城市，比如東京和神戶。
（2）take ... for example 以……為例
Let’s take Mary for example.
讓我們以瑪麗為例吧。
（3）follow sb’s example=follow the example of sb.
以某人為學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣
Millions of Chinese follow Lei Feng’s example.
千百萬中國人以雷鋒為學(xué)習(xí)榜樣。
（4）make an example of sb.
懲罰某人以儆他人，懲一儆百
The captain decided to make an example of the soldier who had played truant.
上尉決定懲罰開小差的士兵以儆他人。
3.from then on
例句集錦
She left in 1984 and from then on she lived alone.
她于1984年離開，打那時(shí)起一直獨(dú)居。
From then on they never spoke to each other.
自那時(shí)起他們一直不搭腔。
From then on the bat always comes out at night.
自那時(shí)起蝙蝠總是在夜間出來。
相關(guān)歸納
（1）（every）now and then=（every）now and again=from time to time時(shí)常，不時(shí)
Every now and then she checked to see if he was still asleep.
她不時(shí)地查看他是否還在熟睡。
I do every single bit of housework while my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
家務(wù)活我無所不做而我的老公鮑勃只是偶爾洗洗盤子。
（2）then and there=there and then 當(dāng)場，立即
He accepted my offer then and there.
他當(dāng)場接受了我的開價(jià)。
I took one look at the car and offered to buy it there and then.
我看了一眼汽車便當(dāng)場答應(yīng)買下來。
（3）but then=then again=but then again 但是，但是另一方面
She was early,but then again,she always is.
她來得早，然而她總是早來。
-So you might accept their offer?
那么你也許會(huì)接受他們的開價(jià)？
-Yes,then again I might not.
是的，但也許不會(huì)。
●必背句型
1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型及其變化形式
教材原句
（1）It was during the “March on Washington DC” in 1963 that he gave the speech “I Have a Dream”,which inspired people of all races to fight for equality.
正是在“華盛頓特區(qū)大游行”期間，他作了“我有一個(gè)夢想”的演說，該演說激勵(lì)著各種族人民為爭取平等而斗爭。
特別提示
注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的結(jié)構(gòu)：It is（was）+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分+原句結(jié)構(gòu)。上句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)間狀語。
（2）What is it that makes the ocean such a great place to live?
是什么使海洋成為如此優(yōu)越的生存之所？
特別提示
本句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句形式。我們可將其還原成陳述句：
It is water that makes the ocean such a great place to live.
補(bǔ)充例句
（1）It is the chemical structure of water that makes it an excellent medium for life.
是水的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)使它成為絕佳的生命存在的介質(zhì)。
（2）What is it that makes water an excellent medium for life?
是什么使水成為絕佳的生命存在的介質(zhì)？
Why!I have nothing to confess. What is it that you want me to say?
嗨！我沒有什么可供認(rèn)的，你究竟想讓我說什么？
（3）I have always been honest and straightforward,and it doesn’t matter who it is that I’m talking to.
我向來實(shí)話實(shí)說，直言不諱，不論對誰講話都是如此。
2.What和whatever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句
教材原句
（1）Even though the pure water is what gives sea water its main properties,the salinity of sea water affects both its weight and freezing point.
雖然純凈水給海水提供了主要特性，但海水的高含鹽量影響著其重量和冰點(diǎn)。
特別提示
連接代詞what=the thing which,相當(dāng)于漢語中的“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“……的人（事）”，其引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句可作主語、賓語或表語。掌握what-句的關(guān)鍵是弄清what的“分身術(shù)”：既在從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語，又在邏輯上充當(dāng)主句中的主語或動(dòng)詞賓語。
（2）What all these groups have in common is that they ask to be treated with respect,share the rights to work,good housing conditions and education and be treated equal to other people in all ways.
這些團(tuán)體所共有的愿望是要求受到尊重，享有工作、好的居住條件和受教育的權(quán)利以及在各方面受到平等對待。
（3）The nutrients in whatever falls into the ocean will quickly become available to other living creatures.
任何東西進(jìn)入海洋后，其營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)很快就會(huì)被其他生物獲得。
特別提示
句中的whatever=anything that,與what功能相同，只是語氣強(qiáng)一些。
補(bǔ)充例句
（1）It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.
一般認(rèn)為孩子要什么就給他（她）什么是不明智的。
（2）A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago.
在十年前還是荒地的地方建起了一座現(xiàn)代化的城市。
（3）After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth，what our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
楊利偉成功繞地球飛行后，我們的宇航員們渴望做太空行走。
（4）You are what you eat.
你的飲食習(xí)慣決定著你的人生。
疑難突破
1.race,match,game,competition,contest
五者都有“比賽”之義，但適用的范圍有所不同。race通常指短跑比賽，如百米賽跑、接力賽等；match 一般指代表隊(duì)之間的大型的公開比賽，尤指球類比賽；game通常指為了娛樂或鍛煉、根據(jù)某種規(guī)則以勝負(fù)為主的比賽，既可是體力的，亦可是腦力的；competition指對力量、技術(shù)和能力的比賽，如：a beer drinking competition；contest與competition用法非常接近，有時(shí)可互換，只是contest是一種更正規(guī)的競賽，一般要有評委班子，并要評出幾等獎(jiǎng)，如：a beauty contest；a dancing contest。
應(yīng)用
（1）Who won the 100-etre______?
（2）The football______was so exciting that all the people watching kept shouting all the time.
（3）Basketball is such a popular______in the U.S.that whenever there is a ______the place is always crowded.
（4）Have you entered for the writing______?
（5）Let’s have a______of cards.
答案：（1）race （2）match （3）game；match （4）competition/contest （5）game
2.demand,ask,beg,require,request
五者都有“要求,請求”之義，但客氣程度及結(jié)構(gòu)搭配不盡相同。
*ask最常用,表示一般的請求,其常用結(jié)構(gòu)有:ask sb.to do sth.,ask sb.for sth.,ask for sth.。
*demand 有命令之意，是來自權(quán)威方面不許打折扣的要求。其常用結(jié)構(gòu)有demand sth.,demand to do sth.,demand that....
*beg “乞求，懇求”。表謙恭地懇請滿足某種較迫切的要求，常含有低聲下氣之意。其常用結(jié)構(gòu)有beg sth.,beg sb.to do sth.,beg to do sth.,beg for sth.,beg sb.for sth.。
*require “要求，命令”。常可與demand換用，但語氣較緩和，有按章辦事、任何人不得例外的含義。在較正式的文體里常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。常用結(jié)構(gòu)有 require sth.,require sb.to do sth.,require that...。
*request“請求，懇求”。常指正式或有禮貌的請求。其常用結(jié)構(gòu)有request sth.,request sb.to do sth.,request sb.to do sth.,request that...。
應(yīng)用
（1）The policeman______his name and address.
（2）English is______to study in most schools in China.
（3）She______permission to film at the White House.
（4）The prisoners______for mercy.
（5）The boy______his mother not to punish him.
答案：（1）demanded （2）required （3）requested （4）begged（asked） （5）begged（asked）
典例剖析
【例1】 （2004年全國卷Ⅲ,21）I often see lights in that empty house.Do you think I ______report it to the police?
A.should B.may C.will D.can
剖析：說話者常見空房子有燈光，感到不正常，不知是否應(yīng)報(bào)警，于是征求聽者意見。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有should有“應(yīng)當(dāng)”之意。
答案：A
【例2】 （2004年上海,30）The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ______to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A.persuade B.will persuade
C.be persuaded D.are persuaded
剖析：首先，persuade 是及物動(dòng)詞，使用時(shí)要么帶賓語，要么用被動(dòng)式。據(jù)此可排除A、B兩項(xiàng)；由主句謂語動(dòng)詞will be reduced可知從句應(yīng)為真實(shí)條件句。在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般時(shí)表達(dá)將來的動(dòng)作。
答案：D
【例3】 （2004年上海，47）After the trainer was sure that the whale could look after itself,he ______it into the sea.
A.transported B.unloaded C.released D.handled
剖析：考查詞匯題。關(guān)鍵是準(zhǔn)確理解各詞的含義。transport運(yùn)輸；unload卸載；release釋放；handle操作，擺弄。全句意為“馴鯨員確信那條鯨魚能夠照顧自己后把它放回大海”。
答案：C