1 cover a glass of water with…

cover…with…

The furniture was covered with dust. 家具上落滿了灰塵

The city covers 25 square miles. 這個(gè)城市占地25平方公里

The book covers the period from 1840 to 1914. 這本書涉及了從1840至1919這個(gè)時(shí)期的歷史

I only bought this book because of its cover. 我是為了這本書的封面才買了它

2 upside down

You’ve got that picture upside down. 你把那圖片弄倒了

The office is being decorated, so everything is upside down.

辦公室正在裝修,因此所有東西都亂七八糟的

3 fill one glass with…

fill…with… be full of…

4 protect

We must protect children. 我們必須保護(hù)兒童

protect…from… 保護(hù)…不受/免受…

Protect the plants from the cold. 保護(hù)植物使不受凍

In summer, people like to wear glasses to protect themselves from the sunshine.

夏天,人們喜歡戴眼鏡保護(hù)眼睛

prevent…from stop…from keep…from

5 mariner 水手

marine 海產(chǎn)的,海的; 船只或艦隊(duì)

Seals and whales are marine animals. 海豹和鯨是海中的動(dòng)物。

Her husband is a US marine. 她丈夫是一名美國(guó)海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)士兵。

6 sailor 船員；水手；水兵

The sailors landed on Dalian. 船員在大連上岸。

I am a bad sailor. 我是個(gè)愛暈船的人。

7 cube 方塊，立方體；立方，三次冪

The cube of 2 is 8. 2的立方/三次冪是8。

Ice cube 冰塊 cube root 立方根

8…whether you can come up with…

come up with… 想出，提出（計(jì)劃、答復(fù)等）

The airline has come up with a solution to the problem. 航空公司想出辦法來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

9 Who benefits from…

benefit v. 獲益，對(duì)……有利 n.利益，益處

Exercise benefits our health. 運(yùn)動(dòng)有益于我們的健康。

Your advice benefited me a great deal. 你的建議對(duì)我很有好處。

benefit 作不及物動(dòng)詞，“獲益；得益于”接介詞from/by

We benefit from daily exercises. 每天做操對(duì)我們有益。

be of benefit to sb. 對(duì)……有好處Your advice was of great benefit to me.

for the benefit of 為了……的利益

10 property 財(cái)產(chǎn)；占有物；所有權(quán)；特性

This small house is my only property. 這所小房子是我唯一的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

One property of steel is its hardness. 堅(jiān)固是鋼的特性之一。

11 percent n. 百分比

How much percent…? What percentage of …?

The sales have increased by 20 percent this month. 這個(gè)月的銷售量增長(zhǎng)了20%。

12 range

vt.排列；歸類；常與on, in, along等介詞連用，表示方向或趨勢(shì)。

I ranged the books on the shelf according to size. 我把書依大小順序排在書架上。

vi.在……范圍內(nèi)變動(dòng)；

The road ranges westward from the road. 這條湖由湖邊向西延伸。

n.范圍 （認(rèn)知、知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)或能力方面） 不可數(shù)名詞

be out of one’s range 某人所不能及的

變化（范圍） What is the range of this telescope? 這架望遠(yuǎn)鏡的有效距離是多大？

山脈；延展的一組或一系列

The library has ranges of books in perfect order. 這個(gè)圖書館的書一排一排放得井井有條。

13 all the way 一直，始終

Jack climbed all the way to the top of the tree. JACK一直爬到了樹頂。

14 up to He came up to me. 他向我走來(lái) It’s up to me to teach them English. 由我負(fù)責(zé)教他們英語(yǔ)

What is he up ? 他在做什么？ up to now 直到現(xiàn)在

15 What makes the ocean such a great place to live?

To live 不定式做后置定語(yǔ) such 的用法

16 the way the water molecule is formed gives water…

in the way 以這種方式 in a way 在某種程度上 in one’s way 擋路的 out of way 不擋路，避開

17 affect v.影響 Smoking affects health. n. effect take effect

18 take advantage of

19 Heat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance by …分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)

區(qū)分ability, capacity& capability

20 give off

21 add to, add…to… add up, add up to

22 Isn’t it amazing that a single substance can be so important to our planet and even the whole universe?

情 態(tài) 動(dòng) 詞（1 ）

問(wèn) 句 - 答 語(yǔ)

Can you wait a few days for the money?

Yes, I can.

No, I can’t.

May I watch TV after supper?

Yes, you may.

No, you mayn’t.

,you mustn’t.

,you’d better not.

Must I be home before 8:00?

Yes, you must.

No, you needn’t.

you don’t have to

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法：

1． 無(wú)人稱 數(shù)的變化

2． 后接動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，省略句除外

3否定式 否定詞緊跟在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的后面

4疑問(wèn)式 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞前移到主語(yǔ)

Can could

1. 能力 He can drive a bus. (各種句式) He said he could use a computer two years ago.

2．許可 You can go now. He said I could borrow his bike

Can I go now?

3．可能性 （否 問(wèn)） It can’t be Mr. Zhang. He couldn’t be M.

Can it be M? Could it be M

（無(wú)時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別，只表示可能性的大小）

4．could比 can語(yǔ)氣更委婉客氣，無(wú)時(shí)間的區(qū)別，主要用于問(wèn)句，不用于肯定句，答語(yǔ)用 can

Could I come here again tomorrow?

Yes, you can. No, I’m afraid not.

Can be able to

表示現(xiàn)在 將來(lái) 過(guò)去互用 區(qū)別

1. 指過(guò)去某一具體事情，在肯定句用be able to表示主語(yǔ)不僅用能力而且實(shí)際上已經(jīng)做到了 He was a good swimmer, so when the boat was broken, he __ swim to the bank. (*was able to can could were able to) He could pass the exam. ( Could表示主語(yǔ)有能力，而不表明實(shí)際去做)

3. He worked hard but couldn’t / wasn’t able to pass… (could的否定式和was able to 的否定式可互用)

4. can時(shí)態(tài)少于be able to: haven’t be able to , is able to , will be able to

May might

1. 允諾

May I watch TV now? Might I go with you ?

You may go now

2. 可能性（肯定句 否定句）

He may be busy these days.

The story may not be true.

3. 祝愿

May you enjoy yourself!

May you succeed.

Must

1. 必須 應(yīng)當(dāng)

Must I do it at once? We must obey all the rules. You mustn’t smoke here.

2. 必然的規(guī)律

All men must die.

3. 推測(cè) (肯定)

It must be M.

Must 主觀 You mustn’t go.（禁止 不允許）You don’t have to go.（不必）兩者不能換用

have to客觀 The bridge is broken, so I have to go to the other bank across the river.

Need dare

行為動(dòng)詞： 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：

有人稱 數(shù)的變化 主要用于 否定句 疑問(wèn)句

后接不等式 I dare say 是固定用法

否定式要用don’t doesn’t didn’t…

疑問(wèn)式用Do does did…

Dare 的否定式 疑問(wèn)式后的to可以省略

He doesn’t need to answer this question.

Does he dare to…

判斷：

need

1. *He need to do… 2. * needs do 3. needs to

4. doesn’t need to 5 *doesn’t need do 6 *needn’t to

7 needn’t do 8 *Does he need do…? 9 Do you need to do

10 Need you to do 11 Need he do 12 *He need do

13 *Needs he do 14 *Needs he do 15 *We need to do

dare

1.I dare say you are wrong.

2.I don’t dare to ask her.

3.I don’t dare ask her.

4.*He dare do it

4. * dares do

5. dares to do

6. doesn’t dare to do

7. dare not to do

8. * dare not do

9. Does he dare to do

10. Dare you go How dared they do such a thing?

11. I won’t allow you to swim across the river, even if you dare do it.

12. We must dare to ask

13. I have never dared to tell him about it

14. The party called on us to dare to think, to speak and to act.

15. She stopped at the door , not daring to enter.

16. *Dare you to go

shall

1．一 三人稱問(wèn)句，請(qǐng)求指示，征詢意見

Shall we start now?

When shall he be able to leave the hospital?

Shall he come in?

2．二 三命令 警告 威脅 強(qiáng)制，允諾

You shall do as I say.

You shall fail if you don’t work harder. (warning)

He shall have the book when I finish reading.

Should

1.=ought to 勸告建議 常指表示自己的主觀看法,問(wèn)句中通常代替ought to

ought to 語(yǔ)氣較重，含有“按道理應(yīng)當(dāng)” 常指 反映客觀情況，或涉及法律 義務(wù) 規(guī)定；

You should go to class right away.

Should I open the window?

14 第一人稱 表示說(shuō)話人的謙遜 客氣 委婉

I should think it would be better to try it again.

You are mistaken, I should say.

This is sth I should have liked to ask you.

15 在條件句中，“萬(wàn)一”，主句仍用正常句子，不一定用虛擬

Ask her ring me up if you should see her.

If you should change your mind, please let us know.

Should I,I will come.

16 Why/how + should 表示不能理解，感到意外，驚異 “竟會(huì)”

Why should you be so late today?

---Where is B living?

---How I should know?

I don’t know why you should think that I did it.

Will would

1． 意愿

I will never do that again. He said he wouldn’t do that again.

2． 問(wèn)句 詢問(wèn)對(duì)方意愿

Will you go there with me ... Would you like to …

3． 習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作 或某種傾向

Fish will die out of water. He would play the violin on Sundays

She will talk for hours if you give him the chance. She would sit that for hours.

4.will be will have done 二 三人稱，對(duì)現(xiàn)在 或已完成的推測(cè)

This will be the book you want.

He will have arrived by now.

可 能 性

can不表示實(shí)際的可能性，而是“理論上的可能性”，或暫時(shí)性的可能性

要表示實(shí)際可能性用could may might

Accidents can happen on such rainy days.

We can go climbing this summer.(error, 不表示未來(lái)的可能性)

We may go…

情 態(tài) 動(dòng) 詞 + 完 成 時(shí)

1． Can /could + have done 問(wèn)句 否定句

對(duì)過(guò)去事情的推測(cè)

過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能 “本來(lái)可以 本來(lái)可能”

could可以用于肯定句

You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.

I saw M just now. He couldn’t have gone to B.

2． May /might + have done 肯定句 否定句

對(duì)過(guò)去事情的推測(cè)

“ 本來(lái)可能” 但沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)“本來(lái)可以” 但沒(méi)做，有責(zé)備之意

He may /might have gone home.

He ……………not have finished the work

You should not have climbed that hill. You might have been killed yourself.

You might have given him more help, though you were busy.

3．Must + have done 肯定句

對(duì)過(guò)去事情的推測(cè)，否定句用can’t / couldn’t have done

It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy.

He can’t have been to B, for he knows too little about it.

4. 反意問(wèn)句

It must have rained last night,____? didn’t it

5. Need + have done 否定句 疑問(wèn)句

本來(lái)沒(méi)必要做，但做了

You needn’t have told her the news ,for I had told her earlier.

本來(lái)沒(méi)必要做，結(jié)果也沒(méi)做，用didn’t need to

You didn’t need to clean the windows. My sister did it

6. Should / ought to + have done

You should have come to the meeting earlier.

He ought not to have broken the window.

7. Had better + have done 當(dāng)時(shí)最好

You had better have started earlier.

8. would rather +have done 當(dāng)時(shí)寧愿做了 或沒(méi)做

I would rather have refuse his offer.

I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.

情 態(tài) 動(dòng) 詞 對(duì) 當(dāng) 前 的 推 測(cè)

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be +n. /adj. /doing 注意句式

You can’t be serious .

I hear water running. He must be having a bath.

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.

A. must B. should C. need D. would

解析：選B. “should have +過(guò)去分詞” 表示“過(guò)去本來(lái)應(yīng)該(但沒(méi)能)做某事”；

keep one’s promise 意為“信守諾言”。

2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.

A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would

解析：選A.“ could have+過(guò)去分詞表示過(guò)去本來(lái)應(yīng)該(但沒(méi)能)做某事”。

3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.

A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been

解析：選D. “You should have been more careful”. 意為：你本來(lái)應(yīng)該更細(xì)心的。

4．Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.

A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't

解析：選C. can’t be at home 意為：不可能在家。

5．---I can’t understand why our boss is late.---He the early bus.

A. could miss B. may have missed C. can have missed D. might miss

解析：選B. “may have+過(guò)去分詞”表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的判斷，意為：可能做了某事。 注意：can表示可能時(shí)，只能用于疑問(wèn)句和反問(wèn)句。

6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.

A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been

解析：選D. 表示：對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的肯定推測(cè)。

7．The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.

A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying

解析：選D. 意為：她剛才肯定一直在哭。對(duì)過(guò)去某事正發(fā)生的推測(cè)。

8．He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.

A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having

解析：選A. 對(duì)現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事情的否定推測(cè)。

9．I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .

A. may be stolen B. must be stolen C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen

解析：選C. 對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情 的肯定推測(cè)的被動(dòng)式。

10. ______ Mr. Black_______go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?

A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to

解析：選C. used to do的疑問(wèn)式，可以是Used+主語(yǔ)+to do ?或Did +主語(yǔ)+use to do?

11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.

A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not

解析：選D. 說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為不必要乘車, need 為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?

A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May

解析：選B. 在疑問(wèn)句中shall 用于第三人稱，也表示征求意見。

13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you? ---Yes I am afraid I ______ .

A. need B. needn’t C. must D. mustn’t

解析：選C. Yes的意思是：不。意為：恐怕我必須現(xiàn)在就做。

14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?

A. should B. must C. could D. would

解析：選C. could/can have done 用于否定推測(cè)和疑問(wèn)推測(cè)。

15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it? ----Of course.

A． Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do

解析：選B. shall 用在疑問(wèn)句中，常用于第一，三人稱， 表示征求意見或請(qǐng)求指示。

16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.

A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t

解析：選B. 根據(jù)句意用mustn’t

17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.

A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left

解析：選C. have to 表示客觀需要，must表示主觀需要。學(xué)生證必須放在此是客觀需要。

18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?” “Yes, but _____ it”

A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do

解析：選B. would rather 加完成時(shí)表示對(duì)完成了的或過(guò)去了的事情的態(tài)度。意為：當(dāng)時(shí)是不情愿做的。

19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!” “_______” .

A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t

解析：選D. A為錯(cuò)誤的表達(dá)方式；B和C沒(méi)有直接回答對(duì)方的問(wèn)候。

20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?

A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D.can

解析：選C. 對(duì)表否定的must進(jìn)行反意疑問(wèn)時(shí)，要用句子的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.

A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will not D. may not

解析：選A. 否定推測(cè)用can’t不用mustn’t

22. “Do you have to leave now?” “I am very sorry, but I really______.”

A. can’t B. have C. should D. must

解析：選D. 回答have to 的疑問(wèn)句用must作肯定回答。

23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?” “_________?”

A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you D. No, we’d better not

解析：選D. A,B,C都 不能回答shall we, 此處D的語(yǔ)氣比較婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣。

24. “Can I take it away?” “ You ______ better not.”

A. should B. could C. would D. had

解析：選D. had better 與不帶to 的不定式構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，可以變成疑問(wèn)句：Hadn’t you better----

25. You _______ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.

A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t

解析：選B. 本來(lái)不必要做某事.

26. See who is there!______it be May?

A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will

解析：選C. 表推測(cè)時(shí)A，B都用作疑問(wèn)句。

27. John______ be a basketball player. He is much too short.

A. may B. mustn’t C. can’t D. should

解析：選C. 斷然的不定推測(cè)用can’t

28. The Chinese teacher looks so pale. She ______ be ill.

A. must B. mustn’t C. can D. need

解析：選A. 表示有把握的肯定推測(cè)用must

29. Something______to save our earth. Do you think so?

A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done

解析：選D. “something must be done” 意為：必須采取措施。

30. Look at what you have done! You ______ be more careful.

A. ought B. can C. would D. should

解析：選D. ought 后應(yīng)用to