一、動詞的分類和形式：
動詞是表示動作和狀態(tài)的詞。動詞有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣3種形式的變化。
1、動詞按其能否獨立作謂語而分為：“謂語動詞”和“非謂語動詞”兩種
2、動詞的4種基本形式：動詞原形、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。
3、動詞按其構(gòu)成動詞詞組作用分為：實義動詞、連系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。1）實義動詞分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。還可分為持續(xù)性動詞和瞬間動詞；2）連系動詞有兩種：一種表特征或狀態(tài)，另一種表狀態(tài)變化過程。
4、五種不同的短語動詞：1）“動詞+介詞”；2）“動詞+副詞”；3）“動詞+副詞+介詞”；4）“動詞+名詞（或代詞）+介詞”；5）“be+形容詞（包括相當于形容詞的過去分詞+介詞”。
二、動詞的時態(tài)：
1、一般現(xiàn)在時的用法：1）表示現(xiàn)在的習慣，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。2）表示主語的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客觀事實或真理。4）表示按照計劃安排好的將來行為。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等開始或移動意義的詞。）
2、一般過去時的用法：1）表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)。2）敘述過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的事情。3）表示過去一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。
3、一般將來時的用法：1）表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。2）表示將來的經(jīng)常動作。
4、現(xiàn)在進行時的用法：1）表示說話時正在進行的動作。2）表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。（說話時動作不一定進行。）
5、過去進行進的用法：1）過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作。2）表示移動的動詞：come, start, stay, leave, go等詞的過去進行時可以表示過去的將來要發(fā)生的動作。3）was going to do可以表示在過去某一時間之后發(fā)生的動作。
6、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法：1）表示剛剛完成的動作，常與just連用。2）表示過去發(fā)生而持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，甚至延續(xù)到將來。常與since, for連用，但for, since不能與終止性的動詞連用。3）表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
7、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，它表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果、影響。一般過去時通常表示在過去某一具體時間發(fā)生的動作，與現(xiàn)在沒什么聯(lián)系。2）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的行為；一般過去時著重過去某一時刻的某一具體動作。
8、過去完成的用法：1）表示在過去某一或動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。常與by, before等介詞短語或一個狀語從句或上下文暗示。2）表示由過去某一時間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作，常和for（有時可省去）或since 構(gòu)成的短語或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
9、過去將來時的用法：表示對于過去某一時刻而言將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
練習一：動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài)（1）
1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.
A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played
2. She ______ the door before she goes away.
A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking.
3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.
A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching
4. What _____ if I drink this?
A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened
5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.
A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let
6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.
A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would
7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.
A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came
8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.
A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done
9. "Has he seen this film?" " Yes. He ______ it several days ago. "
A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing
10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come
11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.
A. has washed B. washed C. had been washing D. was washed
12. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it B. have been writing it
C. wrote it D. am writting it
13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,
A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to
14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.
A. didn't say B. couldn't speak to C. said D. didn't tell
15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built
16. " When ______ school begin?" " Next Monday. "
A. has B. does C. did D. is going to
17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.
A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return
18. I _____ here since I moved here.
A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working
19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.
A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone
20. It was said that his father ______.
A. has died B. died. C. has been dead D. had died
21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.
A. had come B. came C. will come D. come
22._____six years since I began studying English.
A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are
23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into
24. "How long haven't we seen each other? ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. "
A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met
25. "Have you seen the art exhibition?" "No, _____ there. "
A. it was not being held B. they didn't hold
C. it had not held D. they were holding it
26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.
A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped
27. "Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere." "I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. "
A. did you put/have put B. have you put/put
C. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put
28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. will come D. coming
30. ______ you ______?
A. Do/marry B. Have/married C. Have/been married D. Are/married
31. When he ______ all the newspapers, he'll go home.
A. sells B. has sold C. will have sold D. will be sold
32. "This cloth _____well and _____ long. ""Ok. I'll take it. "
A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lasted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting
33. "Hurry up, you ______ on the phone. " "Oh, I'm coming. Thank you. "
A. are wanted B. are being wanted C. want D. are wanting
34. I ______ see you, but I didn't, for I had no time.
A. had wanted to B. has wanted to C. wanted D. was wanted
35. I ______ in Guang Zhou for six years by this October.
A. have lived B. was living C. will be living D. shall have lived
36. By this time next year he ______ from the college.
A. will be graduating B. should be graduating
C. will have graduated D. is graduating
37. Our teacher told us that the earth _____ from west to east.
A. turns B. turn C. has turned D. had turned
38. My brother _____ while he _____ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell/was riding B. fell/were riding
C. had fallen/rode D. had fallen/was riding
39. Bill said he ____ twenty-one the next year.
A. was going to be B. was about to be C. could be D. was to be
40. It is high time you _____ in bed now.
A. are B. were C. will be D. would be
41. After a while an agreement _____.
A. was arrived at B. was arrived in C. was arrived D. has been arrived
42. The air liner from Beijing _____ at 3:00 p.m.
A. is about to arrive B. has arrived C. arrives D. is going to arrive
43.______,that step is not safe!
A. Look around B. Look up C. Look out D. Look down
44. "Have you _____ him to give up smoking?" "No. I _____, but he wouldn't listen."
A. persuaded/tried B. tried/persuaded C. tried/tried D. persuaded/persuaded
45. The research laboratory is going to ______ the new type of computer to use.
A. take B. make C. put D. send
46. I don't know when he ______, but when he ______, I'll let you know.
A. will come/comes B. comes/will come C. comes/comes D. will come/will come
47. How much do you think that vase _____?
A. is cost B. used C. was paid for D. cost
48. I _____ that he would be able to leave tomorrow, but it's beginning to look diffcult.
A. hope B. had hoped C. hoped D. am hoping
49. “Come on, Peter, I want to show you something.”
“Oh, how nice of you, I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.”
A. never think/are going B. never thought/ were going
C. didn’t think/ are going D. hadn’t thought/ were going
50. It’s a nice flat, but it _____ a proper bathroom.
A. haven’t got B. hasn’t got C. wouldn’t get D. doesn’t have got
51. She had a shock when she heard the news, _____?
A. hadn’t she B. didn’t she C. wouldn’t she D. won’t she
52. This liquid _____ the salt at room temperature.
A. became mixed with B. was mixed by
C. mixes with D. has been mixing by
動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)（2）
一、時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)：在復(fù)合句，從句（主要是賓語從句）中的時態(tài)，常受主句謂語動詞的影響，這就叫做時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)，時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)一般有如下的情況。
1、如果主句的謂語動詞為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，其從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)該用什么時態(tài)就用什么時態(tài)，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)，從句中的謂語動詞就要用過去時態(tài)，但要注意到下列情況：（1）如果從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作與主句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，從句中須用一般過去時或過去進行時，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，從句中須用過去完成時，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之后，從句須用過去將來時，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. (4)如果從句中說明的是一種普遍真理現(xiàn)象，雖然主句的謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)從句中仍要用一般現(xiàn)在時，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果從句中有表示具體過去時間的狀語，雖然其謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，從句仍用一般過去時，但如果該狀語表示的時間不具體，則從句仍要用過去完成時，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
二、被動語態(tài)：英語動詞的語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，在被動語態(tài)的句子中，動作的執(zhí)行者，一般由介詞by引起的短語來表示，如:We often help them. (主動)我們常幫助他們。They are often helped by us.(被動)他們常被我們幫助。
1、被動語態(tài)各時態(tài)的形式是由助動詞be的各時態(tài)的形式加及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。
2、被動語態(tài)八種時態(tài)的用法例句:被動語態(tài)常用的八種時態(tài)的基本用法和主動語態(tài)各時態(tài)的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主語不是動作的執(zhí)行者，而是動作的承受者，如:(1)一般現(xiàn)在時：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般過去時：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般將來時: When will the work be finished? (4)過去將來時：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)現(xiàn)在進行時：
Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)過去進行時：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)現(xiàn)在完成時：The work hasn’t been finished yet. (8)過去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.
3、在下列情況下，一般使用被動語態(tài)：（1）當不知道動作執(zhí)行者是誰或沒有必要提到動作執(zhí)行者時，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）當強調(diào)或突出動作承受者的作用時，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.
4、由主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)的幾種句型：（1）將一個句子由主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時，可按下列步驟進行：①先將主動結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語；②再將主動語態(tài)動詞改為被動語態(tài)動詞；③最后在被動語態(tài)之后加介詞by，并將主動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語放在by之后（經(jīng)常被省略），構(gòu)成介詞短語；④由主動語態(tài)動詞改為被動語態(tài)動詞時，要注意被動語態(tài)動詞中助動詞be的各種形式變化，因為被動語態(tài)動詞的不同人稱和數(shù)是由助動詞be不同的形式來表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主動語態(tài)動詞后又有直接賓語，又有間接賓語，一般是將間接賓語改為被動語態(tài)句中的主語，將直接賓語保留在原處。如將直接賓語改為被動語態(tài)句中的主語，將間接賓語保留在原處時，一般要在間接賓語前加介詞to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （３）主動語態(tài)中的賓語加帶有賓語補足語時，改為被動語態(tài)時，就將賓語改為主語，將賓補保留在原處，而成為被動語態(tài)句中主語的補足語了。賓補可以有下列幾種情況：①賓補為動詞不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在動詞make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主動語態(tài)里可要省略，而被動語態(tài)里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②賓補為分詞，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③賓補為形容詞、副詞、名詞或介詞短語，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主動語態(tài)中的謂語動詞為短語動詞，改為被動語態(tài)時，要注意不要遺漏短語中的介詞或副詞，以保持短語動詞的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （５）含有情態(tài)動詞的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時是將情態(tài)動詞后面的動詞原形改為被動語態(tài)，因其前有情態(tài)動詞，所以構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的助動詞be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等結(jié)構(gòu)，其作用相當于情態(tài)動詞或助動詞，在改為被動語態(tài)時，只需將后面的動詞原形改為被動語態(tài)即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
練習二、動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài)（2）
53. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week.
A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold
54. I'm sorry, sir. Your recorder isn't ready yet. It _____ in the factory.
A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasn't repaired
55. Every possible means , but none prove successful.
A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried
56. _______ that they can pass the written exam this time.
A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. That hopes D. It hopes
57. My little sister has broken my watch. ---- My watch _____ by my little sister.
A. is broken B. has broken C. have been broken D. has been broken
58. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.
---- His room _____ by him when I entered the room.
A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned
59. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.
---- This novel _____ reading (by me) by dinner time.
A. will have finished . B. will has been finished
C. will have being finished D. will have been finished
60. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. ----These three rooms ______ (by you).
A. are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept clean
C. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean
61. You are about to write a poem, aren't you? ---- A poem _____ (by you), _____ ?
A. is about to be written, aren't you B. is about to be writing, isn’t it
C. is about to be writing, aren't you D. is about to be written, isn’t it
62. She had better leave a note to him. ---- A note _____ to him (by her).
A. had better left B. had be better left C. had better be left D. had better been left
63. He doesn't do his homework every day. ---- His homework ______ by him every day.
A. doesn't be done B. aren't done C. don't be done D. isn’t done
64. We must take care of our parents when they are old. ---- Our parents ______ when they are old.
A. must be taken care B. must be took cars C. must take care of D. must be taken care of
65. People look down upon him because he is a liar. ---- He _____ because he is a liar.
A. is looked down B. is looked down upon C. looks down upon D. looks down
66. Father will give me a dictionary on my birthday.
---- A dictionary ______ me by Father on my birthday.
A. shall be given to B. will give C. shall give to D. will be giving to
67. We elected her leader. ---- She by us.
A. is elected leader B. was leader elected C. was elected leader D. leader was elected
68. ---- People who live along this road receive their mail in these boxes.
---- Why are all of the______?
A. grey painted mailboxes B. mailboxes grey painted
C. mailboxes painted grey D. painted grey mailboxes
69. I saw him enter the room. ---- He ______ the room.
A. is seen enter B. is seen to enter C. was seen to enter D. was seen enter
70. The question asked by him is hard _____ .
A. to answer B. to be answered C. to be answering D. for answer
71. How sweet the music ______!
A. sounds to be B. is sounded C. is sounded to be D. sounds
72. In warm weather fruit and meat ______ long.
A. don't keep B. cannot be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping
73. He received a telegram ___ "Mother Sick."
A. written B. said C. reading D. writing
74. The classroom ______ 30 feet long.
A. measures B. is measured C. has D. has length
75. Do you remember ______ ?
A. how it is done B. it how to be done C. How is it done by D. how to do
76. to have been rich.
A. They say B. It is said C. He is said D. That was said
77. Mathematics is difficult ______.
A. to learn B. for learning C. to be learned D. of learning
78. My hair is so long that I must go to a barber's shop and______.
A. have to cut it B. have it cut C. get it to be cut D. to cut it
79. The pencil ______ well.
A. writes B. is written C. was written D. writing
80. ---- I can't see the blackboard very well. ---- Perhaps you need ______.
A. to examine your eyes B. to have your eyes examined
C. to have examined your eyes D. to be examined your eyes
81. ---- Where is the coffee table? ---- Tom just had it ____ away.
A. move B. moving C. moved D. moves
82. Good medicine ______ to the mouth.
A. tastes bitter B. tastes bitterly C. is tasted bitter D. is tasted bitterly
83. Which girl won the prize? _____
A. By which girl is the prize won? B. Which girl was the prize won?
C. By which girl did she win the prize? D. By which girl was the prize won?
84. --- Where did you get that handsome picture? ---- It was _____ by my father.
A. given for us B. a gift to us C. given to us D. a gift for us
85. A young hen is ______ a chicken.
A. named B. known C. spelled D. called
86. ---- How does Alma like her new work? ---- She ______ with the hour.
A. can't satisfy B. isn't satisfied C. doesn't satisfy D. hasn't satisfied
87. ---- Why do you call your son Mouse? ---- He wants ______ by the name.
A. to call B. to be called C. to be calling D. being called
88. His idea, though good, needs ______ out.
A. being tried B. to try C. tried D. to be tried
89. The man living in the next door is known _____the police.
A. with B. to C. by D. of
90. Cotton is first made ______ thread and then it was woven ______ cloth.
A. up of, up of B. into, into C. of, of D. from, from
91. ______ here last night.
A. Something strange was happened B. Strange something was happened
C. Something strange happened D. Strange something happened
92. ---- I'd like to buy that coat. ---- I'm sorry, _____.
A. it was sold B. it's selling C. it's been sold D. it had been sold
93. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but_____.
A. man did not put it to use in war two hundred years liter
B. until two centuries more it was used in war
C. not used in war until two hundred years later
D. in war did not use it two hundred years afterwards
94. The five-year-old girl by her parents.
A. is looked B. has looked for C. is being looked for D. has been looked