背景知識

What should you consider in finding jobs

What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others. These may show strength that you can use in your work. A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career. A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work. So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school. On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a generally satisfactory standard. Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value. A knowledge of history is not required for most jobs, but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details. This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs.

Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work. You may be good at metal work or cookery and look for a job where you can improve these skills.

If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in summer, think what you gained from it．If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers. You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example. Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in apart –time job.

Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself. You may be all thumbs (笨手笨腳) when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures. It is better to face any weaknesses they do not exist. Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background. You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work.

Word study:

1．in touch with 保持聯(lián)系,了解

keep in track/touch/contact with

lose touch with

make contact with …

contact sb.

One of the students gets in touch with a careers-adviser.（取得聯(lián)系）

He keeps in touch with me by writing now and then. （保持聯(lián)系）

They have remained/kept/stayed/been in touch with each other for 20 years.（保持聯(lián)系）

The net brings us into touch with the things which are happening in the other parts of the world. （使我們與…聯(lián)系）

He lost touch with his family during the war. （失去聯(lián)系）

I have been out of touch with my former teacher for 20 years. （失去聯(lián)系）

2．a(chǎn)dore vt. 崇拜,崇敬,敬重,熱愛;喜歡（不用進行式）

adore + n / doing sth. adore sb for sth

adoration n.

adoring adj.

adorable adj.

① 很明顯她喜歡看電影。

It’s obvious that she adores the cinema/ going to the cinema.

② 他向崇拜他的人群揮手致意。

He waved to the adoring crowds.他向崇拜他的人群揮手。

The little girl was adorable. 小女孩十分可愛。

People adore him for his noble character.人們崇拜他高尚的品格。

3．vacant adj.

①（座位，旅館房間，房屋等）空著的，未被占用的

他旁邊的位子沒人坐。

The seat next to him was vacant.

②（職位）空缺的

那職位最終空缺時，他們把它給了Tina.

When the post finally became vacant, they offered it to Tina.

③（目光，表情等）無神的，茫然的,空虛的；茫然若失的

a vacant mind茫然的心情

a vacant expression on his face臉上表情發(fā)呆

The mad man gave a vacant laugh. 那個瘋子傻笑著。

4．pitch n. 球場 They crowded into the pitch at the beginning of the game.

v. 投擲 Pitch a stone into the river.

5．a(chǎn)ssess vt.

assessment n. 評價，評定

assessor n. 估價員，顧問

① 判斷，評價（價值，能力等）

他太懶了， 無法評價他的能力。

He is so lazy that it is hard to assess his ability.

② 評估（財產(chǎn)，收入等），核定（稅金，罰金， 數(shù)額等）與at 連用

我的收入被評定為兩萬美元。

My income was assessed at 20000 dollars.

你估計她獲勝的可能性有多大？

What’s your assessment of her chances of winning?

易混詞：access n. 通道，門路；接近…的權(quán)力/機會

have access to 有……的機會

6．occupation n. 職業(yè)

occupy vt. 占…

occupy oneself in doing sth忙于

be occupied with sth忙于

填詞: Please put down your name, address, and occupation.

Two strangers occupied the house while he was on holiday.

The child occupied himself in playing computer games.

I have to occupy myself with lots of housework.

7．instant adj./n.

instantly adv./ conj.

instant coffee速溶咖啡; instant noodles 方便面

The new book is an instant success.

I feel instant relief after the treatment.

I shall be back in an instant.

I recognized him instantly.

I recognized him instantly I saw him.

8．significant adj.

significantly adv.

significance n.

a significant speech 意味深長的講話

I don’t find it significant to change his way of study

What’s the significance of his remarks?

9．nevertheless adv. /conj. 盡管如此，然而，不過(however, though)

① 我考試不及格是意料中的事,不過仍然讓人很不痛快。

My failure in the exam was not unexpected, nevertheless, it was still disappointing.

② 她很疲憊但仍然繼續(xù)工作。

She was so tired. She went on working, nevertheless.

③ 他很笨但我卻很喜歡他。 He's stupid, but I like him nevertheless.

10．up to date 直到最近的，時新的，現(xiàn)代的

to date 到此為止

out of date 廢棄的，過時的

① All of new words become out of date very quickly.

② The exhibition contains some of his best work to date.

③ We want our methods to be up to date .

I like wearing up-to-date clothes.

I keep up to date with the news by listening to radio. 我通過聽收音機了解最新消息。11。qualification 資格，條件（多復(fù)數(shù)）

I thought you had quite a few qualifications.

He has no qualifications to be a doctor.

= He is not qualified to be a doctor.

限制,保留條件

I can say, without any qualification, that he is an excellent worker.

12．modest 謙虛

That hero was very modest about his deeds.

Considering how he won the award, he should be modest about it.

謹慎的

Young girls must be modest in speech, dress and behavior.

適度的,不過分的

My needs are quite modest.

Please accept this modest gift.

13．paperwork 文書工作

paper boy報童 ; paper cut 剪紙 ;

paper knife 裁紙刀 ;paper tiger 紙老虎 ;

toilet paper 衛(wèi)生紙 ; waste paper 廢紙 ;

paper currency 紙幣 ; paper mill 造紙廠 ; wallpaper 墻紙 ;

14．punctual adj. 準時的，守時的

punctually adv.

If you are punctual you are not late.

He was always punctual for appointments.

She’s never punctual in answering letters; she is always late.

Smith arrived punctually at four o’clock.

15．draft n. 草稿,草圖(多作可數(shù),在in后作不可數(shù))

He had painfully written out a first draft.

a draft for a speech; a draft for a machine

匯票,支票(多作可數(shù),在by后作不可數(shù))

He sent a draft for $1000 to his son in London.

get a draft cashed

to get money from Paris to Rome by draft.

（in cash by cheque）

v. 起草，草擬

Can you draft out a plan for us?你能為我們草擬一個計劃嗎？

Reading

Pre-reading:

1. Look at the title of the reading passage. What can you guess about the content of the passage from the line? Why is the title a question?

2. Read the introduction, the first sentence of each paragraph and the conclusion.

Q1. What is this passage mainly about?

Q2. Does the writer think it is easy or difficult to have a successful career in football?

Skimming:

Choose the best heading for each paragraph in the text

Paras 1-3 The success of David Beckham in the football career.

Para 4 The difference between football and other careers.

Para 5 The special qualities required by footballers.

Paras 6-7 The programs set up for young footballers in both China and the UK.

Para 8 Football dreams don’t often come true like David.

True or False:

1. It was in 1992 that David’s career took off.

2. Employers need to advertise for football players in the newspapers or on the Internet when they have a vacant job.

3. Every footballer needs to have good team spirit,a strong character, mental strength and a positive attitude.

4. The players under sixteen have to take part in club training sessions all days long.

5. Youth trainees in UK football club usually have high salary.

6. When the trainees are offered a contract with a club, their life as a professional footballer begins.

7. Many of the players can only play as amateur footballers in their spare time. (TFTFFTF)

Careful reading

Comprehension of Reading

1. Which of the following is true?

A. Little David disliked football because he was crazy.

B. David Beckham is famous as a front-field player.

C. David became known when he was in middle school.

D. David always wears the red No. 7 shirt.

2. You are very fond of football or basket-ball. Can you become a star in the future according to the text?

A. Certainly not B. Yes C. No D. Not sure.

3. How does a club find a talented player?

A. By advertisement B. By watching matches

C. From another club D. From middle school

4. What does the passage mainly tell us?

A. We must have some particular qualities when we are young.

B. We should be trained from childhood if we want to succeed.

C. We should have a suitable attitude to our career or amateur choice.

D. Born talent leads to success. (DDBC)

Answer the following questions

1. What did David want to do when he was a schoolboy?

He dreamed of being a professional football player. He wanted to wear the red shirt and score goals in the famous Old Trafford Stadium in front of thousands of cheering fans.

2. When did David’s success start?

His success started almost immediately when he was part of Manchester United’s youth team which won the FA Youth Cup in 1992 and he was chosen to play for the Red Devils’ senior team for the first time.

3. In which order did the following things happen to David Beckham?

a. He was invited to join Manchester United as a trainee.

b. He was chosen to play for the Red Devils’ senior team.

c. He has become England’s most famous mid-field player and world superstar.

d. He attended training sessions with a London club.

e. He and his players won the FA Youth Cup in 1992.

Key: d-a-e-b-c

4. What are the differences between football and other careers?

Employers don’t advertise that they have a vacant job in the newspapers or on the internet.

There are no application forms or interviews.

Employers find players with the right abilities and offer them employment with the clubs.

5. What are the special qualities required by footballers?

Talent

Have excellent ball control and understand how to use the space on the pitch.

Have good team spirit, a strong character, mental strength and a positive attitude.

Main idea

The text tells us the story of David Beckham and what is needed for a football career, from which the writer shows that it is difficult to become a successful footballer.

Discussion:

Does the writer think that football is a good career choice? Find evidence in the text to support your answer.

Evidence in the text:

Trainee footballers: It is not an easy life. There is a lot of competition for places on the team, the salary is low and the job includes cleaning the changing rooms, toilets and senior colleagues’ boots. (Para6)

Despite talent, only a few players are good enough to become professional: Professional footballers have to be very, very good, and to play for a leading club they must be outstanding. Only a few trainees are good enough to go on to the next stage.

(Para5and 7)

Even once professional, only a very few players are truly successful: Perhaps, like Becks, one or two become great stars. However, football is a fiercely competitive occupation and many players are not successful. They have to leave the profession to find other careers. (Para7)

A career in football is a dream that few people can achieve. Most are not successful and fail: David’s story has a happy ending, but most children with the same wish will never have the opportunity to wear their favourite team’s shirt. Many of them will only play as an amateur footballer in their spare time. Unfortunately football dreams don’t often come true. (Para8)

Analysis of some difficult sentences:

1. Every time he plays football he is watched by thousands of adoring Becks fans all over the world.

2. Professional footballers have to be very, very good, and [to play for a leading club ] they must be outstanding.

3. Top players must have excellent ball control and understand how to use the space on the pitch, but it is not just what they do with their feet that counts.

4. Many countries have set up programmes to encourage and develop young footballers, and this is where the clubs go to assess athletes and find stars of the future.

5. China has special football schools (where children acquire ball skills as well as a formal education.)

6. From this point on the success of their career and how much they earn depends on their performances and how many matches their team wins.

Language points for Reading

1. take off 起飛； 脫下，摘下，迅速流行，換下，終止，取消； 休假，休息，剪掉，切除（人體）；模仿

The plane took off an hour late. 飛機起飛晚了一小時。

Her singing career took off after her TV appearance. 她在電視上亮相后歌唱事業(yè)迅速起飛。

I’ve decided to take a few days off next week. 我已經(jīng)決定下周休息幾天。

The show was taken off because of poor audience figures. 該劇因不賣座而停演了。

2. accomplish 完成，達到，實現(xiàn)

accomplish, finish, complete 區(qū)別

1） accomplish經(jīng)常接task, aim, journey, voyage 等名詞。 如：

The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks. 探險隊在五周內(nèi)完成了航程。

The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished. 計劃的第一部分已順利完成。

2) complete比accomplish具體， 可接簡化組，工程，書籍等名詞。 指“按預(yù)期目的把未完成的工作經(jīng)進一步的努力使之完成”， 主要涵義是“補足缺少的部分”。 如：

The building will be completed by the end of this month. 這座樓將于本月底完成。

3) finish 在許多情況下可與complete 換用， 但不及complete 正式。 常含有“認真仔細地完成工作的最后階段的精工修飾，使之完美”的意思。 如

I have to finish writing the book by this weekend. 我得在本周末寫完這本書。

3. dream of becoming a leading scientist.

She dreamt a terrible dream.

He dreamed that he saw his dead father.

We never dreamed him to be a cheat.

4. count vi. 有價值；重要；有用

Every second counts. 每一秒鐘都很重要。

v.數(shù), 計算, 數(shù)；算; 認為；視為；看作

be counted as 被認為

I count him among my closest friends. 我把他看作我最好的朋友。

For tax purposes that the money counts/ is counted as income. 那筆錢算做收入，需要納稅。

to count from 1 to 100 從1數(shù)到100

count these apples. 清點一下這些蘋果。

count it an honor (to do sth.) （把做某事）引以為榮

5. from this point on 從那時起 on one point 曾經(jīng)，一度

I think I even told you that at one point. 我認為我曾經(jīng)告訴過你那件事。

At one point she was aware of two nurses speaking about an outing they were planning with their boyfriends. 她一度聽見兩個護士談起她們計劃與男朋友一起出去。

At one point he turned his head, listening for Emily. 一度，他轉(zhuǎn)過頭，聽Emily的聲音。

point n. 時刻，關(guān)頭，瞬間，階段

The climber was at / on the point of death when they found him. 當他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那個登山者的時候，他已奄奄一息。

We were on the point of giving up.我們當時幾乎要放棄了。

At this point I don’t care what you decide to do. 在這個時候，我不在意你怎么做了。

n. 論點，觀點 （point of view ）地方，標點，尖，

She made several interesting points in the article. 她在文章中提出了幾個有趣的觀點。

I take your point 我贊同你的看法。

重點，要點 （brief and to the point ）

The point is you shouldn’t have to wait so long to see a doctor. 關(guān)鍵是看病不該等那么長時間。

I wish he would get to the point. 我但愿他快點說正題。

目的

What’s the point of all this violence? 這些暴行的意圖何在？

There’s no point in getting angry. 發(fā)火是沒有用的。

具體細節(jié)（或事實）

Here are the main points of the news. 以下是新聞?wù)�要�?/p>

Can you explain that point again? 你能在解釋一下那一點嗎？

vi. point at/to, point out, It is pointed out that…..

6. send的用法：

1) send sb. sth.= send sth. to sb.把某物送給或寄給某人，可以主語派人送，也可以親自送

Did they send any message by you? 他們托你給我捎了什么信兒了嗎？

Can you send me the bill before the end of the month? 你能在月底以前把帳單給我送來嗎

2) send for sb./ sth. 派人去叫某人 派人去拿某物

Now please send for a taxi. 現(xiàn)在請派人叫出租車來。

Please keep these things until I send for them. 請?zhí)嫖冶９苓@些東西，等我派人來取。

3) send sb./ sth. to運輸某人/某物去（某處），派某人去某地

They send their product to Beijing for sale. 他們把產(chǎn)品運往北京銷售。

We will send him to America for further study. 我們要送他去美國深造。

4) send sb. to do 派某人去做（某事）

We’ll send someone to fetch it. 我們將派人去取。

They will send him to work in the countryside. 他們將派他去農(nóng)村工作。

5) send sb. doing 使某人迅速做某事(cause sb. to do)

Mind how you go---- you nearly sent me flying. 小心點，你差點把我撞倒。

They killed 38 enemies and sent the rest fleeing. 他們打死38個敵人，其余的都逃竄了

send off 寄出；發(fā)出；派遣；解雇；給……送行

You fill in both parts of the form, then send it off. 你把表格的兩部分都填好,然后寄出。

send 有關(guān)的常見詞組：

send away 發(fā)送掉；解雇 send back 退還，送還

send for 派人去請；召喚 send forth發(fā)出；放出（光、熱等）

send in (向上級)提出,交上去,寄出(投稿) send out 發(fā)送出，派遣；放出，散發(fā)出

send down 使下降 send up 使上漲/升, 發(fā)射,發(fā)出

send word (請人)帶口信 send to bed/sleep 打發(fā)某人去睡/使人入睡

send sb doing sth使某人迅速干某事 send sb mad=drive sb mad使人發(fā)瘋

☆. assist (sb) in/with sth. (P141)

assist sb in doing sth.

The deputy principal assists with many of the duties of the principals.

You will be required to assist Mrs Smith in preparing a report.

Integrating skills

1. include 包含，包括

Does the price include lunch? 價錢里包括午飯嗎？

A visit to the Great Wall is included in the tour. 這次旅游包括去長城。

在作狀語時用 including sb/sth; 或sb/sth included

The price is 50 dollars, including postage.包括郵資價格是50美圓

We all laughed, the teacher included.我們都笑了，老師也笑了。

include表示包括可以分開的一個或幾個組成部分，而contain表示含有,內(nèi)含；也有容納, 裝有的意思.

Whiskey contains a large percentage of alcohol. 威士忌含酒精度很高.

Sea water contains salt. 海水中含有鹽分.

This box contains soap. 這個盒子裝有肥皂.

2. appealing 有吸引力的，有感染力的，令人感興趣的

Spending the holidays in Britain wasn’t a prospect that I found particularly appealing.

在英國度假對我并不具有吸引力。

‘ Would you really help?’ he said with an appealing look. 你真的愿意幫忙嗎？他滿臉懇求地說。

appealingly adv.

The dog looked up at her appealingly. 狗可憐巴巴地望著他。

appeal n. 上訴，申訴，感染力，吸引力， 呼吁

an appeal against the 3-match ban 不服禁賽3場令的申訴。

The Beatles have never really lost their appeal. 披頭士的感染力經(jīng)久不衰。

a look of silent appeal默默懇求的目光

appeal (to) v. 上訴，申訴； 有吸引力， 引起興趣；呼吁，

The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups. 設(shè)計要雅俗共賞，老幼皆宜。

Organizers appealed to the crowd not to panic.組織者呼吁人群不要驚慌。

3. hold back

1.躊躇不前,猶豫不定

John held back from social activity because he felt embarrassed with people.

2.抑制,控制

She was only held back from telling him her real opinion by her fear of him.

The dam held back the flooding river.

3.隱瞞,不公布

We were sure he was holding something back from us.

Do not hold back the truth. Let it out.

hold on

1.(電話)別掛斷

Wait. Hold on a minute.

2.堅持下去

Hold on until I fetch help.

I made my choice and I will hold on to the end.

hold on to 抓住不放,抓牢

Hold on to my hand tightly while we cross this street.

hold out

1.堅持抵抗,頂住壓力

You must hold out! You must bear this!

2.維持,夠用,繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)

The water won’t hold out much longer.

I think the car will hold out till we reach London

3.伸出, 拿出, 提出

The doctor didn’t hold out much hope of the patient’s recovery.

hold … back from sb 向…保密, 瞞住

Phrases and expressions:

1. get in touch with與某人取得聯(lián)系 2. football crazy足球狂

3. dream of being a professional player夢想當一個職業(yè)球員

4. score goals進球得分 5. attend training sessions上培訓(xùn)班

6. take off 起飛 7. an extraordinary career不同尋常的事業(yè)

8. a mid-field player中場球員 9. accomplish one’s aim達到目標

10. thousands of adoring Becks fans數(shù)千個崇拜貝克的球迷

11. achieve one’s ambition實現(xiàn)雄心壯志 12. an application form申請表

13. a positive attitude積極的態(tài)度 14. (receive) a formal education（受到）正規(guī)教育

15. pitch maintenance球場維護 16. office management辦公室管理

17. have a happy ending有一個快樂的結(jié)局 18. (dreams) come true（夢想）成真

19. from this point on從此以后 20. a fiercely competitive occupation競爭激烈的行業(yè)

21. nevertheless 然而，可是 22. up to date時新的，現(xiàn)代的

23. take (the) responsibility for sth/ of doing sth負起做某事的責任

24. make a good impression形成好的印象 25. create a positive effect產(chǎn)生積極的效果

26. hold back 隱瞞，畏縮不前 27. appealing information吸引人的信息

常見職業(yè)名稱英文說法

accountant會計 actor演員 actress女演員 announcer廣播員 architect建筑師

associate professor副教授 artist藝術(shù)家 astronaut宇航員 attendant服務(wù)員

auto mechanic汽車技工 auditor審計員 baker烘培師 bell boy 門童

baseball player棒球選手 bellhop旅館行李員 binman清潔工 blacksmith鐵匠

broker (agent)經(jīng)紀人 boxer拳擊手 butcher屠夫 buyer采購商

carpenter木匠 cartoonist漫畫家 cashier出納員 chemist化學(xué)師 clerk店員

clown小丑 cobbler制（補）鞋匠 dentist牙科醫(yī)生 designer設(shè)計師 dustman清潔工

computer programmer程序員 desk clerk(receptionist) 接待員 electrician電工

construction worker建筑工人 door-to-door salesman推銷員 fisherman漁夫

fashion designer時裝設(shè)計師 fireman(firefighter)消防員 florist花商

gas station attendant加油工 flyer(pilot)飛行員 gardener花匠（園丁）

geologist地質(zhì)學(xué)家 guard警衛(wèi) guide導(dǎo)游 hairdresser理發(fā)師 housekeeper管家

housewife家庭主婦 interpreter口譯員 janitor清潔工 journalist記者 judge法官

lawyer律師 life guard救生員 magician魔術(shù)師 masseur男按摩師 masseuse 女按摩師

mathematician數(shù)學(xué)家 mechanic機械師 miner礦工 model模特兒

monk和尚 movie director導(dǎo)演 movie star影星 musician音樂家 nun尼姑

nurse護士 office clerk職員 office staff上班族 operator接線員 personnel職員

pharmacist藥劑師 photographer攝影師 planner計劃員 postal clerk郵政人員

priest牧師 real estate agent房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀人 repairman修理工人 seamstress女裁縫

secretary秘書 statistician統(tǒng)計員 surveyor測量技師 tailor裁縫師

technician技術(shù)人員 traffic warden交通管理員 TV producer電視制作人

vet/veterinarian獸醫(yī) welder焊接工

完成句子（根據(jù)漢語提示補全句子，每空一詞）

1．預(yù)料今天晚些時候會宣布一項通告。

They are expected to make an announcement later on today.

2．我正設(shè)法與哥哥取得聯(lián)系，他移居澳大利亞了，那時我們就失去了聯(lián)系。

I’m trying to get in touch with my brother; he emigrated to Australia, and I lost touch with him.

3．她拒絕了我們立即離開電影院的建議。

She refused our proposal that we leave the cinema right away

4．我一眼就認出了他。

I recognized her instantly I saw her.

5．他們也加入我們一起唱起了這首歌。

They all joined us in singing the song.

6．有一份廣告工作提供給我做。

I have been offered a job in advertising.

7．過去給我們供貨的那家公司已經(jīng)停業(yè)了。

The firm that offered goods to us has gone out of business.

8．我要到倫敦去，妹妹也要去。

I’m going to London and my sister’s coming as well.

9．我們終于使他們相信我們是清白的。

We finally convinced them of our innocence.

10．我要是你就不會卷入到它們的問題中去！

If I were you, I wouldn’t be involved in their problems.

獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu):

獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，又叫獨立結(jié)構(gòu)（absolute construction）。它在句法上游離于句子主體之外，跟主句沒有任何句法聯(lián)系；但在意義上卻與主句緊密聯(lián)系在一起，共同構(gòu)成一個完整的語義環(huán)境。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語和謂語，只有邏輯上的主語，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一個獨立于句子成分之外的獨特結(jié)構(gòu)形式。

獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可置于句首、句尾，用逗號與主句隔開。

二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式

獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可分為兩部分，一部分是名詞或代詞（主格），起著邏輯主語的作用；另一部分由形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語等構(gòu)成，表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、狀況或動作。

1）名詞／代詞＋形容詞

I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of worry．我聽說她在這場事故中受了傷，內(nèi)心充滿擔憂。

He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open．月光下，門開著，他默默地站立在那。

2）名詞／代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder．冬天來了，天氣越來越冷了。

The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。

3）名詞／代詞＋過去分詞

More time given, we should have done it much better．如果給我們更多的時間，我們會做得更好。

The boy stood there, his right hand raised．那個男生站在那里，右手高舉。

4）名詞／代詞（主格）＋不定式

Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month這是前兩卷,第三卷將于下月問世。

The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend's．兩個男孩彼此道了別，一個回了家，另一個去了他朋友家。

5）名詞／代詞十介詞短語

The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand．那位獵人手里提著槍走進了樹林。

注意：這里gun in hand還可以說成with a gun in his hand，但不可以說a gun in hand或gun in his hand。

6）名詞／代詞十副詞

Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away．由于沒有人，小偷拿走了許多東西。

Lunch over, he left the house．But he was thinking．午飯結(jié)束，他離開屋。但他還在考慮。

7）名詞／代詞＋名詞

He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon．他和狼搏斗著，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。

8）with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

它的構(gòu)成是：“with ＋ 賓語 ＋ 賓語補足語”。賓語由代詞、名詞、名詞詞組充當，賓補由分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞等充當。

Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour．福爾摩斯和沃森坐著，讓燈亮了半個小時。（介詞短語）

He used to sleep with the door open．他過去常開著門睡覺。（形容詞）

With a boy leading the way, they started towards the village．由一個小男孩領(lǐng)著路，他們朝那個村子去了。（現(xiàn)在分詞）

With the work done, he went home．工作做完后，他回了家。（過去分詞）

With you to help us, we will finish the task in time．由你來幫助，我們將會及時完成任務(wù)。（不定式）

Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on at night．夜里，香港萬盞燈火，分外美麗。（副詞）

從以上例句可以看出：在with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語和賓補之間形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。當這種主謂關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為主動語態(tài)時，用現(xiàn)在分詞；當這種主謂關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為被動語態(tài)時，用過去分詞；當這種主謂關(guān)系表示將來意義時，用不定式；當這種主謂關(guān)系表示伴隨意義時，用現(xiàn)在分詞或副詞。

三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的功能

獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當于一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。

1）表示時間 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea．她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。

2）表示條件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed．若條件有利，他或許能成功。

3）表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk．沒有出租車，我們只好步行。

4）表示伴隨情況 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all．幾乎所有的金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，而銀則是最好的導(dǎo)體。

四、形式選擇中應(yīng)該注意的問題

1）現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞？

在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，主格詞與分詞形成邏輯主謂關(guān)系時，用現(xiàn)在分詞。如：Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder．一句中，“春天”和“到來”是邏輯主謂關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；主格詞與分詞形成邏輯動賓關(guān)系時，用過去分詞。如：More money given，we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained．一句中，“money”和“give”是動賓關(guān)系（被動關(guān)系），用過去分詞。

在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果強調(diào)分詞的時間發(fā)生在主句動詞時間之前，常用現(xiàn)在分詞

完成時態(tài)表示。如：The snow having stopped，she went out to sweep the snow in the yard．

現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的性質(zhì)完全不同，但在獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中，有時卻有共同之處：現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式有時可以簡化為過去分詞。例如：

As her skirt was caught on a nail, she could not move．

→Her skirt being caught on a nail, she could not move．

→Her skirt caught on a nail, she could not move．

fter his work had been finished, he went home．

→His work having been finished, he went home．

→His work finished, he went home．

2）分詞結(jié)構(gòu)還是獨立結(jié)構(gòu)？

上面的例子告訴我們，獨立結(jié)構(gòu)常常可以看作是由主從復(fù)合句中的從句變來的。但是，如果從句和主句的主語相同，則不可改為獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

Since he was very tired with his walk，he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles．

不可改為：

He being very tired with his walk，he．．．

但可改為：Being very tired with his walk ，he．．．

比較：判斷動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的方式

　　主語位置上，或動詞、介詞后的"名詞代詞 + 非謂語動詞"，如果表示的是一個事件則是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是"名詞 + 定語。請看以下各例：

He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping. (B)

A. left 　　B. being left　　 C. leaving D. be left

The road __________ caused us to stop our work for half an hour. (D)

A. blocked 　　B. was blocked 　　C. blocking　　 D. being blocked

The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college. (C)

A. had been admitted 　　B. admitted 　　C. having been admitted 　　D. having admitted