目標導引
1. 單元詞匯及短語
interview, have in mind, create, play on words, fluent, intention, extremely, determine, force open, in the other direction, lay down, in(geat)surprise, in(total)silence look
.on/upon…as…,recognize, loudly, as well as
2. 單元句型
(1) What do you think is the most important thing in your job ?
(2) Still,I don’t think everybody will find my kind of humour funny .
(3) Funny plays ,often have characters that are stereotypes of nationalities that are stereotypes of nationalities or people doing certain jobs .
(4) Dating back to the Qin Dynasty (221BC～207BC),the traditional crosstalk shows ,or Xiang Sheng shows have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries .
(5) Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words ,as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.
(6) I was so angry that I went up to tell them what I thought of him .
(7)I cycled in front of him ,got off my bicycle and laid it down on the road in front of his car so that he couldn’t drive off .
(8)The interview went well and I remember the last time we met I did most of the talking .
(9)I told the company about my work experience and answered their questions as I could .
(10) I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude.
3.單元語法
The-ing form: used as the attribute and object complement .
.
核心知識
同義詞辨析
1.in all, at all, above all和after all
in all意為“總共”，at all多用于否定句，用來加強語氣，above all意為“最重要的”，after all意為“畢竟”，“到底”。如：
There were 50 students in the class in all.這個班總共有50個學生。
He did not mind about it at all. 他對此一點兒也不在乎。
Above all you should work hard. 首先你應該努力工作。
After all he is a child of six years old.畢竟他還只是一個六歲的孩子。
2．the other. other和another
other無范圍，泛指“其他的；另外的”，常與no, any, many或some等連用；the other特指兩方中的“另一方”，或兩部分中“另一部分”，如果other前有名詞所有格或物主代詞，則不用the; another泛指“其他的，另外的”，常用于三者或三者以上的情況，后接單數名詞或“數詞+復數名詞”。如：
Mary is here, but the other girls are still out in the playground.瑪麗在這里，但是其他女孩還在運動場。
I have no other choice. 我沒有選擇的余地。
I have many other things to do.我還有其他很多事情要做。
Give me another chance, please.請再給我一次機會。
3．hear, listen to
hear一詞為“聽見了（什么）”，強調其結果；而listen to則強調有意要“聽”，“聽”的傾向或動作。如：
I want to listen to you, but I hear nothing. 我想聽你說什么，但我什么也沒聽到。
I heard her sing in the next room just now. 我剛才聽見她在隔壁屋里唱歌。
4．know, know of
(1)know意為“知道”，“懂得”，“了解”。如：
Do you know how to drive?你會開車嗎？
She knows about computers.她對計算機很內行。
（2）know of意為“聽說過”，“知道有（某人、某事）”。如：
Do you know of any way to get wine stains out of cloth?你知道有什么方法可以把衣服上的酒漬去掉嗎？
5. neither, either
(1)neither 意為“既不是……, 也不是……”, “兩者都不……”, 后面跟單數動詞的肯定式。它可以單獨使用, 后面也可跟名詞或“of +the /these /those/所有格代詞或人稱代詞”結構。如：
I tried both keys but neither (of them) worked.兩把鑰匙我都試了， 但（兩把）都不行。
Neither of them knew the way. /Neither boy knew…他們倆/兩個男孩都不認得路。
I’ve read neither of these (books).這兩本（書）我都沒看過。
(2)either 意為“兩者之一”，“兩者中任何一個”。它后面跟動詞單數形式。同neither 一樣， 它可以單獨使用，或跟名詞/代詞及 “of +the/ these /those/所有代詞或人稱代詞”結構連用。如：
(3)“either+否定動詞”可代替 “neither +肯定動詞”,但neither 是主語時除外。
I haven’t read either of these (books).這兩本（書）我都沒看過。
(4)雖然either 不能作否定句的主語，但它可作肯定句或疑問句的主語或賓語。這種用法是強調二者之中任何一個皆可以。如：
You can have either soup or fruit juice.湯和果汁你任意喝哪一種都行。
You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow.你要么馬上走， 要么等到明天。
It’s urgent, so could you either phone or telex?這事非常緊急，所以你或是打電話或是發傳真，好嗎？
Either (of these) would do.這兩個中任一個都可以。
Would you like either of these?你喜歡二者中的任一個嗎？
6.in time, on time
in time 表示“及時”，指在約定的時間之前發生。on time 表示“準時、按時”，指正好在約定的時間發生。如：
We hope you will arrive in time to attend the meeting.我希望你能及時趕來參加這個會議。
They were just in time for the bus.他們正好趕上了汽車。
The train came on time.火車正點到站。
I’ll write to your father if you aren’t here on time tomorrow.倘若你明天不準時到的話，我就要寫信告訴你父親。
7.go on to do, go on doing
go on to do 指“做了一件事后，接著做另一件事”。 go on doing 指“繼續做原來做的事”。如：
After he had finished his maths, he went on to do his physics.做完數學后，他接著去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.做完這個練習后， 接著做其他的練習。
8.accept, receive
accept 表示主觀上“接受”，“接納”。receive 表示客觀上“收到”，“遭受”，“接受”，與主觀愿望沒關系。如：
I received a gift, but I didn’t accept it.我收到了一份禮物，但我沒有接受它。
The pop star received a warm welcome at the stadium.哪個流行歌星在體育館里受到熱烈歡迎。
9.farther, further
兩者都是 far 的比較級，可用作形容詞或副詞。farther 意為“更遠”，一般表示距離；further 也有“更遠”之意。凡用 farther 的地方，一般都能用 further 來代替。另外，further 還有“進一步”，“更多”，“此外”的意思，用來表示程度，此時，不可用 farther 代替。如：
Shanghai is farther/further from Beijing than Tianjin.上海比天津離北京遠。
No further explanation is needed.不需要做更多的解釋。
The children were so tired that they could not walk any farther/further.孩子們累得實在走不動了。
10.offer, provide 和 supply
三者都有“提供”之意，但含義不同。
（1）offer 既表示主動慷慨地給別人提供某物，也可表示無主動之情地提供。常用于 offer sb. sth. 或 offer sth. to sb. 的固定搭配中。如：
Two days later I received a letter offering me the job.兩天后我收到了一封信，給我提供了這份工作。
The guesthouse offers all kinds of food to foreign visitors.這個招待所供應外賓各種食品。
(2)provide 用于表示無主動慷慨之意地為人或物提供需要或有用的東西，僅僅是出于某種責任。常用于 provide sb. with sth. 或 provide sth. for sb. 的固定搭配中。如：
The children are provided with good food and clothing.孩子們有良好的衣食供應。
It is the duty of the government to provide homes for the old.政府有義務為老年人提供住所。
(3)supply 通常指定期“供應”，強調替代或補充所需物品。常用于 supply sb. with sth. 或 supply sth. to/for sb. 結構。如：
Cows supply us with milk.母牛供給我們牛奶。
Our task is to supply vegetables all year round.我們的任務是一年四季提供蔬菜。
11. recognize,
作“認出”強調從外表上、聲音等方面認出。
作“承認”“認可”正式用詞主要指外交上或合法承認。
Admit指“準入，接納”“承認”有“被迫承認”，之意。表示“準入”時后常接in,into或to表“承認”時后直接跟從句，名詞，代詞，動名詞等，但admit sb.to to sth（允許某人做某事）admit doing sth(承認做某事)不同。
realize作“意識到”，“實現”，指認識（某一事、道理）等。
試題：
①I could hardly ________her when I happened to meet him in the street yesterday.
昨天在街上碰到他差點沒認出來。
②Taiwan is _____as part of China.
臺灣公認為中國的一部分。
③I’m sure you’ll come to ____mistake some day.
我深信總有一天你會逐漸意識到你的錯誤。
④He had to _____he had broken the glass as I had someone as an eye-witness（目擊證人）。
因為我有目擊證人，他不得不承認是他打破了玻璃。
答案
①recognize ②recognized
③realize ④admit
12.ordinary, common, usual ,normal
●Ordinary與common基本同義，但ordinary側重于“平凡”，“普通”，指隨時可以碰到，不值得驚奇。有時可互換如：common/ordinary people等。
●Common “普通的”，“平常的”，“共有的”指時時發生，人所共有的、。固定搭配in common(with…)以…人共有。
●Usual用來指“通�！薄ⅰ皯T�！蓖鶑募w風俗或個人的習慣來看。固定短語as usual（跟往常一樣）。
●normal“正常、常規的”如：the normal baby temperature正常體溫，習慣短語。
Return to normal（恢復正常） bring… to normal （使…恢復正常）。
試題：
①Snow is ___the northern part of our country.
下雪在我國北部是常有的事。
②In____with other boys ,he likes playing.football.
跟其他的男孩一樣，他也喜歡踢足球。
③Her marks show she is a /an ____student.
她的成績表明她是一個普通的學生。
④He came later than ____today .
他比平常來得晚。
⑤All the things have returned to ____after 20 hours’ hard work..
經過20小時的努力工作之后，一切都恢復了正常。
答案①common ②common ③ordinary ④usual ⑤normal
13.quiet,silent,still,calm
●quiet“安靜，無聲響的”，“文靜”，側重于輕手輕腳而且無騷擾。
●silent“清靜的”、“沉默的”，主要指不出聲但還是可以有動作。
●still“清靜的”、“一動不動的”“寂靜的”，側重完全不動無聲響，帶有感情色彩。
●calm“平靜的”、“鎮靜的”指態度“安祥”，指�！盁o浪”、天氣“無風”
試題：
①He was ____for a moment ,then began to answer.
他沉默了一會，然后開始回答。
②Please stand_____ for a while and I’ll take a picture of you.
請站著不要動，我要給你照張相。
③They lived a _____life in the countryside.
他們在鄉下過寧靜的生活。
④At the exciting news ,he couldn’t keep_____.
聽到了那激動人心的消息，他不能保持平靜。
⑤The city is ____after yesterday’s riots(騷亂)
經歷了昨天騷亂這后，城市又恢復了平靜。
答案①silent ②still ③quiet ④calm ⑤calm
14. aloud, loud及,loudly
●aloud adv.強調“出聲”但不強調聲音的大小，往往與read及think等連用，沒有比較形式。
●loud adj. adv.強調“聲音大”常與speak, talk, laugh, say, shout等連用，而且置于這些詞之后，有比較級形式，修飾名詞、動詞，
●loudly adv.不能修飾名詞，只能修飾動詞，放在前后均可，有“喧鬧”的意思。有時可以與loud互換。
試題:
①______noise may cause damage to our bearing.
大的噪音可能引起我們聽力的傷害。
②In order to be heard ,the teacher should speak _____ and more clearly.
為了讓大家聽清，老師說話應該更洪亮而清晰。
③The teacher asks students not to talk ___before class
老師講學生上課之前不要大喧鬧。.
④－What did you say ?你說什么？
－Oh, nothing,I was just thinking____.
哦，沒說什么，我只是自言自語。
答案①loud ②louder③loudly ④aloud
15.add to ;add…to… 及add up to
●add to 增加
●add…to …把…加到上去
●add up 加起來
●add up to 加起來等于
①The bridge _____the beauty of our city.
那座橋增加了我們城市的美麗。
②_____the figures and tell me the result.
把那橋增加起來，并告訴我答案。
③Five____six makes eleven
5加上6等于11。
④His whole schooling____no more than one year.
他的整個年正規教育加起來不到一年。
答案：①Adds to ②add up ③added to ④added up to
16.also, too, either,as well及as well as
這幾個詞或詞組都有“也”的意思，但用法不同。
1)also用于肯定句，通常位于be動詞，助動詞或情態動詞之后，行為動詞之前。
eg
① I have been to BeiJing .He has also been there.
我去過北京，他也去過。
②He also wants to go there .
他也想去那兒。
2)too也用于肯定句，比also更通俗，和also ,as well有時可相互替換，既可放在句中，也可放在句未。固定說法如Me,too .=The same to me.我也一樣。
You,too =The same to you 你也一樣。
eg.He studies hard + and his sister studies / hard.,too / ,So does his sister .
他學習很用功，他妹妹也是如此。
I too, want to go with you.我也想跟你一起走，
3)either用于肯定句只能用于句未。
eg.He didn’t know it +and I didn’t know/ it either/ and neither/nor did I
他不知道這事，我也是如此。
4)as well在口語中用得最廣，用法基本同too一樣。
eg.I like singing and dancing as well.
我喜歡唱歌也喜歡跳舞。
5)as well as是并列連詞，意思“不僅…而且…”另外還有一種意思“跟…一樣好”，到底是哪一種意思，要看上下文。
eg.
①The girl is lively as well as healthy.
這女孩既健康又活波。
②I speak English as well as French.
有兩種含義，我說法語也說英語，或者我說英語跟法語一樣好。
【注】
“not only …but (aslo)…”與as well as 意思相同，但強調重點不一樣。
“as well as”強調前面的詞，而not only …but also…強調的各詞，如充當主語時，謂語動詞應與強調的各詞在人稱和數上保持一致。
eg.
①she is clever as well as beautiful.=She is not only beautiful but also clever.
她不僅漂亮而且聰明。(強調“聰明”)
②You as well as the student are kind to me.
不但那些學生而且你對我也很好，（強調you”）
另外:as well as連接兩個動詞不定式時，如第一個有to，第二個就省略。
eg. We expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children.
我們不僅指望她照看孩子而且指望做家務。
課文難點
（1）What do you think is the most important thing in your job?
你認為你的工作中最重要的是什么？
What do you think是一個由what引導的賓語從句，其實我們可以把do you think看作是一個插入語。
eg. Who do you think is the best student in our class?
你認為誰是我們班里最好的學生？
Why do you think she burst into tears?
你他為什么會突然哭起來？
(2)still,I don’t think everybody will find my kind of humour funny.
然而，我認為不是每一個人都會發現我的幽默是有趣的。
【注】本句英語漢語在表達上的區別。英語中有些動詞如think,velieve,suppose,guess,imagine,expect等，當他們后面跟一個具有否定意義的賓語而賓語從句中的謂語動詞用肯定式，這種現象叫做否定轉移（transferred negation）
eg .①I don’t think his idea is correct.
我認為他的想法不正確。
(不說I think his idea is not correct)
②I don’t believe it will rain tomorrow, will it?
我相信明天不會下雨，對不對？
注意以下幾點:
1)否定前置時，主語必須是第一人稱，I 或we.
2)對于否定前移的回答，肯定用yes,I think so或I believe so .等。
否定用no,I don’t believe so 或I believe not .兩種形式，但hope的否定只能說I hope not
3)可以否定轉移的句子，反問時應對從句反問，如主語不是第一人稱，應對主句進行反問試比較。
eg.①We don’t think you will go there ,will you?
我們認為你不會去那兒，是嗎？
②They think it is not going to rain, don’they?
他們認為天不會下雨，對吧？
(3)Funny plays ,often have characters that are stereotypes of nationalities or people doing certain jobs.
滑稽戲劇中常常有表演各個民族所特有的典型的人物或從事某種職業人物的角色。
1）that are stereotypes of nationalities or people doing certain.是由that引導的定語從句，修飾characters.關系詞that，在句中充當主語，不能省略。
2）Doing certain jobs是現在分詞短語作后置定語修飾people,它相當于一個定語從句，who do certain jobs.
現在分詞短語可作后置定語相當于一個定語從句。
eg.The old man lying on the ground is a pianist
=The old man who lies on the ground is a pianist.
躺在地上那個老人是個鋼琴家。
(4)Dating back to the Qin Dynasty(221 BC-20BC), the traditional crosstalk shows or Xiang Sheng shows, have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries.
從秦朝開始，傳統的斗嘴或相聲一直便利全中國人哄堂大笑已有好幾個世紀。
1）句中dating back to the Qin Dynasty 是現在分詞短語，在句中作伴隨狀語。
2）have made people all over China roar with laughter 中的make 是“使、讓”的意思，make sb./sth. do…讓/使某人或某物去做某事。
eg.①She made her children wash their hands before eating.她要孩子們在吃東西前洗手。
②Rain mades plants grow.雨水使植物生長。
【注】當句子變成被動語態時，要在“do”前加“to”，上面兩例句可變為：
① Her children were made to wash their hands before eating.
② Plants are made to grow by rain.
【注】使/讓某人去做某事，還可以說have /let sb. do sth.（這個句型一般不用被動語態形式。）
（5）I was still so angry that I went up to tell them what I thought of him.
我仍然滿腔怒火，便走上前去把我對他的看法告訴他。
句型so+adj./adv.+that-clause如此…以致…引導結果狀語從句。
Eg.①He worked so hard that he was praised.他工作如此努力以致他受到稱贊。
②He was so tired that he couldn’t move.
=He was tired enough to move.
=He was too tired to move.
他如此疲倦以致不能動。
（6）I cycled in front of him got off my bicycle, and laid it down on the road in front of his car so that he couldn’t drive off.
我在他前面騎自行車，從自行車上下來，然后把自行車放在路上，攔住他，以致他不能把車開走。
句中so that 引導目的狀語從句。
eg. He got up earlier so that he could catch the first bus.
他早點起床，以便他能趕上第一班公共汽車。
【注】so that 多用來引導目的狀語從句，有時候也可以引導結果狀語從句，它們區別在于：
1）從句中有無情態動詞。從句中有情態動詞can, could, may, might, would, should等，表示從句謂語動作得發生在主句謂語動作之后，so that引導的是目的狀語從句。So that從句中無情態動詞，主從句之間的關系是因果關系，從句是結果狀語從句。如：
eg.He made good use of time, so that he finished the work in time.
他合理利用時間，結果按時完成了工作。
2）so that引導結果狀語從句時，主從句之間常要停頓一下，用逗號把它們分開，而且狀語從句則無需如此。
（7）I remember the last time we met I did most of the talking.
我記得上次我們見面的時候，我講得話多。
The last time可引導時間狀語從句，后面常省略that.
eg.The last time you came here, I happened to go out.
上次行車時，我正好出去了。
【注】有些表示時間的短語可以引導時間狀語從句。如：
the first(second,last) time,each(every)time,by the time,next time 等。
eg.① Next time you come to Beijing, please bring your son here.
下次來北京把兒子帶來。
②Every time I saw you, you were busy at work.
每次看到你時，你都忙于工作。
（8）The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as well as I could.
大幅度進行得很順利。我把我的經歷告訴了公司，并且盡可能好好地回答了他們的問題。
As well as I could是一個由as…as 引導的比較狀語從句，謂語動詞answer省略了，以避免不必要的重復�！癮s+adj./adv.+as+主語+can/could”結構�？梢杂谩癮s+adj./adv.+as possible”來代替，如本句的as well as I could可用as well as possible代替。又如：
① He was running as fast as he could(as fast as possible).
他在盡可能快地跑著。
② You must speak English as often as you can (as often as possible).
他們盡可能常說英語。
（9）I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude.我很高興，經理決定不因為我曾經粗暴無禮而生我的氣。
For having been so rude是狀語，說明be angry 的原因，其中having been 是-ing形式的完成式，表示動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，（粗魯行為在經理作決定之前）。
eg.①He doesn’t remember having ever promised that(=He doesn’t remember that he promised that).他不刻曾經答應過那件事。
②Jim was punished for having killed the dog(=Jim was punished because he had killed the dog.)吉姆因為殺死了那只狗而受到了處罰。
③ I was sorry for having wasted so much time =I was sorry that I had wasted so much time.
我感到很遺憾，過去浪費了太多的時光。
（10）現在分詞作定語和賓語補足語
●作定語
A．單個的現在分詞作定語一般放在被修飾的詞 的前邊，分詞短語作定語放在被修飾語的后邊。
eg.①a sleeping child正確睡覺的孩子
②The man sitting by the fire is Tom’s father.火爐旁的那個人是湯姆的爸爸。
●現在分詞作定語時表示正在進行的動作或者經常性的動作或狀態有主動含義。
An encouraging speech鼓舞人心的演講
可以這樣說：
A speech is encouraging.(表主動)
A boy sitting beside me 一個坐在我旁邊的孩子（表示動作的狀態）
A student talking in class 一個上課講話的學生（表經常性的動作）
A person watching TV 一個正在看電視的人（表動作的正在進行）
●分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句，二者均可互換。
eg. I’d like a cup of boiling water.
=I’d like a cup of water which is boiling.
我想要一杯沸水。]
Have you ever seen a flying fish?
=Have you ever seen a fish that can fly?
你見過飛魚嗎？
3） 現在分詞作賓語補定語
●現在分詞可以作賓語補足語，其動作的發出者是賓語，它和賓語之間的關系是主謂關系。
eg. I saw a boy coming .我看見一個男孩在游泳。
●現在分詞作賓補與不定式作賓補的區別
在see; hear; feel; notice; observe; look at; listen to ; get等動詞后，既可以用現在分詞作賓補，也可以由不定式作賓補，兩者含義不同，用在現代分詞，表示動作正在發生（處于發生的過程中，還沒有結束）有不定式表動作發生了（即動作的全過程結束了）。
eg.①I saw a boy coming.(正在來)
②I saw a boy come just now.(來過了)
③I hear someone knock at the door five minutes ago.(5分鐘前敲的)
4）現在分詞 作賓補與作狀語的區別
其主要區別在于：動作由誰發出，現在分詞作狀語，動作由主語發出，作賓補，動作由賓語發出。如：
eg.They stood there watching the game.他們站在那兒看比賽。（現在分詞短語作狀語。）
I watched them playng the chess.我看見他們正在下棋。（作賓補）
5）have使，讓；帶復合賓語三種情況：
have+賓語do sth.讓…去做
have+賓語doing sth.使…處于某種狀態，讓…動作持續
have+賓語done 動作由別人來做，遭遇…之禍
eg.①I’ll have you stay here for two weeks.我要讓你在這兒待兩天。
②Don’t have your child staying at home for a whole day.不要讓你的孩子在家待一整天。
③I’ll have my flowers watered.我要讓人來澆花。
語法基礎知識
一．動名詞作定語
動名詞在句中一般只能以單個形式作定語，位于被修飾詞前，與被修飾詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關系，不表示被修飾的動作而表示被修飾詞的用途。朗讀時，重讀動名詞，它所修飾的名詞無需重讀。
a drinking cup (= a cup used for drinking) 飲水杯
a sleeping car (= a car used for sleeping) 臥鋪車
a living room (= a room used for living) 起居室
動名詞作定語與不定式的區別：
（1）動名詞作定語位于被修飾詞前；不定式作定語位于被修飾詞后。
There is a swimming pool near our school.我們學校附近有個游泳池。
I have something important to tell you.我有要事要告訴你。
(2)動名詞作定語表示所修飾詞的用途或使用目的，而不定式表示的動作性較強，往往與被修飾詞有邏輯上的動賓關系，且表示一個將要發生的動作。
The swimming pool has just been repaired.游泳池剛修好。（動名詞，表用途）
I have nothing to say.我無話可說。（不定式與 nothing 邏輯上有動賓關系）
二．分詞在句中作定語
1.分詞在句中作定語有兩種位置：單獨的分詞或含有分詞的合成詞常作前置定語；分詞短語常作后置定語。
（1）作前置定語
Barking dogs seldom bite.愛叫的狗很少咬人。
There is a good-looking man in front of the shop.在哪個商店前有位英俊的男子。
（2）作后置定語
Will the people sitting at the back please keep quite?請坐在后面的人保持安靜好嗎？
（3）如果分詞修飾由 some/any/no+thing/body/one 所形成的不定代詞或指示代詞 those 時，分詞則位于它們的后面。
Anyone smoking will be punished.正在吸煙的任何人都將受到懲罰。
Anyone agreeing should sign your name here.凡是同意的人要在此處簽名。
2.分詞短語作定語時與謂語動詞之間的時間關系
由于分詞作定語時，現在分詞主要表示主動意味，表示進行的動作；過去分詞則表示被動意味，表示完成的動作。因此，現在分詞作定語時，分詞的動作與謂語動作同時發生而且分詞的動作正在進行，并與被修飾詞有邏輯上的主謂關系：
The men working on the site were in some danger.這個工地干活的人處境有些危險。（表主動，表進行）
=(The men who were working on the site were in some danger.)
注：如果分詞需要表示動作是主動的，而又要先于謂語動作發生時，要用定語從句表示，若在謂語動作之后發生時，則要用不定式或定語從句表示�，F在分詞的完成式一般不作定語。
The man who broke the law was arrested.犯了法的那個人被捕了（先犯法，后被捕）
此句不能用breaking the law 來代替 who broke the law.
3.現在分詞的被動形式
（1）當一個及物動詞的現在分詞在句中作定語時，既要表示進行意味，又要表達被動意味時，要用現在分詞的被動語態，即 being done 的形式。
The matter being discussed here must be kept between ourselves.這里正被討論之事必須保密。
=（The matter which is being discussed here must be kept between ourselves.）
Have you seen the bridge being built over the river?你看見在那座河上正修的橋了嗎？
=（Have you seen the bridge which is being built over the river?）
三．現在分詞在句中作賓語補足語
賓語補足語在句中補充說明賓語在干什么或所處的狀態，與賓語間有邏輯上的主謂關
系。通常位于一些感官動詞和使役動詞的賓語后面，強調它的動作性，因此常把分詞譯成動詞。常用的感官動詞有：hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, look at, feel, find, leave 等，使役動詞有 make, have, let, get, keep。
I found him helping her with her English.我發現他在幫她學英語。
現在分詞helping 短語在句中作賓語 him 的賓語補足語，表示謂語動作發生時，helping 的動作正在進行，且與賓語之間有邏輯上的主謂關系。
時尚口語交際
電話是現代生活中人與人進行交流的重要媒介，但在日常生活中后很多人不知如何正確使用一些常用句式來解決開口難的問題。
（一）自報姓名
1.Hello, this is Jim Green,/Jim Green speaking.喂！我是Jim Green。
2.Good morning, Guangming Trading Company.早安，光明貿易公司。
3.Guangming Trading Company. Can I help you?光明貿易公司。有何事情？
（二）想與某人談話
1.May I speak to Mr. Green, please?請Mr. Green 聽電話，好嗎？
2.I’d like to speak to Mr. Green, please.麻煩一下，我想跟Mr. Green 講話。
3.Please connect me with…;或 Please give me…請給我接……
(三)問對方姓名
1。Who’s calling/speaking, please?請問,您是哪位?
2．May I have your name, please? 請問,您尊姓大名?
3．May I ask who’s calling, please? 請問, 您是哪位?
4．Who is that, please? 請問, 您是哪位?
(四)再一次確定對方姓名
1.May I have your name again, please?再次請教您尊姓大名?
2.Excuse me, may I have your name again?對不起, 再次請教您尊姓大名.
3.Your name again, please? 再請問您尊姓大名.
(五)想知道對方姓名拼法
1.Could /Would you please spell your name, please?請拼出您的姓名好嗎
2.How do you spell your name, please?請問您的姓名怎么拼?
(六)請對方稍等
1.Just a moment/one moment/a minute/a second.請稍等。
2.Hold on a minute, please. 請稍等一下。
3.Would you hold on the line, please?請別掛斷。
（七）詢問對方有什么事
1.What can I do for you ?請問有何指教？
2. May I ask what your business is?請問您有什么事？
3. May I ask what you want to speak to him about?請問您有什么事要跟他說？
（八）打錯電話
1. I’m afraid you have the wrong number.恐怕您把電話打錯了。
2. What number are you calling?您打什么號碼？
3. There’s no one by that time.我們沒這個人。
（九）確認對方要找誰
1.Whom are you calling?您要找哪位？
2.With whom do you wish to speak?您想找哪位？
3.We have several Zhangs.我們這有好幾位姓張的。
4.What is his given name?他的名字叫什么？
典型例題
【1】 He was very nervous(緊張的).I noticed his hand_______.
A.to shake B.shake
C.shaking D.shaken
【精析】
1） notice有名詞的詞性，意思是“通知；布告”，如：There is a notice on the wall.
2） Notice作為及物動詞，意思是“注意，看到”，可接名詞、代詞或從句作賓語；它還可以帶復合賓語，即notice sb./sth. Do/doing sth…。其中不帶to的不定式do sth.強調整個過程；現在分詞doing sth.強調動作的進行，這與動詞see,watch,hear等詞的用法相似。根據句意和句子結構應選擇C項來強調動作的進行性，即當時的情景。D項是過去分詞，與賓語無被動關系，因為shake在這里用作不及物動詞，意思是“發抖”。
答案 C
【2】 Why not try_______ the back door if they can’t hear you on the front door?
A. to knock at B. to knock on
C. knocking down D.knocking on
精析 try這個動詞在使用中做及物動詞有兩種形式：一種是try to do sth.“想要（盡力）做某事”；另一種是try doing sth.“試做某事（看結果如何）”。根據句子的意思，“在敲前門聽不見的情況下，你為什么不試著敲一下后門呢？”因此，正確答案為D。還應注意：“knock at”相當于 “knock on”; ‘knock down”的意思是 “撞到”。
答案 D
【3】 I need________ there by bike,but something is wrong with my bike.It needs_______.
A.going;to be repaired B.going;being repaired
C.to go;to repair D.to go;repairing
精析 動詞need,require,want作“需要被”解，而且主語多是事物且其后跟動詞做它的賓語時，必須用動名詞或不定式的被動式。這時，動名詞的主動式表示被動意義。如：The window needs(requires,want)cleaning(to be cleaned).
答案 D