Unit 16. Jobs and careers
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Reading
1. take off 起飛； 脫下，摘下，迅速流行，換下，終止，取消； 休假，休息，剪掉，切除（人體）；模仿
The plane took off an hour late. 飛機(jī)起飛晚了一小時(shí)。
Her singing career took off after her TV appearance. 她在電視上亮相后歌唱事業(yè)迅速起飛。
I’ve decided to take a few days off next week. 我已經(jīng)決定下周休息幾天。
The show was taken off because of poor audience figures. 該劇因不賣座而停演了。
2. accomplish 完成，達(dá)到，實(shí)現(xiàn)
accomplish finish, complete 區(qū)別
1） accomplish經(jīng)常接task, aim, journey, voyage 等名詞。 如：
The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks. 探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)在五周內(nèi)完成了航程。
The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished. 計(jì)劃的第一部分已順利完成。
2) complete比accomplish具體， 可接簡化組，工程，書籍等名詞。 指“按預(yù)期目的把未完成的工作經(jīng)進(jìn)一步的努力使之完成”， 主要涵義是“補(bǔ)足缺少的部分”。 如：
The building will be completed by the end of this month. 這座樓將于本月底完成。
3) finish 在許多情況下可與complete 換用， 但不及complete 正式。 常含有“認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地完成工作的最后階段的精工修飾，使之完美”的意思。 如
I have to finish writing the book by this weekend. 我得在本周末寫完這本書。
3. vacant 空著的，未被占用的；（職位）空缺的；（目光，表情等）無神的，呆滯的
When the post finally fell (= became) vacant, they offered it to Fiona.這個(gè)職位最終空缺后，他們給了Fiona。
The seat next to him was vacant. 他旁邊的座位是空的。
a vacant look呆滯的目光
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
4. offer vt. 提出，提供，愿意做某事 常用搭配（offer sb sth, offer sth to sb offer to do sth）
The young man offered the old man his seat. 年輕人給那個(gè)老人讓座。
They decided to offer the job to Jo. They decided to offer JO the job. 他們決定給喬那個(gè)工作。
They offered to help us. 他們愿意幫我們。
n. 提供，提議
Thank you for your offer of help. 謝謝你提供幫助。
5. Count vi. 有價(jià)值；重要；有用
Every second counts.
每一秒鐘都很重要。
v. 數(shù), 計(jì)算, 數(shù)；算; 認(rèn)為；視為；看作
be counted as 被認(rèn)為
I count him among my closest friends. 我把他看作我最好的朋友。
For tax purposes that the money counts/ is counted as income. 那筆錢算做收入，需要納稅。
to count from 1 to 100 從1數(shù)到100
Count these apples. 清點(diǎn)一下這些蘋果。
count it an honor (to do sth.) （把做某事）引以為榮
6. assess 評價(jià)，評定（質(zhì)量，性質(zhì)）
It’s difficult to assess the effects of these changes. 很難評價(jià)這些變化的影響。
The young men were assessed as either safe or unsafe drivers. 這些年輕人被評定為安全或不安全的司機(jī)。
The committee assesses whether a building is worth preserving. 委員會評估建筑物是否該保留。
7. spot 斑點(diǎn)，點(diǎn)，污點(diǎn)，（皮膚上的）丘疹等。 地點(diǎn)，場所，少量 vt. （不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)）看見，注意到，發(fā)現(xiàn)
She was wearing a black skirt with white spots. 她穿著黑色帶白點(diǎn)的裙子。
The baby’s whole body was covered in small red spots.嬰兒的全身都是小紅疙瘩。
He showed me the exact spot where he had asked her to marry him. 他把當(dāng)時(shí)向她求婚的確切地點(diǎn)指給我看。
I felt a few spots of rain. 我感到飄來幾滴雨。
on the spot 當(dāng)場，當(dāng)下，在下場，在原地He answered the question on the spot. 他當(dāng)場回答了我的問題。
An ambulance was on the spot within minutes. 幾分鐘內(nèi)，一輛救護(hù)車趕到了現(xiàn)場。
Running on the spot is good exercise. 原地跑步是很好的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
8 salary， income, pay, wages區(qū)別
Income 用以指一個(gè)人或單位所得得收入， 不僅限于工資。 例如：
A family with two incomes 雙份收入的家庭。
DINGKY double incomes, no kids yet.
Pay 一般指顧主定期付給的工資的通用的詞。 如pay-day 指每星期或每月領(lǐng)取工資的日子。
He doesn’t like the job, but the pay is good. 他不喜歡那個(gè)工作， 但是薪水很高。
Wage 一般指按星期或按日發(fā)放的工資，通常為現(xiàn)款，一般按小時(shí)，日，星期或按照完成一定的工作量計(jì)算。 Wage-earner 通常指體力勞動(dòng)者。 如：
We expect a fair day’s wage for a fair day’s work. 我們做好一天的工作， 就希望得到一天應(yīng)得的工資。
Salary 一般按月計(jì)算，常指直接撥入領(lǐng)取者的銀行帳戶內(nèi)。一般用于專業(yè)人士或在辦公室工作的人員。 如：
The company is offering a salary of $30,000 per year. 那家公司招聘職員，年薪30000美圓。
Fee 指付給律師，醫(yī)生等的報(bào)酬，如
Pay the lawyer’s fee 付律師費(fèi)。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
9 from this point on 從那時(shí)起 on one point 曾經(jīng)，一度
I think I even told you that at one point. 我認(rèn)為我曾經(jīng)告訴過你那件事。
At one point she was aware of two nurses speaking about an outing they were planning with their boyfriends. 她一度聽見兩個(gè)護(hù)士談起她們計(jì)劃與男朋友一起出去。
At one point he turned his head, listening for Emily. 一度，他轉(zhuǎn)過頭，聽Emily的聲音。
時(shí)刻，關(guān)頭，瞬間，階段
The climber was at / on the point of death when they found him. 當(dāng)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)登山者的時(shí)候，他已奄奄一息。
We were on the point of giving up.我們當(dāng)時(shí)幾乎要放棄了。
At this point I don’t care what you decide to do. 在這個(gè)時(shí)候，我不在意你怎么做了。
Point n. 論點(diǎn)，觀點(diǎn) （point of view ）地方，標(biāo)點(diǎn)，尖，
She made several interesting points in the article. 她在文章中提出了幾個(gè)有趣的觀點(diǎn)。
I take your point 我贊同你的看法。
重點(diǎn)，要點(diǎn) （brief and to the point ）
The point is you shouldn’t have to wait so long to see a doctor. 關(guān)鍵是看病不該等那么長時(shí)間。
I wish he would get to the point. 我但愿他快點(diǎn)說正題。
目的
What’s the point of all this violence? 這些暴行的意圖何在？
There’s no point in getting angry. 發(fā)火是沒有用的。
具體細(xì)節(jié)（或事實(shí)）
Here are the main points of the news. 以下是新聞?wù)?/p>
Can you explain that point again? 你能在解釋一下那一點(diǎn)嗎？
vi. point at/to, point out
Language study
10。 up to date adj. 直到最近的, 新式的, 現(xiàn)代的
We would like to see qualified people who are technically up to date.我們愿意看到技術(shù)上更新的稱職的人。
Teachers are asked to ensure that their entries for the new class lists are brought up to date by the end of July. 教師被要求保證在7月前更新他們的新的課程名單目錄。
11. essential adj. 本質(zhì)的, 實(shí)質(zhì)的, 基本的, 提煉的, 精華的
n. 本質(zhì), 實(shí)質(zhì), 要素, 要點(diǎn)
Food is essential to life. 食物是維持生命不可或缺的。
Food is essential for life. 食物是生命所必需的。
Impartiality is essential to a judge. 公平是當(dāng)法官所必需的。
Her most essential quality is kindness. 她最主要的品質(zhì)是厚道。
It is essential to keep the two groups separate 將兩組分開是完全必要的。
It is essential that you have some experience.你必須得有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
The studio had all the essentials like heating and running water. 工作室有基本設(shè)施，如暖氣裝置和水。
the essentials of English grammar 英語語法基礎(chǔ)
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Integrating skills
12. addition 加，加法。 增加物，添加物 （常用搭配：addition to , in addition (to)）
children learning addition and subtraction 學(xué)習(xí)加減發(fā)的兒童。
an addition to the family 這家新添的一口人。
Pasta’s basic ingredients are flour and water, sometimes with the addition of eggs or oil. 意大利面條的主要成分是面粉和水，有時(shí)加雞蛋和食用油。
in addition (to sb/sth) 除。。以外還。。。
In addition to these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight. 除了這些安排之外，另增加救護(hù)車值班至午夜。
There is, in addition, one further point to make.12. hold back. 此外，還有一點(diǎn)要說。
13. appealing 有吸引力的，有感染力的，令人感興趣的
Spending the holidays in Britain wasn’t a prospect that I found particularly appealing. 在英國度假對我并不具有吸引力。
‘Would you really help?’ he said with an appealing look. 你真的愿意幫忙嗎？他滿臉懇求地說。
appealingly adv.: The dog looked up at her appealingly. 狗可憐巴巴地望著他。
Appeal n. 上訴，申訴，感染力，吸引力， 呼吁
an appeal against the 3-match ban 不服禁賽3場令的申訴。
The Beatles have never really lost their appeal. 披頭士的感染力經(jīng)久不衰。
a look of silent appeal默默懇求的目光。
v. appeal to 上訴，申訴； 有吸引力， 引起興趣；呼吁，
The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups. 設(shè)計(jì)要雅俗共賞，老幼皆宜。
Organizers appealed to the crowd not to panic.組織者呼吁人群不要驚慌。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，又叫獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)（absolute construction）。它在句法上游離于句子主體之外，跟主句沒有任何句法聯(lián)系；但在意義上卻與主句緊密聯(lián)系在一起，共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的語義環(huán)境。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語和謂語，只有邏輯上的主語，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一個(gè)獨(dú)立于句子成分之外的獨(dú)特結(jié)構(gòu)形式。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可置于句首、句尾，用逗號與主句隔開。
二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可分為兩部分，一部分是名詞或代詞（主格），起著邏輯主語的作用；另一部分由形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語等構(gòu)成，表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、狀況或動(dòng)作。
1）名詞／代詞＋形容詞
I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry．我聽說她在這場事故中受了傷，內(nèi)心充滿擔(dān)憂。
He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open．月光下，門開著，他默默地站立在那。
2）名詞／代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天來了，天氣越來越冷了。
The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。
3）名詞／代詞＋過去分詞
More time given，we should have done it much better．如果給我們更多的時(shí)間，我們會做得更好。
The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那個(gè)男生站在那里，右手高舉。
4）名詞／代詞（主格）＋不定式
Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month．這是前兩卷，第三卷將于下月問世。
The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend's．兩個(gè)男孩彼此道了別，一個(gè)回了家，另一個(gè)去了他朋友家。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
5）名詞／代詞十介詞短語
The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand．那位獵人手里提著槍走進(jìn)了樹林。
注意：這里，gun in hand還可以說成with a gun in his hand，但不可以說a gun in hand或gun in his hand。
6）名詞／代詞十副詞
Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away．由于沒有人，小偷拿走了許多東西。
Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking．午飯結(jié)束，他離開屋。但他還在考慮。
7）名詞／代詞＋名詞
He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon．他和狼搏斗著，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
8）with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
它的構(gòu)成是：“with ＋ 賓語 ＋ 賓語補(bǔ)足語”。賓語由代詞、名詞、名詞詞組充當(dāng)，賓補(bǔ)由分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞等充當(dāng)。
Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour．福爾摩斯和沃森坐著，讓燈亮了半個(gè)小時(shí)。（介詞短語）
He used to sleep with the door open．他過去常開著門睡覺。（形容詞）
With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village．由一個(gè)小男孩領(lǐng)著路，他們朝那個(gè)村子去了。（現(xiàn)在分詞）
With the work done，he went home．工作做完后，他回了家。（過去分詞）
With you to help us，we will finish the task in time．由你來幫助，我們將會及時(shí)完成任務(wù)。（不定式）
Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on at night．夜里，香港萬盞燈火，分外美麗。（副詞）
從以上例句可以看出：在with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。當(dāng)這種主謂關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為主動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞；當(dāng)這種主謂關(guān)系表現(xiàn)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，用過去分詞；當(dāng)這種主謂關(guān)系表示將來意義時(shí)，用不定式；當(dāng)這種主謂關(guān)系表示伴隨意義時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞或副詞。
三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的功能
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，常用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。
1）表示時(shí)間
Her work done ，she sat down for a cup of tea．她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。
2）表示條件
The condition being favourable ，he may succeed．若條件有利，他或許能成功。
3）表示原因
There being no taxis，we had to walk．沒有出租車，我們只好步行。
4）表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all．幾乎所有的金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，而銀則是最好的導(dǎo)體。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
四、形式選擇中應(yīng)該注意的問題
1）現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞？
在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，主格詞與分詞形成邏輯主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞。如：Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder．一句中，“春天”和“到來”是邏輯主謂關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；主格詞與分詞形成邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，用過去分詞。如：More money given，we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained．一句中，“money”和“give”是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系（被動(dòng)關(guān)系），用過去分詞。
在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的時(shí)間發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)詞時(shí)間之前，常用現(xiàn)在分詞
完成時(shí)態(tài)表示。如：The snow having stopped，she went out to sweep the snow in the yard．
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的性質(zhì)完全不同，但在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中，有時(shí)卻有共同之處：現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式有時(shí)可以簡化為過去分詞。例如：
As her skirt was caught on a nail，she could not move．
→Her skirt being caught on a nail，she could not move．
→Her skirt caught on a nail，she could not move．
After his work had been finished，he went home．
→His work having been finished，he went home．
→His work finished，he went home．
2）分詞結(jié)構(gòu)還是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)？
上面的例子告訴我們，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常常可以看作是由主從復(fù)合句中的從句變來的。但是，如果從句和主句的主語相同，則不可改為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Since he was very tired with his walk，he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles．
不可改為：
He being very tired with his walk，he．．．
但可改為：Being very tired with his walk ，he．．．
比較：判斷動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的方式
主語位置上，或動(dòng)詞、介詞后的"名詞代詞 + 非謂語動(dòng)詞"，如果表示的是一個(gè)事件則是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是"名詞 + 定語。請看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left B. being left C. leaving D . be left
insist on后不接從句，D可以排除。這里表達(dá)的是堅(jiān)持要求"開著窗子睡覺"，所以應(yīng)該是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為B。
The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked
做主語的表示上班遲到的原因，自然應(yīng)該是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以還是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為D。
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted
消息表達(dá)的應(yīng)該是個(gè)事件，說明不是"被錄取的孩子"，介詞of后不可能接從句，說明of后為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案是C。