Unit 12. Education
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
1. be similar to 與。。。相似
My teaching style is similar to that of most other teachers.
2. introduce 介紹，正式提交，實(shí)施
He introduced me to a Greek girl at the party.
The first lecture introduces students to the main topics of the course.
The company is introducing a new range of products this year.
The new law was introduced in 1991.
3. highly 與high 區(qū)別; close 與closely 區(qū)別
Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看 見(jiàn)那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飛舞 著？
The distinguished guests were highly praised.貴賓們受到了高度贊揚(yáng)。
引申：Suddenly the door was ______and in came Mr. Wang.
A. open wide B. widely open C. wide opened D. open widely
（答案為C，由前面的suddenly可見(jiàn)，此句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而不用形容詞，wide與widely都有副詞，但是意義不同，他們的區(qū)別好象deep/deeply，high/highly，close/closely）
4. It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道。。。
類似的句型還有：it is said/ believed/hoped/announced that …
5. make a commitment to do 承諾
Commitment n. 承諾；約定；約束責(zé)任；承擔(dān)義務(wù) , 獻(xiàn)身，投入（常與to sb/sth連用）
a commitment to pay $50000 to Red Cross 承諾向紅十字會(huì)提供50000美元
I've taken on too many commitments. 我承擔(dān)的義務(wù)太多了。
He doesn't want to get married because he is afraid of any commitments. "他不想結(jié)婚,因?yàn)樗ε鲁袚?dān)任何責(zé)任。"
6. face 用法
face to face 面對(duì)面地
I rushed out of the office and found myself face-to-face with the boss. "我沖出辦公室,面對(duì)面地碰上了老板。"
The burglar turned the corner and found himself face to face with a policeman. 那竊賊轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)墻角，面對(duì)面碰上一個(gè)警察。
in the face of 不顧；面對(duì)，在…前面
He succeeded in the face of great difficulties. 盡管有巨大的困難，但他成功了。
Be faced with 面臨
I realized that Hamlet was faced with an entirely different problem. 我意識(shí)到Hamlet面臨著完全不同的問(wèn)題。
The state is now faced with the immediate question of raising new taxes. 國(guó)家面臨緊迫的問(wèn)題，收新稅。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
7. to begin with （插入語(yǔ)）首先
類似詞組有：to start with; to tell the truth; to be honest; to be frank; to make things worse
To begin with, what is an interior designer?
Although it had seemed a good reason, to begin with: no couple could afford to have children.
8. be skeptical of 懷疑
skeptical adj. ~ (about / of sth)
I am sceptical about his chances of winning. 我懷疑他取勝的可能性。
The public remain sceptical of these claims. 公眾對(duì)這些說(shuō)法仍持懷疑態(tài)度。
She looked highly sceptical.她一臉深表懷疑的神色。
9. attach importance to ….認(rèn)為。。。很重要
~ importance, significance, value, weight, etc. (to sth)
I attach great importance to this research.
10. drop out 退學(xué) 1 退出，脫離2 退學(xué)，輟學(xué)
He has dropped out of active politics. 他已經(jīng)不再積極參政了。
a word that has dropped out of the language 該語(yǔ)言中已經(jīng)廢棄的一個(gè)詞。
She started a degree but dropped out after only a year. 她開始攻讀工程學(xué)學(xué)位，但僅一年后就輟學(xué)了。
11. be willing /unwilling to do （不）愿意。（不）樂(lè)意
They keep a list of people (who are) willing to work nights. 他們有一份愿意夜間工作的人的名單。
I’m perfectly willing to discuss the problem.我十分樂(lè)意討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
They are unwilling to invest any more money in the project. 他們不愿再為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目投資。
She was unable, or unwilling, to give me any further details.她不能，或不愿意，向我提供進(jìn)一步的細(xì)節(jié)。
12. mean 想要，意思是；
What did she mean by leaving so early (= why did she do it)?
Don’t laugh! I mean it (= I am serious).
I’m sorry I hurt you. I didn’t mean to.
You’re meant to (= you are supposed to) pay before you go in.
[常用被動(dòng)] ~ sb for sth| ~ sb to be sth （想要某人成為，想要某人去做）
I was never meant for the army (= did not have the qualities needed to become a soldier). 我根本就不是塊當(dāng)兵的料。
Philip and Kim were meant for each other (= are very suitable as partners). Philip 和Kim真是天生的一對(duì)。
[vn to inf] His father meant him to be an engineer. 他父親想讓他當(dāng)工程師。
She did everything to get the two of them together, but I guess it just wasn’t meant to be.她極力撮合他兩個(gè)，但我覺(jué)得那根本不可能。
By all means可以，當(dāng)然行，沒(méi)問(wèn)題
‘Do you mind if I have a look?’ ‘By all means.’借我看一眼行嗎？當(dāng)然可以。
by means of sth (formal) 借助。。。手段，依靠。。。方法。
: The load was lifted by means of a crane. 重物是用起重機(jī)吊起來(lái)的。
By no means 絕不，一點(diǎn)也不
She is by no means an inexperienced teacher. 她絕不是一個(gè)毫無(wú)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師。
We haven’t won yet, not by any means. 我們離成功還遠(yuǎn)著呢。
By no means are these cases exceptional. 這些例子絕不是例外。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
13. distribute 分發(fā)，分配，分銷，使散開，使分布；分散~ sth (to / among sb/sth)
The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims. 這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)向地震災(zāi)民分發(fā)了食品和毯子。
The newspaper is distributed free. 這份報(bào)紙免費(fèi)分發(fā)。
The money was distributed among schools in the area. 這筆款項(xiàng)是在本地區(qū)的學(xué)校中分配的。
Who distributes our products in the UK? 誰(shuí)在英國(guó)分銷我們的產(chǎn)品？
Make sure that your weight is evenly distributed. 注意讓你的體重分布均勻。
14. result in （造成，導(dǎo)致）, result from （因。。發(fā)生，隨。。。產(chǎn)生）
job losses resulting from changes in production 生產(chǎn)革新造成的失業(yè)。
When water levels rise, flooding results. 水位上升，就會(huì)發(fā)洪水。
The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths. 颶風(fēng)已經(jīng)造成成千上萬(wàn)的人死亡。
[+ -ing] These policies resulted in many elderly people suffering hardship. 這些政策使許多老人和殘疾人在困苦中掙扎。
15. spread out 分散 伸展身體，攤開東西
There’s more room to spread out in first class. 頭等艙寬敞些，伸得開腿。
Do you have to spread yourself out all over the sofa？你就非得躺下，把整個(gè)大沙發(fā)全占了才行嗎？
The searchers spread out to cover the area faster. 搜索人員分散開來(lái)，好更快搜索這一地區(qū)。
16. as far as
as far as the eye can / could see 極目所盡
The bleak moorland stretched on all sides as far as the eye could see.荒涼的曠野向四面伸展開去，一望無(wú)際。
as far as I know | as far as I can re member, see, tell, etc. 就我所知道，盡我所記得的，依我看。
As far as we knew, there was no cause for concern. 就我們所知，沒(méi)什么可擔(dān)心的。
As far as I can see, you’ve done nothing wrong. 依我看，你沒(méi)有做錯(cuò)任何事。
She lived in Chicago, as far as I can remember. 據(jù)我所記得的，她過(guò)去住在Chicago。
as / so far as sb/sth is concerned |就。。。而言
As far as I am concerned, you can do what you like.就我而言，你想干什么就干什么。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
17. available 可獲得的，可找到的，有空的
Tickets are available free of charge from the school. 學(xué)校有免費(fèi)票。
When will the information be made available? 何時(shí)才能了解到情況？
Further information is available on request. 詳情備索。
This was the only room available. 這是唯一可用的房間。
We’ll send you a copy as soon as it becomes available. 一有貨我們就會(huì)給你郵寄一本去。
Every available doctor was called to the scene.所有能找到的醫(yī)生都備召集到了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。
Will she be available this afternoon? 今天下午她有空嗎？
18. rely on /upon 依賴； 依靠
These days we rely heavily on computers to organize our work.
[+ -ing] The industry relies on the price of raw materials remaining low.
You can rely on me to keep your secret.
He can’t be relied on to tell the truth
19. adopt 收養(yǎng)，采用 （方法）；采納（建議，政策等）
All three teams adopted different approaches to the problem. 三個(gè)隊(duì)處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法各不相同。
The council is expected to adopt the new policy at its next meeting.委員會(huì)有望在下次會(huì)議上正式通過(guò)這項(xiàng)新政策。
20. overcome 克服，戰(zhàn)勝
She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal.
The two parties managed to overcome their differences on the issue.
In the final game Sweden easily overcame France
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Integrating skills
1. have …in common
2. suggest 不用虛擬的用法
3. demonstrate 證明，論證，表達(dá)，顯露，示范，演示，示威（常用搭配：demonstrate +that /wh--/to do）
Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing. 讓我來(lái)向你說(shuō)明一下我們面臨的一些困難。
His sudden departure had demonstrated how unreliable he was. 他突然離去，這說(shuō)明他多么不可靠。
The theories were demonstrated to be false. 這些理論已被證明是錯(cuò)誤的。
We want to demonstrate our commitment to human rights.我們向表明我們對(duì)人權(quán)的信念。
Her job involves demonstrating new educational software. 她的工作包括演示新的教學(xué)軟件。
students demonstrating against the war. 舉行反戰(zhàn)示威游行的學(xué)生。
4. category 類別，種類
Students over 25 fall into a different category. 25歲以上的學(xué)生屬于另一類。
The results can be divided into three main categories. 結(jié)果可以分成3大類。
引申：categorize/se 將。。。分類，把。。加以分類
Participants were categorized according to age. 參加者按年齡和性別分組。
His latest work cannot be categorized as either a novel or an autobiography. 他的近作既不屬于小說(shuō)也不屬于自傳。
5. be active in 積極參加
She takes an active part in school life.
The parents were active in campaigning against cuts to the education budget.
6. approach vt./n. 接近，靠近，建議，要求，（待人接物或思考問(wèn)題的）方法，方式，態(tài)度
We heard the sound of an approaching car / a car approaching。我們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)一輛車駛近的聲音。
She approached the bank for a loan.她向銀行要求貸款。
The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline. 學(xué)校決定采用另一種方式解決紀(jì)律問(wèn)題。
She took the wrong approach in her dealings with them. 她用錯(cuò)誤的手段和他們打交道。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
語(yǔ)法：
（一）本類詞有hard，hardly；late，lately；most，mostly等等，這兩種副詞形式含義完全不同，所以 ，使用時(shí)不易引起混淆。
1.He works hard all day.他整天都在使勁地干活。
He hardly works at all.他很少干活。
2.You have come too late.你來(lái)得太晚了。
Have you see him lately?你最近見(jiàn)到過(guò)他嗎？
3.The person who talks most is often the one who does least.說(shuō)得最多的人常常干得最少。
The audience consisted mostly of women.觀眾大部分是女的。
4.The next flight dose not go direct to Tokyo; it goes byway of Shanghai.下趟航班不直飛東京 ，而是繞道上海。
He will be here directly.他馬上就來(lái)。
5.The rider pulled his horse up short.騎手突然一下把馬勒住。
Make a right turn shortly beyond the village. 村前不遠(yuǎn)處往右拐。
6.Please stand clear of the gate.請(qǐng)不要站在門前。
He stated his view-point clealy.他很清楚明白地闡述了自己的觀點(diǎn)。
7.The exam was pretty difficult.這次考試相當(dāng)難。
Her little girls are always prettily dressed.她的小女孩穿著總是很 漂亮。
（二）這類詞主要有wide，widely；close， closely ；high，highly等 等，這兩種副詞形式不同，含義 也有差別，但是沒(méi)有第一類的區(qū)別明顯，而且 翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)用詞也很接近。所以使用時(shí)很容易混淆。這類詞含 義及用法上的 主要特點(diǎn)是：不帶-ly的副詞表示具體的行為和動(dòng)作，說(shuō)明的動(dòng)作或狀況有可測(cè) 量性和可見(jiàn)性；而 以-ly結(jié)尾的同源副詞所表達(dá)的常常是抽象性的行為和狀況。 這時(shí)，這些詞大都具有"greatly"和"extremel y"的含義。試作如下比較：
1.Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看 見(jiàn)那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飛舞 著？
The distinguished guests were highly praised.貴賓們受到了高度贊揚(yáng)。 2.He flung the door wide open.他猛地把門開得大大的。
We were widely different on many questions.我們?cè)谠S多問(wèn)題上分歧很 大。
3.You will have to pay dear for that telescope.買那個(gè)望遠(yuǎn)鏡你得付 很高的價(jià)錢。
You will pay dearly for the insult. 對(duì)這樣的侮辱你將付出高昂的代價(jià)。
4.She stood close against the wall.她緊挨著墻站著。
The police were watching him closely.警察在密切監(jiān)視他。
5.The bird is now flying quite low.鳥兒現(xiàn)在飛得非常低。
He bowed lowly before the queen.他謙恭地給女王鞠了一躬。
6.They had to dig deep to reach water.他們挖得很深才挖到水。
You have offended him deeply.你冒犯他可不輕。
7.Grace is holding tight to Paul.格雷斯緊緊地?fù)ПеＡ_。
The passengers were packed tightly in the train.火車車箱里擠滿了乘 客。
8.Mr. Cole tends to speak rather loud.科爾先生說(shuō)話聲音總是很大。
Mr. Cole boasted loudly of his power. 科爾先生大肆夸耀自己的權(quán)力。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
（三）這類詞主要有slow，slowly；quick，quickly等等異形同義詞。當(dāng) 然，現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言規(guī)范性要求 用以-ly 結(jié)尾的副詞來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，但由于句子 結(jié)構(gòu)以及搭配的不同，使用時(shí)也具有不同的傾向性。在此，主要 探討一下在什 么情況下常使用不帶-ly的副詞形式。同時(shí)， 把第二類中一些適應(yīng)于下列規(guī)則 的詞也包括進(jìn)去。 總的說(shuō)來(lái)，傾向于使用不帶-ly副詞形式的情況大致有下列 四種：
Ⅰ 用作比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)時(shí)：
1.Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking evenquicker.艾倫走得很快，但喬治走得更快 。
2.The men were quarreling loudly, but the policemenshouted louder.那些人在大聲爭(zhēng)吵著，但 是警察喊叫得更響。
3.The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.汽車走得越來(lái)越慢，最后停了下 來(lái)。
4.Let's see who can run quickest.我們來(lái)看看誰(shuí)跑得最快。
5.We must look closer at the problem. 我們必須更加仔細(xì)地查看這一問(wèn)
題。 Ⅱ 有"so"或"too"修飾時(shí)：
1.It all happened so quick that I could do nothing. 這一切發(fā)生得如 此之快以致于我手足無(wú)措無(wú)
法 對(duì)付了。
2.It is impossible to overtake him; your car goes tooslow.不可能趕 上他了，你的車太慢了。
3.Don't talk so loud; the child is in bed now.別這樣大聲說(shuō)話，孩子 已經(jīng)睡了。
Ⅲ 用于修飾表示移動(dòng)、天氣等常用動(dòng)詞時(shí)：
1.Come quick; we are waiting for you. 快來(lái)，我們?cè)诘饶恪?/p>
2.Drive slow; this part of the road is dangerous.車開慢一點(diǎn)，這段 路很危險(xiǎn)。
3.The sun shines bright.陽(yáng)光明媚。
4.When we left the shelter, the snow was falling thickand the wind was blowing cold.我們 離開那棚屋時(shí)，正下著大雪，刮著寒風(fēng)。
5.Business is going strong.生意興隆。
Ⅳ 在固定詞組中或當(dāng)用于修飾它經(jīng)常固定搭配的動(dòng)詞時(shí)：
1.Take it easy.不要緊張。
2.Stand firm and hold it tight.站穩(wěn)抓牢。
3.He often plays high.他賭注常下得很大。
4.The secretary copied the rough draft of her manager outfair.秘書 把經(jīng)理那份粗潦的草稿很清 楚地謄寫出來(lái)。
5.They were drinking deep in the fort deep into the night.他們?cè)诔?堡中痛飲到深夜。
通過(guò)觀察，以上三類詞中第一類較易區(qū)別、掌握和使用。對(duì)于后兩類詞，在 判別使用哪一種副詞形式時(shí)一 般可以考慮以下幾個(gè)原則：第一是具體性與抽象 性的原則。在表示實(shí)實(shí)在在的物體活動(dòng)、位置移動(dòng)或具體可見(jiàn) 的狀況和變化時(shí)， 常使用不帶-ly的副詞形式，如：climb high，live close by，open wide，sink deep，tu rn sharp right；反之，具有抽象含義的動(dòng)詞常用以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞， 如：think highly of，look closely into，love dearly等等。第二個(gè)原則就是常用固定搭配與靈活搭配的不同。 在一些固定詞組或經(jīng)常搭配使用 的詞組中，不帶-ly 的副詞形式使用得很多， 如aim high，run high，fight fair，goeasy with，drink de ep，sleep sound 等等。第三個(gè)原則是口語(yǔ)體與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體的使用區(qū)別。如有人說(shuō)"Speak loudly and clearly. "也有人說(shuō)"Speak loud and clear."對(duì)此情況難說(shuō)誰(shuí)對(duì)誰(shuí)錯(cuò)，只能 說(shuō)前一種說(shuō)法屬于規(guī)范性語(yǔ)體；而后一種 說(shuō)法屬于口語(yǔ)體。不帶-ly 的簡(jiǎn)單形 式是早期英語(yǔ)遺留下來(lái)的口語(yǔ)體形式。例如現(xiàn)在還有人說(shuō)"I badneed t his sort of material."就如G.O.寇姆在〈英語(yǔ)句法〉（Syntax）一書中說(shuō)過(guò)的，帶-ly 的副詞是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)或 好的口語(yǔ)， 但在松散的口語(yǔ)和大眾語(yǔ)中人們?nèi)匀粓?jiān)持使用沒(méi) 有-ly的簡(jiǎn)單形式。
根據(jù)以上原則，可以解釋為什么可以說(shuō)"Don't talk so loud. "但必須說(shuō) "He protested／complained loudly。"Talk loud 是常用的搭配形式，而且talk一詞的形象也比較具 體；protest與complain 則是搭配性 很強(qiáng)的詞， 還常常和許多別的副詞靈活 搭配， 如publicly，sharply，secretly等等。另外，這兩個(gè)詞比tal k更具 感情色彩，所以也就更具抽象性。