學科：英語
教學內容：Making a difference
【本章重點難點】
Ⅰ．Hot words and hot phrases常用詞與常用詞組
1．It takes a very usual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious．(P.1)
動詞undertake及形容詞obvious的用法
2．Each group member represents a branch of science．(P.2)
動詞represent及名詞branch的用法
3．Scan the text to answer the following questions．(P.3)
動詞scan的詞義及用法
4．Imagine this：you are twenty-one years old and a promising graduate student at one of the top universities in the world．(P.3)
promising在此句中的意思，graduate作動詞、名詞的用法
5．Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse．(P.3)
動詞go by的詞義及用法
6．In fact，things were going rather well for me and I had gotten engaged to a very nice girl，Jane Wilde．(P.3)
動詞engage的詞義及用法
7．Since then，Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe．(P.3)
動詞seek的詞義及用法
8．Scientists...know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．(P.4)
動詞短語turn out的詞義及用法
9．First，they carefully observe what they are interested in．(P.4)
動詞observe的詞義及用法
10．Finally，the scientists test the theory to see if it matches what they have seen and if it can predict future events．(P.4)
動詞match和predict的詞義及用法
11．The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was so curious that he invented both a microscope...(P.7)
形容詞curious的詞義及用法。
12．By asking why，how and what if，curious minds find new ideas and solutions．(P.7)
名詞solution的詞義與用法
13．We must also believe in what we do even when others don't．(P.7)
動詞詞組believe in與believe的詞義及用法的區別。
Ⅱ．Language points and grammar focus語言點與語法重點
A．Language points語言點
1．There did not seem much point in working on my PhD-I did not expect to survive that long．(P.3)
句型There be...point in doing sth．的句意；that用作副詞的詞義及用法
2．Hawking became famous in the early 1970s，when he and American Roger Penrose made new discoveries about the Big Bang black holes．(P.3)
when用作并列連詞時的詞義及用法
3．Science，on the other hand，Hawking writes，know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．(P.4)
詞組on the other hand的詞義及用法
4．People who listen to Hawking's lectures sometimes find it difficult to understand him，...(P.4)
代詞it用作形式賓語時的各種用法
5．Everyone has his or her special skills and interests，and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference．(P.7)
當only引導狀語處于句首時，主句要用倒裝的語序
B．Grammar focus語法重點
1．The simple passive form of the infinitives
不定式被動語態的一般形式的內涵及用法
2．Four functions of the infinitives used as attribute，object and adverbial
用作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的不定式的四種功能的用法
Ⅲ．Skills of the four essential abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing聽、說、讀、寫四項基本能力的學習技巧
1．Listening：Have a good understanding of a long dialogue by grasping the reason why an event happens
掌握某事發生的原因，很好理解一段較長對話
2．Speaking：Talk about science and scientists
談論科學與科學家
3．Reading：How to grasp the core of a very long sentence
如何抓住一個長句的核心
4．Writing：How to write a descriptive passage
如何寫一篇描述性的短文
【難點解析】
Ⅰ．Hot words and hot phrases常用詞與常用詞組
1．It takes a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious．(P.l)
譯文：分析明顯存在的事情需要非凡的頭腦。
[講解]undertake(undertook；undertaken)有兩個意思。①to take up or start on(or a piece of work esp. one that is difficult or need effect)擔任(職位)；著手(艱苦工作等)。后常用名詞、代詞作其賓語。②to promise or agree答應；同意。后加不定式或that從句作賓語。
[例句]
She undertook responsibility for the accident．
她承擔了這次事故的責任。
He undertook to pay back the money within 2 months．／He undertook that he would pay back the money within 2 months．他答應兩個月之內還錢。
He undertook to be here by 10 o'clock．／He undertook that he would be here by 10 o'clock...他答應10點前到達。
[講解]本句中出現的另一個詞obvious為形容詞，意為“顯而易見的；明顯的”。obviously adv．顯而易見地，這類形容詞如用定冠詞，表示一類事物或人，又如：the rich富人，the disabled殘疾人。
[例句]
It is obvious that mastering the English language is a must in international trade．很顯然，在國際貿易中，掌握英語是必要的。
He is obviously mad．=It is obvious that he is mad．很顯然他瘋了。
2．Each group member represents a branch of science．(P.2)
譯文：每組成員代表著一個科學分支。
[講解]represent vt．意為“代表”，作此義講時，它的同義詞是“stand for”，但stand for不可用于被動語態。
[例句]
She represented president in the conference．在會議上她代表總統。
In Chemistry，O represents Oxygen．在化學中O代表氧元素。
The rose represents England．玫瑰花是英國的象征。
Our company is represented in China by Mr．Smith．
史密斯先生是我公司在中國的代理。
[講解]branch名詞，原意為“樹枝”，引申義為“(河流的)支流；(鐵路的)支線；(家族的)分支；(公司的)分店、分公司；(組織的)支部”等。
[例句和例詞]
His uncle's branch of the family moved to Shanghai last year．
在他們這個家族中，他叔叔的那一支去年搬到上海了。
The bank has branches in all parts of the country．
該銀行在全國各地都有分行。
3．Scan the text to answer the following questions．(P.3)
譯文：瀏覽課文，回答下列問題。
[講解]scan(scanned；scanned) vt．-glance at(e.g. a document)quickly but not very thoroughly匆匆而粗略地看(文件等)；略讀。
[例句]
She scanned the newspaper over breakfast．
她吃著早餐把報紙大致地讀了一遍。
She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it．
她掃了一下名單，看自己的名字是否在上面。
4．Imagine this：you are twenty-one years old and a promising graduate student at one of the top universities in the world．(P.3)
譯文：想象一下：你21歲，是世界一所頂尖大學的一名很有希望的大學畢業生。
[講解]promising形容詞意為“大有希望的；有出息的；有前途的”。該詞是promise的同源詞。promise作動詞或名詞時，除了我們較熟悉的“允諾”“諾言”，還有其他意思。作動詞時，promise還有“預示”的意思。作名詞時還有“(有)指望；(有)前途”的意思。
[例句]
All of you are promising if you learn English well．
如果你們學好英語，你們非常有前途。
The results of the first experiment are very promising．
第一次試驗結果充滿了希望。
It's a promising sign．那是一個很好的跡象。
It promises to be warm this afternoon．今天下午有望變暖。
The clear sky promises fine weather．晴朗的天空預示著好天氣。
[講解]①graduate在此句中為名詞，意為“畢業生”。當你步入大學校門，一年級時，你被稱為freshman；大二時，被稱為sophomore；大三時，被稱為junior；大四時，被稱為senior；當你已基本完成學業，但尚未取得學士學位時，被稱為undergraduate；拿到學士學位后，又繼續上碩士或博士，那你就被稱為postgraduate，graduate作名詞時有時也可指碩士或博士研究生。②graduate作動詞時，意為“畢業”，后加介詞from／at+學校；加介詞in+專業；加介詞with+學位。
[例句和例詞]
a graduate nurse一名護士學校畢業的學生
a graduate student一名研究生
He graduated in law at Oxford．他畢業于牛津大學法學專業。
He graduated from Beijing University with a Doctor's degree in history．
他畢業于北京大學，獲得史學博士學位。
5．Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse．(P.3)
譯文：然而兩年過去了，我的情況卻不是那樣糟糕。
[講解]go by有三個詞義。①to pass(in place or time)(時光)流逝；經過(某處)。②be guided by依照；遵循，依據……辦事。③to judge by根據……作出判斷。作上面②、③詞義講時不用被動語態。
[例句]
A car went by．一輛汽車駛過。
As time goes by／passes，all of you have grown into big boys or big girls．=With time going by／passing，all of you have grown into big boys or big girls．隨著時光的流逝，你們都長成大小伙子，大姑娘了。
Don't go by that old map；it might be out of date．
別用那張舊地圖，它可能過時了。
He always goes by the rules．他總是循規蹈矩。
Going by／Judging by her clothes，she must be very rich．
根據她的衣著判斷，她一定有錢。
6．In fact，things were going rather well for me and I had gotten engaged to a very nice girl，Jane Wilde．(P.3)
譯文：事實上，事情發展得還挺順利，我和一位非常好的女孩簡懷爾德訂了婚。
[講解]get engaged to sb．意為“與某人訂婚”，注意：①get為瞬間動詞，意為“變成”，所以get engaged to sb．不可與表一段時間的時間狀語連用。表一段時間時，可用be engaged to sb．get／be married to“與某人結婚”也是如此。②牢記本短語的介詞to，不要受漢語影響，誤記為with。
[例句]
Tom got engaged to Mary 3 weeks ago．湯姆和瑪麗三周前訂了婚。
Tom has been engaged to Mary for 3 weeks．
It is 3 weeks since Tom got engaged to Mary．
湯姆和瑪麗訂婚三周了。
7．Since then，Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe．(P.3)
譯文：自從那時，霍金就一直探求關于宇宙本質問題的答案。
[講解]seek(sought，sought，seeking)。seek to do sth(=attempt to do sth．=try to do sth．=do as much as sb．can to do sth．=do as much as possible to do sth．=do what sb．can to do sth．=make an effort to sth．=spare no effort to do sth．)設法(試圖)做某事；seek sth．尋找、征求、謀求、追求；seek after追求、企圖得到；seek for尋求／尋找；seek one's fortune外出找出路。
[例句]
We should constantly seek advice from the masses。
我們應不斷地聽取群眾的意見和建議。
These books were eagerly sought after．這些書很暢銷。
They encouraged her to seek for new ways of doing her experiments．
他們鼓勵她尋找新的實驗方法。
We sought to change her mind but she refused．
我們試圖改變她的主意，但是她拒絕了。
8．Scientists...know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．(P.4)
譯文：科學家們……知道他們的工作永遠不會結束，甚至認為即使最好的理論也可能被證實是錯誤的。
[講解]turn out有三個意思：①produce生產，培養；②prove被證實；③to come out or gather(as if)for a meeting，public events etc．群體出動。作“被證實”講常用“...turn out(to be)+adj．／noun”或“It turn out that從句”兩種句型。
[例句]
This factory can turn out 200 cars a day．
這家工廠一天可生產200輛汽車。
This school has turned out some first-class scholars．
這所學校培養出了一些一流學者。
The party turned out a success／successful．=It turned out that the party was a success／successful．=The party proved a success／successful．=It proved that the party was a success／successful．=The party work out very well．這臺晚會結果開得很成功。
The whole village turned out to welcome him．
整個村莊群體出動來歡迎他。
9．First，they carefully observe what they are interested in．(P.4)
譯文：首先，他們對自己感興趣的事情進行仔細觀察。
[講解]observe vt．①If you observe someone or something，you watch them carefully，especially in order to learn something about them；②If you observe someone or something，you see or notice them；③If you observe something such as a law or custom，you obey it or follow it．
[例句]
Did you observe anything unusual in his behavior？
你注意到他的行為有什么不尋常嗎？
I observed that they were late．我注意到他們遲到了。
The police observed him entering／enter the bank with a shotgun．
警察看到他帶著獵槍進入了銀行。
Do you observe Christmas？你有過圣誕節的習俗嗎？
10．Finally，the scientists test the theory to see if it matches what they have seen and if it can predict future events．(P.4)
譯文：最后，科學家們對這項理論作了試驗，目的在于了解這項理論是否與他們所見一致，以及它是否可以預見未來的事情。
[講解]match v．意為①“和……相一致；和……相匹配；匹配”；②-be equal to or find an equal for比得過；敵得過。
[例句或例詞]
The curtain doesn't match the paint．=The curtain and the paint don't match．這窗簾和油漆不搭配。
a matching skirt and sweater相配襯的裙子和毛衣
well-matched husband and wife十分匹配的夫妻
Why not buy some tapes to match(=go with)your book？
為什么不買些磁帶和你的書配套吶？
His latest films don't match his previous ones．
他最近的電影不能與以前的媲美。
[講解]predict vt．-say in advance that(sth)will happen；forecast預言某事將發生；預報；預告。
[例句]
He predicted that the terrorists would attack the USA．
他預言恐怖分子會襲擊美國。
The earthquake had been predicted several months before．
這次地震早在幾個月前就發布了預告。
It is impossible to predict who will win．
11．The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was so curious that he invented both a microscope...(P.7)
譯文：意大利天文學家伽利略如此好奇，以至于他發明了顯微鏡和……
[講解]If you are curious about something，you are interested in it and want to know more about it．If something is curious，it is unusual or difficult to understand．其同源名詞是curiosity．
[例句]
I am curious about／as to what happened．我很想知道發生了什么事。
They were curious to know where he had gone．
他們好奇地想知道他去了哪。
It is curious that he left without saying good-bye．
真奇怪，他不辭而別了。
12．By asking why，how and what if，curious minds find new ideas and solutions．(P.7)
譯文：通過自問事情出現的原因、方式及如果某事發生結果會如何等問題，這些好奇的哲人發現了一些新的觀點和一些新的解決問題的方法。
[講解]solution可數名詞an answer to a difficulty or a problem解決；解答；解法；解決方法。其動詞形式為solve。另外solution作不可數名詞時還有“溶解”的意思；作“溶液，溶劑”講時，即可作可數名詞又可作不可數名詞。
[例句或例詞]
It is very difficult to find a solution to the problem．
找出解決此問題的方法太難了。
I have bought another dictionary，which is the solution of all the problems．
我又買了一本字典，這樣一切問題解決了。
We must spare no effort to solve the problem．
我們必須全力以赴解決這個問題。
sugar in solution in water溶于水的糖。
13．We must also believe in what we do even when others don't．(P.7)
譯文：即使別人不相信，我們自己也要相信自己所做的事情。
[講解]believe指相信某人說的話或相信某事是真實的，其后可以接名詞、賓語從句、名詞+不定式。當believe為被動語態時，其后只能跟不定式結構。believe in指相信某人或某物的本質或特性，后常跟真理、宗教一類的詞。
[例句]
I believe his words／him／what he said．我相信他的話。
I believe in keeping early hours．我相信早睡早起是好的。
He doesn't believe in God．他不相信上帝的存在。
I don't believe in him．我不信任他的為人／品質。
Ⅱ．Language points and grammar focus語言點與語法重點
A．Language points語言點
1．There did not seem much point in working on my PhD-I did not expect to survive that long．(P.3)
譯文：取得博士學位對我來說沒有什么意義，我沒有期望活那么久。
[講解]point在此處為不可數名詞，意為“purpose，advantage；use目的；好處；用途”后面加in或of+名詞／代詞／動名詞；“No point of doing something=No useful purpose would be served by doing it．”即“做某事沒什么用處”。
[例句]
If we have finished our work，there is no point in staying any longer；we may as well go home．如果我們完成了工作，就沒有必要再呆下去，我們還不如回家。
I cannot see the point in trying to persuade him-he'll never change his mind．我看勸他沒用，他不會改變主意的。
[講解]that在此處為副詞，非正式用語，一般用于疑問句或否定句，意為：so；to such a degree那么；那樣；到那種程度。this也有類似的用法。
[例句]
It wasn't that good actually．(=it was quite good but not very good．)
它實際上沒那么好。
We haven't see all that much of her recently．
我們最近沒有怎么見過她。
Can hard work change a person that much？
艱苦工作能使人有如此大的變化嗎？
You don't look that old．你看上去沒那么老。
2．Hawking became famous in the early 1970s，when he and American Roger Penrose made new discoveries about the Big Bang black holes．(P.3)
譯文：霍金是20世紀70年代成名的，他和美國人羅杰彭羅斯發現了宇宙大爆炸和黑洞的理論。
[講解]when在此句中不是從屬連詞“當……的時候”的意思，這里when是并列連詞，有人也稱之為等立連詞，意為“and at this／that time”“就在這／那時”。中學常見的句型有：①be doing sth．when...某人正在做某事，這時……②be about to do sth when...某人剛要做某事，這時……③have just done sth when...某人剛做完某事，這時……
[例句]
We were having dinner when the telephone rang．
我們在吃飯，這時電話響了。
We had just finished our work，when he came in．
我們剛干完活，這時他進來了。
We were about to go，when the telephone rang．
我們剛要走，這時電話響了。
3．Science，on the other hand，Hawking writes，know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．(P.4)
譯文：霍金寫道，從另一個方面說，科學家知道他們的工作是永無止境的，即使是最完美的理論也可能是錯誤的。
[講解]on the other hand另一方面，用于對比。與on the one hand形成對比。即：on the one hand...，on the other hand...一方面……，另一方面……。(指辯論、考慮、情況等)。
The Government seems to me to be inconsistent．On the one hand they say they wish to reduce the cost of living，and on the other hand they increase the duties on a number of essential articles．政府在我看來反復無常。他們一方面說，要降低生活費，另一方面又提高許多生活必需品的稅收。
In this country，food is cheaper than in Britain；clothing on the other hand，is dearer．這個國家的食品比英國便宜，但另一方面，衣著比英國貴。
4．People who listen to Hawking's lectures sometimes find it difficult to understand him，...(P.4)
譯文：聽過霍金報告的人有時發現理解他的報告太難了，……
[講解]it除作代詞外，還可用作引詞(anticipatory)。引詞本身無實義，只起一種先行引導的作用。引詞it不重讀，它可用作形式主語、形式賓語；還可用于強調句型。現在讓我們學習一下it作形式賓語的用法。
1)真正賓語是不定式
e.g. I find it easy enough to get on with Pam．
(it指代to get on with Pam)我覺得與Pam相處很容易。
I'd think it useful to learn computers．
(it指代to learn computers)我認為學電腦有用。
2)真正賓語是動名詞
e.g. You must find it exciting working here．
(it指代working here)你一定發現在此工作令人激動。
I think it no use advising him to give up his plan．(it指代advising him to give up his plan)我認為建議他放棄計劃沒用。
3)真正賓語是賓語從句
e.g. I think it best that you should stay here．(it指代that you should stay here)我認為你最好留在這里。
I took it for granted that you would stay with us．(it指代that you would stay with us)我以為你當然會留在我們這里的。
5．Everyone has his or her special skills and interests，and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference．
譯文：每個人都有自己的專長和興趣，只有發現自己的專長，我們才能期望達到自己的目標，真正與眾不同。
[講解]當only引導狀語處于句首時，主句要用倒裝的語序。注意：1)當only引導非狀語處于句首時，主句不必用倒裝的語序；2)當only引導狀語處于句中或句末時，主句也不用倒裝的語序；3)當only引導狀語從句處于句首時，要倒裝主句的語序，千萬不要倒裝從句的語序，而忘了倒裝主句！
[例句]
Only in this way can we learn English well．
只有用這種方法我們才能學好英語。
Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work．
只有在戰爭結束后，他才高高興興地返回工作。
B．Grammar focus語法重點
1．The simple passive form of the infinitives．
不定式被動態的一般形式的內涵及用法。
2．Four functions of the infinitives used as subject，attribute，object and adverbial．用作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的不定式的四種功能的用法。
本單元的語法項目是不定式的被動式，具體講解如下：
①當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示動作的承受者時，不定式一般用被動形式。不定式被動形式在句中可作主語、表語、狀語、補語等。如：
To be obeyed was natural to her．她生性讓別人聽命于她。(作主語)
The problem remained to be solved．這個問題還有待解決。(作表語)
It needs not to be said that they are very happy together．
不必說他們在一起非常幸福。(作賓語)
There were plans to be made at once．要立即制定計劃。(作定語)
He has returned only to be sent away again．
他回來以后又被打發走了。(作狀語)
The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted．
船長命令升旗。(作賓語補足語)
The book is intended to be read and not to be torn．
這書是供人閱讀的而不是供人撕毀的。(作主語補足語)
②在某些句子中，不定式雖表被動，但仍用主動形式。如：
What is to pay？要付多少錢？
The reason is not far to seek．道理很淺顯。
He gave me some books to read．他給了我一些書讀。
We found the report easy to understand．我們發現這些報告很容易懂。
不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的功能和用法講解如下：
由于不定式有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特點，所以它在句中可做主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語、狀語、補語等。但由于時間關系，今天我只把不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的用法講解一下。
1)作主語。如：
To see is to believe．眼見為實。
To serve the people is our duty．為人民服務是我們的職責。
在日常英語中，常用it作為語法上的主語，即形式主語，而將真正的主語放在后面。
It is our duty to serve the people．為人民服務是我們的職責。
2)作賓語。如：
I couldn't afford to buy a new car．我買不起汽車。
Have you decided to marry him？你決定嫁給他嗎？
有些動詞常常跟不定式作賓語，它們是：want，wish，hate，prefer，hope，continue，manage，try，ask，offer，start，forget，remember，begin，decide，agree，choose，learn，pretend，promise，mean，expect，desire等。
另外，在一些復合賓語中，常用it代表不定式作為形式賓語，而將真正的賓語不定式放在后面。如：
I thought it right to do this test．我認為做這項實驗是對的。
3)作定語。通常都置于被修飾名詞或代詞之后。如：
This is the best way to solve this problem．
這是解決這個問題的最好辦法。
I have a lot of work to do．我有許多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的動賓關系，且這個不定式是不及物動詞，則它后面需有必要的介詞。如：
He is a good comrade to work with．他是一個很好共事的同志。
There is nothing to think about．沒什么值得考慮的。
4)作狀語，表示目的、結果、原因等。如：
He went home to see his parents．他回家看望父母。(表目的)
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you．
我把收音機音量調小，以免打擾你。(表目的)
The problem is too hard to understand．
這問題太難了，理解不了。(表結果)
What have I done to make you unhappy？
我做了什么事使你不高興？(表結果)
I'm glad to hear the news．聽了這消息，我很高興。(表原因)
I was surprised to see him there．
我真想不到會在那里見到他。(表原因)
Ⅲ．Skills of the four essential abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing聽、說、讀、寫四項基本能力的學習技巧
1．Listening skills聽力技巧
Have a good understanding of a long dialogue by grasping the reason why an event happens．
掌握某事發生的原因，很好理解一段較長對話
在高二的第一學期我們主要學習如何聽好較長對話的一系列技巧。
較長對話與簡短對話的檢測有哪些區別？
簡短對話在篇幅上，比起較長對話要短；簡短對話只有一個檢測點，因此只有一個設問，而較長對話有若干個檢測點，因此有若干個設問。簡短對話側重于句子層次理解的考查，而較長對話側重于話語或語段層次的檢測。一般說來，如果一段較長對話有兩個設問，那么這段對話涉及的內容至少是兩個，所以在審題中，應把在應對簡短對話中的那些技巧使用起來，而且還應學會通過審題中得到的信息來把握各個設問之間的內在聯系，從而推斷出還未聽到的較長對話的大致內容，進而確定聽音的重點的技巧。聽其對話錄音時，要盡力把握能正確解決設問的關鍵詞、短語或句子。
以高考試題的實例講解本節的中心議題。
請看下例(2002年高考試題，全國卷)：
1．why does the man thank the woman？
A．She has helped him with his problems．
B．She has invited him for coffee．
C．She has agreed to see him on Monday．
2．When does the conversation take place？
A．Before class． B．After class． C．During class．
首先你們應仔細審讀這兩個設問及其選項。看看從審題中能得到哪些信息？
第一個設問是：為什么這位男士要感謝這位女士？這段較長對話的第二個設問是：這段對話發生在什么時間？這兩個設問有什么內在聯系呢？
孤立地看這兩個設問及選項，似乎看不出它們的內在聯系，但如果你是個細心的有經驗的應試者，應該能確定此段較長對話發生在學校，因為第二題的選項提供的時間，都是發生在學校里的時間現象：A．上課前；B．下課后；C．課程進行的過程中。根據生活常識，我們可以推斷出對話的雙方最大的可能都是學校中的人士。那么其對話內容很可能與學校生活有關。再有從審讀第一個設問的選項的內容，我們得知男士感謝女士的原因有以下三個：A．女士幫助他解決了一些問題；B．女士邀請他喝咖啡；C．女士同意在星期一會見他。帶著這些問題我們再聽對話錄音，就是有備而聽。這時我們聽到如下這段較長對話的錄音：
M：Thank you very much，Miss Times．That helped me a lot．
W：I'm glad I could be of some help，Carolos．Let me know if you still have any more questions later．
M：I will．And thank you for giving up your coffee break to help．I know you need one after teaching three classes．
W：Oh，I don't mind．Teaching is what I love most．
M：Well．Good bye and thanks again．
W：You're very welcome，Carolos．See you in class next Monday．
聽完這段較長對話兩遍之后，我深刻體會到從正確審題中所獲取的信息，進而做到有備而聽是解答這類較長對話聽力題的基礎與前提。在聽對話錄音時，把握其中的關鍵詞、短語或句子是正確做出判斷的關鍵。我在錄音中聽到該男士三次向女士致謝，在他第二次致謝時，他解釋了他致謝的原因：感謝女士放棄了在教了三節課后喝咖啡的休息給他講解問題，同時又聽到女士樂于給他講解問題的陳述，由此得出上面兩個設問的正確答案應該是穩操勝券的事。
2．Oral practice口語訓練
Talk about science and scientists
談論科學與科學家
我們怎樣才能較好地用英語談論科學與科學家呢？
就科學而言，主要兩大類：社會科學與自然科學。
本教學單元一共提及七位科學家：哥德、愛因斯坦、居里夫人、愛迪生、霍金、伽利略與培根。在他們中間哥德與培根屬于社會科學家，其余的五位都是自然科學家。
自然科學有很多分支，例如：數學(mathematics or maths)，物理學(physics)，化學(chemistry)，生物學(biology)，天文學(astronomy)與計算機學(computer science)等。
知道這些自然科學的英語表達方式后，我們應如何談論這些科學及其科學家呢？
要談論這些科學，首先應掌握這些科學的英語表達方式，然后發表自己認為哪門科學最重要(the most important)，最有興趣(the most interesting)和最有用(the most useful)，然后講清你為什么認為它最重要、最有興趣和最有用。
要談論這些學科的專家，首先應掌握他們各自的英語表達方式：
數學家mathematician 物理學家physicist
化學家chemist 生物學家biologist
天文學家astronomer 發明家inventor
計算機專家或科學家computer expert／scientist
假定你認為數學是一門最重要、有興趣和有用的科學，你將如何表述你的見解及你這種看法的理由呢？
我將用如下方式表示我的看法及其理由：
I think mathematics is the most important，interesting and useful science，firstly because it's the basis of each branch of other sciences；secondly because it is closely connected with our daily life；thirdly because one can become cleverer and more rigorous(嚴謹的)through studying the science of maths...
要談論一位科學家，就應對他的身世與他在他的研究領域的建樹和功績有所了解。因此以下這些句式都常用來談論科學家，請看：
1．What is the name of the man who wrote the best-seller“A Brief History of Time”？
2．What is his greatest contribution to modern science？
3．When and where was he born？
4．Where did he grow up？
5．Where did he receive his advanced education？
6．When did he get his PhD degree？
7．When did he become well-known all over the world？
8．What famous theories of his is usually expressed in his speeches？
9．When did he visit China？
10．What does he think of science and scientists？
很明顯這些問題針對本教學單元中NO BOUNDARIES這篇課文設問的，根據課文中對史蒂芬霍金的介紹的內容給予回答就是對科學家及他研究的理論談論很好的例證。
3．Reading skills閱讀技巧
How to grasp the core of a very long sentence
如何抓住一個長句的核心
在我們現在的閱讀中，雖然在文章或句子中沒有生詞，但我們仍然對短文或句子，尤其是那些長句往往不能很好的理解，這究竟是怎么一回事？
這是你們現在所處的學習階段里出現的一個通病。
閱讀較難的讀物時，常遇到很長的句子。這些長句往往對初學者來說是很難正確理解的。如果能抓住句子的核心(the core of a sentence)，困難就會迎刃而解。
1．找出句子的核心
所謂句子的核心，就是指句子最主要的部分，即主語、謂語動詞及其賓語或表語。它們是句子最基本的成分。一般地說，長句的核心不過是幾個關鍵詞，其他部分都為這幾個關鍵詞服務，或是描述修飾它們，或是解釋說明那些細節，如原因(why)，方式(how)，時間(when)，地點(where)，何物(what)及結果(what result)。下面我們以1995-1998年高考考題里閱讀理解文章的一些句子為例，說明如何找出這些句子中的核心。
Twenty students had just climbed their way to the top rung(最高的臺階)out of 4 million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tuesday evening at Jintan，Jiangsu Province．
句子的核心：students...climbed
句子的細節：How many：twenty out of 4 million
現在分詞短語taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe。置于此種位置的分詞短語起的是解釋說明的作用，回答的是：What kind of work does the“dustman”do？如果再細致進行下去，還可對這個分詞短語各個成分作分析。這樣，全句的意思就清楚了。
2．找出核心詞的過程中應注意的三個常見的語言現象
(1)注意倒裝句：英語中有時為了保持句子的平衡，或為了取得特別效果，要把謂語動詞放在主語前面形成倒裝句。例如：
①In the far distance was seen the glittering(閃光的)surface of a lake surrounded by large and tall willow trees．
先找出動詞：was seen
用what放在動詞前發問what was seen...，找出其主語：surface of a lake，核心詞：surface of a lake was seen經過語法分析明確動詞was seen之前的介詞短語In the far distance為地點狀語，而主語surface of a lake之后的過去分詞短語surrounded by large and tall willow trees是作修飾lake的定語。這樣，準確理解此句就應是理所當然的結果。
②With the last hours of the afternoon went her hopes，her courage and her strength．先找出動詞：went
再用what放在動詞前提問：what went？找出其主語hopes，courage，strength，其核心詞：hopes，courage，strength went
最后作語法分析，得出結論：with the last hours of the afternoon是句子的時間狀語，意為：就在那天下午的最后幾個小時里，……
(2)注意主從復合句：“剝卷心菜”法是處理主從復合句的有效方法。
在實際的閱讀中，會經常遇到主從復合句。在處理主從復合句時，應首先處理主句，然后再解決從句。主句應視為“菜心”，從句則是包在“菜心”外的“菜葉”。處理它們的程序仍是抓住核心及語法分析等方法。下面以高考英語試題的閱讀文章中的句子為例，做些實際分析。
①In the 19th century when English ladies went swimming in the sea，they hired a bathing machine，which was used for changing in，and for taking the bathers down to the sea．(1996)(本句為帶有2個定語從句的主從復合句。)
主句：they hired a bathing machine
時間狀語：in the 19th century...(其后的when English ladies went swimming in the sea為修飾century的定語從句)
定語從句：which was used for changing in，and for taking the bathers down to the sea用來說明machine的。
然后再按上述方法找出主句及從句的核心，最后再對主句及從句的細節做語法分析。用這種方法理解(這樣的)較長的難句是很有效的方法。
②Carmakers' research and development laboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise．(1995)
主句：Carmakers' research and development laboratories have already proved...
賓語從句：that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise．
主句的主語的定語：carmakers' research and development
賓語從句的賓語：the unwanted noise
(3)注意并列句：“切割”法是處理并列句的有效方法。
并列句或并列復合句也是閱讀文章中常見的情況，合理地將它們分而解決之是行之有效的。例如：
The idea of fighting a noise by making more noise sounds strange，but that's exactly what motor engineers are doing in Germany and some other countries．(1995)
這是一個并列復合句，由并列連詞but連接兩個并列子句。第二個并列子句中有一個表語從句。
第一個并列子句的核心
謂語：sounds strange(系動詞+表語)
主語：the idea...
第一個并列子句的細節
修飾主語的定語：...of fighting a noise by making more noise
第二個并列子句的核心
謂語：is what...countries(系動詞+表語從句)
主語：that
表語從句的核心
謂語：are doing
主語：motor engineers
表語從句的細節
謂語動詞的賓語：what
地點狀語：in Germany and some other countries
4．Writing capacities書面表達能力
How to write a descriptive paragraph
如何寫一個描述性的段落
怎樣寫好一篇描述性的短文呢？
本單元學習的是對科學家的介紹，我們應學以致用，寫關于介紹科學家的描述性短文。與學習漢語寫作一樣，首先應確定我們要寫的內容，然后根據要寫的內容來確定寫作的方式。
在介紹一位科學家前，你應該考慮清楚你要寫的科學家是哪一位？你為什么最喜歡他／她？他／她生活中有哪些重要和有趣的事？讀者需要對他／她了解些什么？考慮好這些問題，就應解決寫作方式的問題。
描寫文是用生動語言描繪人、事、物、場景或過程，使人物有血有肉，活靈活現，把事情的過程、發生的場景變得具體、形象與生動。描寫文與記述文的不同之處在于是對人或事物作概括和交代，而描寫文則是具體的描述與刻畫。
描述科學家的特征的形容詞與名詞
curious adj．求知欲強的 careful adj．細心的
patient adj．有耐心的 creativity n．創造力
imagination n．想像力 perseverance n．毅力
discovery n．發現 invention 發明
theory n．理論 success n．成功
因為有成就的科學家都是求知欲旺盛的，細心的與有耐力的，他們都有豐富的想像力，堅忍不拔的毅力與了不起的創造力，他們或是有偉大的發現與發明，他們的理論往往在開始時不被世人理解，或使人大感驚愕。所以他們的人生往往是以偉大的成功劃上圓滿的句號。
所以你可以上網查尋你認為最了不起的科學家的各方面情況，上面講述的思路，寫作特點與描述科學家的詞匯應該對你的寫作有所幫助。
【同步達綱練習】
Ⅰ．根據句意，在空白處填入既適合語境又在語法上正確的單詞
1)He is a millionaire，so it is ____________that he can afford a car．
2)If you read a paper very quickly for some information，you are____________．
3)When you go abroad，you should ____________the customs there．
4)They haven't got married，but they have got___________．
5)He works on the Bank of China，Gu-an___________．
Ⅱ．單項填空
1)-Nancy is not coming tonight．(NMETl998)
-But she___________！
A．promises B．promised
C．will promise D．had promised
2)I have never sought _____________my view．
A．hiding B．to hide
C．hidden D．to be hidden
3)I observed him _____________his homework when I entered the room．
A．do B．doing
C．did D．done
4)I don't think ______________possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．(NMETl990)
A．this B．that
C．its D．it
5)____________can you expect to get a pay rise．(2001北京春)
A．With work hard B．Although work hard
C．Only with hard work D．Now that he works hard
Ⅲ．閱讀技巧
指出下列各句的句子性質及句子的這四個成分，主語(橫線_____________)謂語(波浪線 ，其后如有賓語則加箭頭 )狀語(虛線 )定語(雙線 )，并將它們譯成漢語(此練習中的句子均選自高一英語(下)的Unit l3～Unit l8)
[例1]Organic vegetables are those that are grown without chemicals that can be harmful to human beings or the environment．(Unit 13，P.4)
[例2]Since Kwanzaa is a time for learning as well as joy，people celebrate it by lighting a candle each day and discussing one of the seven principles of Kwanzaa．(Unit 14，P.11)
[例3]Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning，I decided to do an experiment．(Unit 16，P.24)
[例4]On the third day I was struggling through stormy weather and during the next week the wind grew stronger and I found myself spending a whole day in my tent．(Unit 17，P.31)
[例5]The common meeting place for Maori is on the marae，an area of land with a meeting house，where all important events take place．(Unit 18，P.41)
Ⅳ．書面表達練習
根據下面的提示，以“居里夫人--一位偉大的女科學家”為題寫一篇短文。
瑪麗居里于1867年11月7日生于波蘭，年輕時有旺盛的求知欲，對物理學非常感興趣，讀盡其可能得到的書籍。但那時波蘭不許女子上大學，她下決心去法國求學，于1881年她抵達巴黎。盡管她十分窮困，她以驚人的毅力堅持刻苦學習，在到巴黎的兩年后，獲得一級物理學位。大學畢業后嫁給當時巴黎物理化工大學任教的一位名為皮埃爾居里的科學家。共同就貝克勒(Becquerel)在當時首先發現的放射性現象進行研究，由于他們極其細心且有耐心，先后發現釙和鐳兩種天然放射性元素。1906年居里先生不幸死于車禍之后她繼續研究，推動了原子核科學的發展，1903年和居里貝克勒三人共同獲得諾貝爾物理獎，1911年再度獲得諾貝爾化學獎。
參考答案
【同步達綱練習】
Ⅰ．
1)obvious 他是百萬富翁。因此很顯然他買得起汽車。
2)scanning 如果你為尋找某個信息而快速讀一份報紙，那你就是在略讀。
3)observe 如果你出國，你要遵守那里的風俗。
4)engaged 他們未結婚，但已訂婚。
5)Branch 他在中國銀行，固安分行工作。
Ⅱ．
1)B。本題考查時態，他答應是過去的事情，排除A、C；had promised表示過去的過去。
2)B。seek后接不定式形式。
3)B。當我進屋時，我注意到他正在做他的作業。doing有“未完性”。
4)D。見Language points and grammar focus欄中A．Language points 4。
5)C。見Language points and grammar focus欄中A．Language points 5。
Ⅲ．
[例1]Organic vegetables are those that are grown without chemicals that can be harmful to human beings or the environment．有機蔬菜是指不用對人和環境有害的化學品的那些蔬菜。
a．這是一個主從復合句
b．主句的主語是：organic vegetables
c．主句的謂語部分是：are those(“系動詞+表語”結構)
d．修飾代詞those的定語從句是：that are grown...直到此句的結束。
e．修飾are grown這個定語從句中謂語動詞的狀語是：Without chemicals
f．修飾名詞chemicals的定語從句是：that can be harmful to human beings or the environment
[例2]Since Kwanzaa is a time for learning as well as joy，people celebrate it by lighting a candle each day and discussing one of the seven principles of Kwanzaa．因為寬扎節不僅是喜慶的時刻，而且又是學習的機會，人們每天點燃一支蠟燭，逐一討論寬扎節的七條原則。
a．這是一個主從復合句
b．主句的主語是：people
c．主句的謂語是：celebrate
d．主句的謂語celebrate的賓語是：it
e．修飾主句謂語動詞celebrate的方式狀語是介詞by引導其后剩下的部分
f．由從屬連詞since引導的從句是原因狀語從句
g．其主語是Kwanzaa，其謂語部分是is a time這一“系表”結構，其后的for learning...joy是修飾名詞time的定語
[例3]Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning，I decided ．因為已經意識到我可以用風箏來吸引閃電，我決定做個實驗。
a．主句的主語是：I
b．主句的謂語是：decided
c．decided后的不定式短語是其賓語
d．Having realized是作原因狀語的分詞短語，其后的that從句是動詞realized的賓語從句
e．在賓語從句中I是其主語，could use是其謂語，a kite是use的賓語，不定式短語to attract lightning是“使用風箏”的目的狀語
[例4]On the third day I was struggling through stormy weather and during the next week the wind grew stronger and I found myself spending a whole day in my tent．第三天我與暴風雪拼搏了一整天，在接下來的一星期之內，風刮得越發猛烈，我只好整天呆在帳篷里。
a．這是一個由三個簡單句組成的并列句
b．第一個簡單句是：on the third day...stormy weather
c．第二個簡單句是：during the next...grew stronger
d．第三個簡單句是：I found...in my tent
[例5]The common meeting place for Maori is on the marae，an area of land with a meeting house，where all important events take place．毛利人聚會的地點通常是在麥利會場，這是一塊有會議堂館的開闊地，重要的事件都在這里舉行。
a．這是一個主從復合句
b．主句的主語是：the place，common meeting與for Maori都是修飾the place的定語
c．主句的謂語部分是：is on the marae(“系動詞+表語”結構)
d．an area of land with a meeting house是the marae的同位語，解釋說明marae的功能與特點
e．由where引導的是個非限制性定語從句，修飾其先行詞house
Ⅳ．
由于在“難點掌握”中已經講解過描寫科學家的短文的寫作方法和注意事項，現將示范短文展示如下：
Madame Curie-a Great Woman Scientist Marie Curie was born in Poland，on Nov．7th，1867.As a child，she was very curious to learn anything new to her．She was interested in the science of physics and read as many books as she could find on the subject．At that time women were not allowed to study at universities in Poland，so Marie was determined to go to France and study there．She arrived in Paris in l891．Though she was very poor，she studied very hard with such great perseverance that she managed to take a first-class degree in physics two years after arriving in Paris．Soon after her graduation Marie married Pierre Curie，a very eminent scientist who was teaching at the school of physics and Industrial Chemistry at Paris．They both began to do research on the phenomenon of radioactivity which another scientist named Becquerel discovered．As they had great patience and were very careful，they discovered two kinds of radioactive elements：polonium and radium．Unfortunately，Mr Curie was killed in an accident in 1906．After that she went on with the research though she suffered a lot from the loss of her husband．As a result of her research，she greatly promoted the development of science nuclear．In 1903 a Nobel Prize for physics was given to the Curies and the scientist named Becquerel，and in 1911，Madame Curie won a Nobel Prize for Chemistry for a second time，and she will always be remembered as a great woman scientist．