一、考點聚焦

1、介詞的分類與語法功能

（1）介詞是虛詞，不能單獨作句子成分，必須與名詞、代詞（或相當于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等）構成介詞短語，在句中充當一個成分。介詞分為：簡單介詞，如at、in、for等；合成介詞，如within、inside、onto、througout等；短語介詞，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。雙重介詞，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分詞介詞，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。

常見的介詞賓語：名詞、代詞、動名詞、從句、不定式等。如：

①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather

forecast.

②He quarrelled with her yesterday.

③He succeeded in passing the final exam.

④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.

⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.

（2）介詞短語在句中可作表語、定語、狀語和賓補等。如：

①This machine is in good condition.(表語)

②Where is the key to my bike?(定語)

③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(狀語)

④She always thinks herself above others.（賓補）

2、介詞搭配

（1）“動詞+介詞”搭配：注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個動詞搭配意義不同的情況。

①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“奪去、除去”意

義的動詞與of 連用)

②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine（“供給”意義的動詞與with連用）

③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat（“制作、制造”意義與of、from、into連用）

④介詞 + the + 部位與動詞的關系（=動詞 + sb.’s + 部位，可換用）

strike him on the head(“擊，拍，碰，摸”意義與on連用)

catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意義與by連用)

hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，臉”等人體前部與in連用）

⑤prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意義與from連用)

⑥persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.（“說服，建議”意義與into連用）

⑦buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意義與for連用)

⑧tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意義與to連用)

⑨give sth. to sb.（give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意義與to連用）

注意：⑦⑧⑨可換成buy sb.sth.雙賓結構。

⑩say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper與“對象”連用必須用to)不可說suggest sb.sth.。

同一動詞與不同介詞搭配意義不同。

for（尋找） to sth. of(聽說) on(拜訪)

look to (眺望) agree with sb. hear call for(需要)

at（看） on sth. from(收到信) in(請)

同一介詞與不同動詞搭配，意義各異。

reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和……唱（跳），amount to 達到，加起來有……，devote to把……貢獻給，drink to為……干杯，object to反對，look forward to 渴望，come to蘇醒，belong to屬于，search for搜……，ask … for … 尋找，use … for用作，leave for前往，take … for誤以為，call of倡導，wait for等待，care for喜歡，make up for彌補損失，turn to求助（救）于，help oneself to隨意，agree to同意，compare … to把……比作，send for派人去請（拿）……，sail for駛向，航向，set out for動身去，go in for愛好……。

（2）常見“形容詞 + 介詞”搭配。

of擔心…… about / at sth.

afraid angry

for 替……而擔心 with sb.

for sth.渴望…… different from與……不同

amxious

about sth. / sb擔心…… different to … 不關心……

of討厭 with sb.

tired strict

from/ with因……疲倦 in sth.要求嚴格

at擅長 with sb.受……歡迎

good for對……有益 popular in some place流行在……

of sb. to do so友好 for … 因……而流行

with + 名詞或what從句

pleased helpful to對……有幫助

at + 抽象名詞（聽 / 看到……而高興）

to sb.為人所知

known for因……而出名 be familiar with熟悉

as作為……出名 be familiar to為……熟知（悉）

sorry for … 替……后悔 disappointed at sth.失望

from缺席

rich in富有…… absent

in離開此地去了……

worthy of值得的，glad about sth. for sb.為某人某事高興，far from離……遠，grateful for sth. to sb.為某事感激某人，free from沒有……（免除……），proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)滿意，sure of / about確信，fond of喜歡，fit for適合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙著干某事，full of充滿，ready for準備，similar to相似，wrong with不對；有毛病……

（3）“名詞 + 介詞”要注意習慣搭配和意義區分。

the absence of water缺水

the hope of success成功的希望

have a chance of (for) entering college上大學的機會

take pride in them為他們感到驕傲

the key to the question問題的答案

a medicine for cough治咳嗽的藥

the ticket for tomorrow明天的票

in Beijing去了北京

his abesence

from Beijing不在北京

to study學習方法

the way

of studying maths學習教學的方法

3、核心介詞用法歸納與辨析

（1）表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。

表示在某一較長時間內，如世紀、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in，

如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。

還可以用時段名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：

①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night（大夜間）。

②in five days（weeks, months, years）中in意思是“在……以后”。

③in和during表一段時間內兩詞可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有區別：當接表示“活動”的抽象名詞時多用during，接“活動”的動名詞及短語時用in。如：

during the discussion in discussing the problem

during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball

during the course of in digging the tunnel

（2）在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。

on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning

on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on

Children’s Day

on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1

early on the morning of Oct.1(區別：in the late / early morning of Oct.1)

on a rainy night, on warm winter days

(3)表示某一時刻或某一點時間用at,如小時、分鐘等。

at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six

at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)

at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。

注意：有些時間名詞前不接介詞。如：

next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years

one、each、any、every、some、all修飾時,一般不用介詞,如some day

one day、yesterday / afternoon,the night before

（4）till、until、to的用法。

①till(until)與持續動詞連用一般用于肯定句中，與短暫動詞連用一般用在否定句中。如：

He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).

但注意：在句首出現或強調句型中一般不用till而用until。如：

Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.

②to表“終結”時常用和from連用，但要注意不與from連用時的意

義。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight（從……到……為止），但from morning till night（從早到晚），不能用to。from … to常構成習慣搭配，不可換用其他介詞。（A）表持久連續、傳遞、轉移的含義。from time to time(不時，有時)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不斷傳下去)，from place to place（處處，到處），from side to side(左右搖擺)，from door to door（家家戶戶），from house to house（挨家挨戶），from shop to shop（一個商店接一個商店）。(B)表起始終止的全過程或程度加深、狀態變化。from beginning to end(從頭到尾，自始至終)（from the beginning to the end of…）;from hand to mouth(僅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越來越糟)，from head to foot(從頭到腳),

from top to bottom（整個地，徹底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至終，從頭到尾）。（C）from one + 名詞 + to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another（順著車廂依次地）。（D）名詞 + by + 同一單數名詞，表示“一個一個地”，要與from … to短語區別開：one by one 一個一個地；little by little(bit)一點一點地；step by step 一步一步地，逐漸地（但by and by 不久以后）；sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with…)(和……)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齊心協力；hand in hand 手拉手，緊緊地;face to face面對面。

（5）in、after、later

①in + 一段時間：表示說話時為起點一段時間之后，與一般將來時連用；但表示“在……之內”時，用于各種時態。

②一段時間 + later(later是副詞)：表示某一具體時間或某一方面具體時間算起的一段時間后。

③after + 一段時間表示：“在……之后”，用于一般過去時；但時間為點時間時，只能用after,即after + 點時間，用于各種時態。

The doctor will be with us in six minutes.

She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.

He received her letter after four weeks.

另外，in + 一段時間 + ’s + time 與 within + 一段時間的用法如下：

in a week’s time = in a week

They will arrive in three days’ time.(與將來時連用)

My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.（作表語）

I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各種時態，不超出，在……之內)

（6）地點介詞at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。

①at 在較小的場所，in在較大的場所，on在……的平面上。如at the

door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。

②on、at、in還可以表示兩地相對位置。若A地屬于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接用on；無邊緣的銜接有to。如：

Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外)

Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范圍之外）

Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗鄰)

The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離)

③地點介詞的引申、比喻意義：in the sun在陽光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在嚴寒天氣中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/風中,in public 當眾，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble擺脫困難，beyond hope絕望。

④across在物體表面“穿過”；through則表示在三維空間內部“穿過”。如：

They walked across the playground.

I walked through the forest.

⑤over / under / above / below。

over、above譯作“在……之上”；under、below譯作“在……的下面”，其區別在于over、under表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關系；而above、below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：

A little boat is now under the bridge.

There is a bridge over the river.

The sun sinks below the horizon(地平線)

The window is well above the tree.

⑥表示地點介詞的靜態性和動態性

He walked to the station（靜態，表示方向和目的地）

He walked towards the station.(動態，只表示方向)

He is kind to (towards)us.（兩者通用）

He is at the station.(靜態，表示地點)

They arrived at the station.(動態，表示地點)

He swam away from the ship.(動態“離開”)

He stood away from the shop.(靜態“遠離”)

He fell onto the floor.(動態“到地面”)

The city is on the Changjiang River.(靜態“平面”)

Go off the road.偏離了道路（動態“離去”）

Come along the river.沿著河過來（線）

across the fields 跨過田野……，over the desert跨越沙漠

across the river橫跨這條河……，over the hill翻過這座山

be in the house(靜態，在這里……)stay out of the car(靜態，在……外)

go into the house(動態，進入)fly out of the country(動態，離開)

（7）表示方式、手段、工具的介詞

①by the year/hour/day按年/小時/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+單位名稱)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按噸計。

②表泛指的方式、手段

by post/mail郵寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(電訊器材)，by electricity用電，by machinery用電器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop

③交通工具類

by bus/train/car/taxi(road)

by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot

by plane/jet/spaceship,by air

by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water

另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 經由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permis-

sion)。

④表方式、手段的其他用法

He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具機器)

One smells with his nose.(with+人體器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)

He stood up with pride.(with+情緒、情感、態度的名詞)

注意：使用語言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)

（8）表示“除……之外”的幾組常用介紹比較。

①besides 除……以外，（還有）。作副詞時意思是“而且，更何況”。

Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我們都去了電影院。

It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.

②except除去，除……之外（不再有）。

We all went except John.我們都去了，約翰沒有。

在否定句中，兩詞可以換用，如：

He has no other hats except / besides this one.

③except for除了……（對句子主題進行細節校正或附加說明）后接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時與except that + 句子意思相同。

He was very clever except for carelessness.

④except that … 除了……一點以外。

He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.

⑤but與except

but和except在表示“除了……以外”時可以通用，但應注意以下三點：

①前面有不定人詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時，多用but。

All but one are here.

Nobody but I likes making model ships.

②后接不定式短語為排除對象時，多用but。

He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）

③but與一些固定結構連用。

have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for … 如不是……

（9）between與among.

between通常指兩者之間。也可以用于三者以上的兩者之間。如：

Ann is between Tom and Bill.

Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.

They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)

She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接連不斷地，一個接一個地忙這忙那)

A horse can be seen between trees now.

among表示三者以上之間。如：

The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.

He was happy to be among friends again.

We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我們必須達成共識。

London is among the largest cities.( = one of與最高級連用)

（10）表原因的介詞for、because of、due to。

He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.

The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.

He was praised for his bravery and courage.

The accident is due to your careless driving.

(11)不定式復合結構中的for、of。

這里所說的不定式復合結構形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作動詞不定式邏輯主語的結構。

①It is clever of you to answer it like that.

②It is quite hard for me to explain why.

注意：兩句中的of和for的使用，表語形容詞能夠說明不定式邏輯主語的性質、特征與面貌時用of,如果說明不定式行為本身的性質、狀態等則用for。

（12）兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。

①after、since、till / still、before這些詞既是介詞，又是連詞。

The children went home at once after school.

They went to bed after they had finished the job.

②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介詞可兼作副詞。

He ran down the hill.（介詞）

Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副詞)

③有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。

All the students got to school before me.(before為介詞)

We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(連詞)

Haven’t I seen you before?(before為副詞)

（13）介詞的省略。

①表示時間的介詞on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等詞之前，可以省略，也可以不省略。如（at）last weekend、（on）that day等。

②介詞for表示時間的省略要求。（A）以all開頭的名詞短語，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all he morning.（B）表示一段時間的短語之前，for可以省略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.（C）否定句中，表示時間的短語前的for不能省略。如：I haven’t seen you for thirty years.(D)時間狀語在主句之前，for不能省略。如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.

③某些動詞短語之后的介詞可以省略。

Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.

She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.

（14）某些名詞與介詞構成的固定搭配。

①要求接to的名詞有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。

②要求接in 的名詞有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。

He is expert in teaching small children.

(15)幾個常用的并列連詞。

①both … and, either … or, neither … nor

both … and“雙方都”，連接句子的兩個主語時，其后謂語動詞通常用使用復數形式。either … or與neither … nor注意采取“就近原則”。

②not only … but also, as well as

注意：兩者強調對象不同，not only … but also強調的是but also之后部分，而as well as則強調其前面的部分。not only … but also采取“就近原則”，而as well as只是一個插入語，采取“就遠原則”。如：

Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.

not only … but also結構中的not only可用于句首，連接兩個分句時，第一個從句主謂要倒裝。

Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working.

（16）幾個常用的從屬連詞。

①when、while、as都表示“當……時候”，when引導的從句的動作與主句的動詞可同時發生，也可先后發生；as、while引導的從句則強調主句和從句的動作同時發生。如：

When I go to the station, the train had already left.

He sang merrily as he was working.

②till、until均表示“到……時候止”，肯定句中的謂語必須是延續性動作。如：I worked till late at night.若主句謂語是終止性動詞，則主句要用否定形式，意為動作“到……才……”開始發生。如：

She didn’t get up until her mother came in.

注意：till和until通常情況下可以互換，只是在句首時until比till更常用。

③though、although均引導讓步狀語從句，意為“雖然……”，although較正式，though最常用。如：

Thouth (Although)he was tired,he kept on working.

注意：though、although引導的從句不能與but、however連用，但可以與yet、still連用。though還可以與別的詞結合使用，如even though、

as though,而although則不能這樣搭配。

④no sooner … than、hardly … when、as soon as三者都表示“一……就”，“剛剛……就”的意思。（A）as soon as 置于主句前后都可以，而且有備各種時態。如：As soon as she gets here I’ll tell her about

it. Mary left as soon as the finished the work.(B)hardly … when、no sooner … than不能表示將來的事，其主句的謂語動詞一般用過去完成時，從句用過去時。若將hardly或no sooner放在句首，句子要倒裝。如：No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

⑤某些表示時間的名詞（詞組）也可用作從屬連詞。它們是：the moment, the minute,the instant, the day, the time, the first(second, third …)time, the spring (summer, autumn,winter),every(each,next,

any) time(day),by the time,都可引導時間狀語從句。如：

His mother died the spring he returned.

Call me up the minute he arrives.

二、精典名題導解

選擇填空

1. The home improvements have taken what little there is _________my spare time.(NMET 2001)

A.from B.in C.of D.at

解析：答案為C。本題考查句子結構中介詞of的有法。what引導的從句作謂語have taken的賓語，而從句中的基本句型為“there is little of …”,表示“……有很少”，what 修飾little提到了從句句首。注意正確把握句子結構和介詞用法，要明白of my spare time和in my spare time的區別。

2. ____________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET 2000)

A.As B.For C.With D.Through

解析：答案為C。本題考查with的復合結構作狀語的用法。“with + 名詞 + 不定式/分詞/名詞/形容詞/介詞短語等”可在句中作伴隨、時間、原因、條件等狀語。本題中with的復合結構作伴隨狀語。

3. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, ___________they will save us money in the long run.（2000春季高考題）

A.or B.since C.for D.but

解析：答案為D。本題考查并列連詞or、for、but和從屬連詞的意義和用法。并列連詞or通常表示選擇關系；for表示因果關系；but表示轉折關系；從屬連詞since表示原因。通過比較前后兩個分句意思可知，它們是轉折關系。

4. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ________.

A.on B.up C.above D.by

解析：答案為A。不定式“to stand + 介詞”作定語修飾a tall box,其中被修飾詞在邏輯意義上是不及物動詞，只有加上吊尾介詞，句子意思才完整。吊尾介詞往往由于受到漢語的影響而缺少，吊尾介詞使用的場合有：

（1）定語從句中，先行詞被一個不及物動詞所修飾，不及物動詞后要接介詞，先行詞被“動詞 + 介詞”組成的短語動詞所修飾，介詞常在句尾。

He is the man I just spoke to.

(2)what、whose、who、whatever等引導的賓語從句，賓語從句出現吊尾介詞。

I can’t imagine what it is like.

(3) 強調句型，特殊疑問句中由于被強調部分和疑問詞位置變更，常出現吊尾介詞。

It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.

What for? Where to? Who with?

(4)不及物動詞的不定式修飾表“涉及對象、場合、工具、方式、材料”等意義的名詞時常帶吊尾介詞。

a room to live in, a bench to sit on

There is nothing to worry about.

She is a good girl to work with.

(5)某些形容詞后接不定式或“動詞 + 介詞”型短語，動詞的不定式形式表“反射”，常用吊尾介詞。

①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy等形容詞后。

②The river is good to swim in.

The box is too heavy to carry.

③be worth doing sth.,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/

require / need doing

介詞與連詞

1．We offered him our congratulations his passing the college entrance exams．

A．at B．0n C．for D．of

2．Let’s walk over--the sun．

A．in B．to C．under D．by

3．We’re all going to the games．Why don’t you come ?

A．up B．across C．along D．to

4．If you are worried about the problem，you should do something it．

A．about B．for C．against D．with

5．I wanted two seats Madame Curie for Friday night，so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets．

A．of B．about C．to D．for

6．He thought the jar made of earth little value and 1et me have it only one dollar．

A．with；for B．of；for C．of；by D．with；by

7．We can’t feel that we are going forward as everythjng us is moving the same speed．

A．around；at B．around；with C．before；at D．with；in

8．The two rings are so alike that it is difficult to tell one the other．

A．very；to B．much；to C．much；from D．very；from

9．It’s so nice to go out for a walk a cool nice summer evening．

A．in B．on C．for D．a

10．He decided to the matter himself．

A．look through B.look into C．look after D．look up

11．I ran an old friend of mine yesterday，whom I hadn’t seen for ages．

A．across B．cross C．after D．for

12．The scientist is well known us his great achievement．

A．to；for B．by；for C．by；as D．to；in

13．This article is quite me．There are too many new words

A．above B．against C．upon D．beyond

14．Does John know any other foreign languages French？

A．except B．but C．besides D．beside

15．She thought I was talking about her daughter， ，in fact，I was talking about my daughter．

A．whom B．where C．which D．while

16．They were surprised that a child should work out the problem they themselves couldn’t．

A．once B．then C．while D．if

17．My name is Robert， most of my friends call me Bob for short．

A．then B．instead C．however D．but

18．-I don’t like reading watching TV．What about you?

-I don’t like reading all day， I 1ike watching TV plays．

A．and；but B．and；and C．or；and D．or；but

19．It was raining hard， ，the peasants went on with their work．

A．but B．and C．however D．although

20．-What do you want those old boxes?

-To put things in when I move to the new flat．

A．by B．for C．of D．with

介詞與連詞

1-5 BACAD 6-10 BACBB 11-15 AADCD 16-20 CDDCC