目標導引
1.單元詞匯及短語
feed, arable, seedbed, traditional, technique, agriculture, produce, improve, develop, increase, damage, fertilization, irrigation, import, ripe, technology, exchange, shortage, greenhouse, temperature, control, variety practical, rough, plough, wine, gardening, weed, condition, have effect on, make a decision, make use of，bring in, depend on, stand for, in other words, a variety of, go against, year after year, pass on, from generation to generation, as well as, allow sb. to do
2.單元句型
（1）Although China is a very big country, only 7% of the land can be used for farming.
（2）It is on this arable land that the farmers produce food…
（3）To make as much use of the land as possible, two or more crops are planted each year where possible.
（4）Not only food production is important but also taking care of the environment.
（5）Today, many vegetables are not grown in gardens but in greenhouses.
3.單元語法
The use of “it”
核心知識
同義詞辨析
1.soil, earth, ground, field和land
(1)soil指“土壤”，“國土”等。
The top soil has been washed away.最上面的土壤已經補沖走了。
At last he returned to his native soil.他終于回到了故土。
（2）earth作“泥土”解時，與soil同義。另外，它還可以表示“地球”，相對于“天空”而言。
The rain sinks into the earth/soil.雨水滲進泥土中。
（3）ground指“地面”，“地表”。
The boy fell to the ground.那男孩倒在地上。
（4）field 指“田地”，“原野”，“場地”。
Who is the man working in the field? 地里干活的人是誰？
（5）land作“陸地”解，相對于“大海”而言，也可以指“土地”、“國土”等。
We will go there by land. 我們將由陸路去那兒。
2．such as, such…as…
(1)such as 是短語連詞，意為“諸如”，“例如”，引出的是such前面的詞的同位語。如：
John likes to make furniture, such as chairs and tables. 約翰喜歡做家具，如桌子和椅子之類。
（2）such…as…意為“像……那樣的”，“如……之類的”。such之后可跟可數名詞，也可跟不可數名詞。名詞前還可以加其他形容詞作修飾語。as 是關系代詞，引導定語從句，as 常在從句中作主語、賓語或表語等。如：
I want to buy such books as are about science and technology. 我想買有關科技方面的書。（as 在從句中作主語）
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 不要讀你看不懂的書。（as 在從句中作賓語）
Such books as this are too difficult to beginners. 這樣的書對于初學者來說大難了。（as 引導一個省略的從句：as this (is), as 在從句中作表語）
3．especially(especial),specially(special)和particularly
(1) especial 為形容詞，它的“特別”是不同于普通的，有“主要的”，“突出的”的意思。其副詞為especially，反義詞為ordinary。如：
It’s a matter of especial importance. 這是一件特別重要的事情。
I feel especially interested in the project. 我對這個方案特別感興趣。
（2）special的“特別”是不同于一般的，有“特殊的”，“專門的”意思。其反義詞為
general,副詞為specially。如：
They went to Paris on a special plane.他們乘專機去巴黎。
I came here specially to ask you for advice.我是專程來這里向你請教的。
（3）particularly意為“尤其”，“特別”，“格外地”。通常指以不尋常的方式突出某一事物的個性或獨特之處。它常與especially換用，但更強調“與眾不同”。如：
These books will be particularly helpful to those who wish to improve spoken English.這些書對那些希望提高自己英語口語水平的人來說特別有用。
4．start to do sth..和start doing sth.
一般情況下，兩者可以互換。如：
He started learning /to learn English when he was only three. 他在只有三歲的時候就開始學習英語了。
但在下列三種情況下，只能用start to do sth.
(1)當主語是物而不是人時。如：
The ice started to melt.冰開始融化。
（2）當start用于進行時態時。如：
She is starting to cook the dinner.她開始做飯。
（3）當start 后面的非謂語動詞指心理狀態或精神活動（即表示想法、意見等的詞，如think, realize, wonder, understand等）時。如：
She started to wonder who had done it .她開始想是誰做了這件事。
5．as well as , not only…but also…
兩者都有“不但……而且”的意思，但側重點有所不同。as well as 強調前面部分，而not only…but also強調的是but also的部分，即：A as well as B = not only B but also A。如：
He can speak French as well as English.他不僅會說英語，還會說法語。
6．try to do sth.和 try doing sth.
(1)try to do 意為“努力，企圖做某事”。如：
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
（2）try doing 意為“試驗，試著做某事”。如：
I tried gardening but didn’t succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。
7．keep, raise
(1)keep表示“飼養”（動物）。如：
My uncle keeps pigs and hens.我叔叔養豬養雞。
（2）raise除了表示“飼養”（動物）外，還可以表示“養育”（子女）。如：
It was said that the Chinese first raised silkworms.據說，是中國人最早養蠶的。
He raised some flowers in the back garden.他在后園里種了一些花。
She has raised five children.她養育了五個子女。
8.deep, deeply
deep多指時、空深度，而且deeply較多地用于喻義，多指情感上的深厚程度或強烈程度。如：
Petroleum lies deep in the earth.石油存在于土壤深處。
The geologist went deep into the jungle.那個地質學者到了叢林深處。
I went on reading deep into the night.我繼續讀書直到深夜。
He was deeply interested in the research.他對這項研究非常感興趣。
What he said hurt her deeply.他說的話深深傷害了她。
9．year by year, year after year
(1)year by year 表示每年都有所變化。如：
I grow taller year by year.我一年年長高。
（2）year after year表示一年年一成不變。如：
The flowers remain the same year after year while people change year by year .年年歲歲相似，歲歲年年人不同。
10. contain vt.“包含；含有；容納”側重包含的內容和成分。
include vt.“包括；列入”側重范圍或整體。
eg.
This book contains all the information you need.
這本書包含了你所需要的所有信息。
Sea water contains salt.海水含有鹽。
Our ten-city tour included a visit to London.
我們“十城游”包括參觀倫敦。
試題：
This book ____ forty maps, _____ three of Great Britain.
A. contains; includes B. is containing; including
C.includes; contains D. contains; including
解析 contain作“含有”講，不能用于進行時，This book中含有40幅地圖，側重的是內容；又因為including為介詞，常位于句尾。所以答案為D
答案 D
試題
改錯：Their diet includes a lot of fat.他們的食物含有脂肪。
應改為：Their diet contains a lot of fat.
11.discover（客觀存在但以前不為人所知的事物的）“發現”
invent（原來不存在的東西的）“發明”
find發現或找到自己所需要的或丟失的東西，強調結果。
uncover揭發；揭露；揭開
試題：
Gibert _____ electricity, but Edison ___the light bulb.
A. discovered ; found B.discovered ; invented
C. invented ; discovered D. discovered ; invented
解析 第一空應為“發現”；第二空應為“發明”所以正確答案為B
答案 B
12.all 可接單、復數名詞,專有名詞或不可數名詞
whole 通常接單數名詞，有時接復數名詞，但不能接不可數名詞。
有其他限定詞時，其順序是：“all + the ( this, his …) + n”
試題：
When they arrived, _____ village turned out to welcome them.
A. all B. whole C.the whole D. The whole
答案 C
課文難點解析
（1）Although China is a very big country, only 7% of the land can be used for farming. 雖然中國是一個大國，但是只有7%的土地能用于耕作。
1）Although“雖然，盡管”引導讓步狀語從句。與though相同。
注意：
although…but（錯）
although…yet sb.…（對）
although…sb. still…（對）
eg. Although ( Though ) he worked hard, yet he failed.
Although ( Though ) he worked hard, he still failed.
雖然他很努力，但還是失敗了。
試題：
Although he is considered a great writer, ________.
A. his works are not widely read
B. but his works are not widely read
C. however his works are not widely read
D. still his works are not widely read
解析 B，C是錯誤搭配。D句為否定，常不用still.
答案 A
2) use for意為“作…用”。
eg.
We used the seal’s for coats.我們用海豹皮作大衣。
Castor oil is used for medicine.蓖麻油可作藥用。
It can also be used for food.它也可作食用。
（2） It is on this arable land that the farmers produce food for the whole population for China.
就是在這樣少的耕地上農民為全國的人生產糧食。
It is /was +被強調部分 + that ( who ) …這是強調句型結構。強調句型是中學階段所學的極其重要的句型之一，也是高考測試的重點和熱點之一。在運用中其使用率也較高，因此，對此結構必須引起高度重視。概括起來，應注意以下幾個方面：
1）掌握該句型的關鍵在于把握強調句型的判斷標準，即去掉強調句式結構或經過語序相應調整后，原句仍成立。
eg. It was because he was ill that he did not come to see you.
他是因為病了沒能來見你。
去掉強調句型的句式結構It was…that…后，原句仍然成立。
2）注意謂語動詞的人稱和數一致性。在強調句型中，當強調主語時，其后的謂語動詞應和被強調成分的人稱和數一致。
eg. It is Mary and Tom who often do good deeds.
是瑪麗和湯姆常常做好事。
3)注意who和that的選用。在強調句型中，若被強調部分指人，可以用關系代詞who或 that；若被強調的是狀語，只能用that不能用when和where.
eg. It was during the years 533～544 that Jia Sixie wrote a book called Qi Min Yao Shu.
在公元533～544年期間，賈思勰寫了一本名《齊民要術》的書。
（強調時間狀語）
4）注意區分含有“Not until…”的倒裝結構和強調句型。Not until用于句首時，主語和謂語通常用倒裝語序。如果是復合句，主句用倒裝語序。但在It is / was not until…that…句型中，that后的主謂不倒裝。
試題：
It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcasts began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since
答案 C（句子的主、謂不倒裝）
5）注意：該句型一般不能強調謂語動詞。強調句型通常強調主語、賓語或狀語，一般不強調謂語。需要強調謂語時，須在謂語動詞原形前面加上助動詞do, does或did.
eg. You mean it looks strange! I’ll tell you something that does sound strange .
你的意思是說很奇怪！我將告訴你一件很奇怪的事。
6）注意與“It is / was …that-clause”主語從句的區別。強調句型與it作形式主語，that從句作真正主語的句型十分相似，但主語從句中It is / was 后通常用名詞或形容詞作表語。強調句型中It is / was 后是對主語、賓語或狀語的強調成分。
試題：
＿＿ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A.There B. This C. That D. It
解析 It作形式主語，名詞fact作表語，that English is…作真正主語，故選D。
答案 D
（3）Not only food production is important but also taking care of the environment.
不僅糧食生產很重要，而且保護環境也很重要。
Today, many vegetables are not grown in gardens but in greenhouses.
今天，許多蔬菜不是在園地里種植生長的，而是在溫室里。
no…but…不是…而是…
not only…but（also）…不但…而且…
eg.
Shakespear was not a musician but a writer.
莎士比亞不是音樂家而是作家。
Shakespear was not only a writer but（also）an actor.
莎士比亞不但是作家而且還是個演員。
連接并列成分作主語，謂語動詞的數與靠近的主語一致。
試題：
Not the wonderful views but the warmth of the host ____ moved us all.
A. has B. have C. was D. are
解析 根據就近一致的原則，空白處的動詞的數應與the warmth一致，即用單數；又因為move為及物動詞，意為“使…感動”，表示主動，故答案A。
答案 A
（4）The temperature is controlled with computers, or kept the same, no matter how the weather is outside.
氣溫是由電腦來控制的，無論外面的天氣情況怎么樣，氣溫都保持一樣。
…no matter how the weather is outside是讓步狀語從句。
No matter + 疑問詞（what, when, where, how, …）引導讓步狀語從句，意為“不管”，“無論”＝疑問詞＋ever（whatever, whoever, whenever, however…）
但“no matter＋疑問詞”只能引導狀語從句，不能引導主語從句或賓語從句；而“疑問詞＋ever”可用來引導主語從句或賓語從句。
eg.
NO matter what he says, I won’t believe.
不管他說什么，我都不想信他。
No matter who knocks, don’t open the door.
不管誰敲門，都不要開。
No matter how you travel it’ll take you at least two days.
無論你用什么方式旅行，至少要兩天的時間。
試題：
1)._____ far away you are, you are always in our thoughts.
A. Even though B. No matter what
C. No matter how D. In spite of
答案 C
2) No matter ___ you have time or not, you must deliver these clothes today.
A． if B. whether C. when D. how
答案 B
（5）In 1993,a kind of tomato was developed that was very different from any grown before. It was developed using a technique known as GM.
1993年，研制出一種完全不同于以前任何品種的西紅柿。這種西紅柿是運用一種稱為GM的技術研制出來的。
1）…that was very different from any grown before 是定語從句，修飾a kind of tomato.
●be different from…不同于…；與…不同
eg. American English is different from British English in some ways.美國英語在某些方面不同于英國英語。
2）…using a technique known as GM.現在分詞短語作方式狀語；其中known as GM為過去分詞短語作定語修飾a technique
be known as…被稱為，人們稱作，是有名的
be known for…因…而出名
be known to…為…所知…
eg.
Today he is well known as a famous leader.
今天，他被稱為一位著名的領導人。
The first tomb, known as ChangLing, was built at the beginning of the 15th century.
第一座墓叫做長陵，是十五世紀初修建。
Guilin is known for its beautiful sceneries.
桂林因風景優美而出名。
The use of gunpowder was known to the Chinese before the Europeans.
中國人懂得應用火藥在歐洲人之前。
（6）He spent his time on research into agriculture.
他把時間用在農業研究上。
1）spend…on…在…在…花費
eg. She spent a lot of money on clothes.
她在穿衣上花了很多錢。
2）research into對…進行研究
eg. The doctor carried out a research into healthy food.
這位大夫對健康食品進行了研究。………
注意：
sb. spend money（time）on sth./（in）doing sth.
sb. pay（money）for sth.
sth. cost sb. money
It takes（sb.）some time to do sth.
（7）It is good to grow different plants next to each other in the same field.在同一塊田地里間種不同的植物是有益處的。
●It + be + adj / n + ( for sb.) to do sth.
其中It是形式主語，真正主語是后面的不定式或不定式復合結構。
eg.
It is difficult to understand what she’s talking about.
很難理解她談話的內容。
It’s my duty to help you when you are in trouble.
你有困難時幫助你是我的責任。
It’s difficult for us to work out the problem.
對我們來說，解出這道題是很難的。
在本句型中，不定式復合結構通常是“for sb. to do sth.”但也有用“of sb. to do”
此時則表示對某人或某事的稱贊或責備；of后的sb.與形容詞有邏輯上的系表關系，這時形容詞常為人品形容詞。
eg. It’s kind of you to invite me to the party.承蒙邀請，不勝感激。
（相當于You are kind to invite me to the party.）
It’s silly of you to ask such questions.你提出這類問題，實在太蠢了。
（相當于You are silly to ask such questions.）
語法聚焦
強調是人們在交際中為了有效地交流思想，突出重要內容所運用的一種手段。英語中強調的手段多種多樣。口語中可以利用語音手段，借助重讀和語調的變化，突出或強調句中的某一個詞或成分。在書面語言中，可以利用語法手段、詞匯手段和修飾手段突出或強調句中的某個部分。
1.強調句型的形式
強調句型：“It is (was)+被強調的部分+that+原句剩余部分”
比較下列各句：
It was John who/that bought an old bike yesterday in a marketplace.是約翰昨天在市場上買了輛舊自行車。（強調主語）
It was an old bike that John bought yesterday in a marketplace.昨天約翰在市場買的是輛舊自行車。（強調賓語）
It was yesterday that John bought an old bike in a marketplace.約翰是昨天在市場上買了輛舊自行車。（強調時間狀語）
It was in a marketplace that John bought an old bike yesterday. 約翰是在市場上昨天買了輛舊自行車。（強調地點狀語）
2.使用強調句型應注意的事項
（1）強調句型可以強調主語、賓語、時間狀語和地點狀語等。不強調謂語，若要強調謂語時用助動詞do。
（2）強調句型中的連接詞that 不能省去，當主語是人或者賓語是人時可以用who, whom代替that, 且who, whom 也不能省去，其余成分均用that.
（3）連詞that, who ,whom 后的動詞要與前面被強調部分的名詞或代詞（即原名中的主語）的人稱保持一致。
（4）強調句型中的時態一般只用兩種，即一般現在時和一般過去時，若原句的動詞為一般過去時、過去完成時及過去進行時，就用It was + 被強調的部分+that+原句剩余部分。若原句的動詞是其他時態時，使用it is + 被強調的部分+that+原句剩余部分。
（5）此句型可以用來強調目的狀語、方式狀語以及because 引導的原因狀語。不能強調以as, since引導的原因狀語及although 引導的讓步狀語從句。通常不強調系動詞be的的表語，但有時可以強調其他系動詞后的表語。如：
It is for helping the people in disaster area that Meimei has contributed her money given to her as lunar New Year gift.
梅梅是為了幫助災區人們而捐獻出她的壓歲錢。
It is was because he didn’t pass the exam that his father gave him a good beating .
是因為考試不及格他爸爸把他痛打一頓。
It is a novelist that he has become .他已經成了小說家。
（6）可以強調以not…until…引導的時間狀語
我們用“It was (is) not until + 被強調的部分 + that + 原句剩余部分”句型表示“是直到……才……”。如：
He and the other doctors did not leave until the operation was over.他和其他醫生等手術做完后才離開。
=It was not until the operation was over that he and the other doctors left.
注：在強調句型中只用until，不用till，由于that前已有否定詞not，故that 后的句子用肯定式。如：
I won’t believe you until I’ve seen you in the jar with my own eyes.直到我親眼看你在壇子里，我才相信你的話。
=It is not until I’ve seen you in the jar with my own eyes that I will believe you.
也可以用下面的倒裝句型來強調以not until引導的時間狀語：Not until +時間狀語（或人句）+助動詞did +主謂。如：
Jack’s father didn’t buy him a computer until he went to college.直到杰克上大學爸爸才給他買了臺計算機。
=It was not until he went to college that Jack’s father bought him a computer.
=Until he went to college did Jack’s father buy him a computer.
3．強調句型的判斷
雖然，“It is +被強調部分 + that +原句剩余部分”從形式上與“It is +表語+that+從句“的名詞性從句相似，但其結構不一樣。在后面的名詞性從句中，句子成分完整，而在強調句型中，that后面的句子成分不完整，所缺部分正是that前被強調的部分。依此，只要將兩句型中that 前的表語部分置入that后的句中，若能構成一個完整無誤的句子，便是強調句型，否則為名詞性從句。
4．也可以將兩句型中的It is(was)及that 全部省去，若剩余的部分可以組成一個完整的句子，便是強調句型，否則為名詞性從句。如：
It was his best suit that Steven wore to the dance last night.
將his best suit置入that 之后的句中，可以組成Steven wore his best suit to the dance last night 表示“史蒂文昨晚穿著他最好的衣服跳舞。”
同樣，去掉原句中的It was 及that 后剩余部分也可以組成上述句子由此得出本句強調句型。如：
It’s clear that he is round and tall like a tree. 它像一棵樹一樣又圓又高是顯而易見的。
將clear置于that后面的句中已不成句，同樣，去掉It’s 及that 后也不成句，故本句是名詞性從句。
時尚口語交際
在人們的日常生活中，彼此都會表達各自的意愿和希望。下面是表達意愿和希望的英語常用結構、使用說明和例句。
1．I’m going to …表示計劃、打算、準備去干某事，事先有考慮。
I’m going to see a film.我打算去看電影。
2．I will…表示愿意、自愿去干某事。
I will write a letter to a friend in Beijing.我要給我北京的朋友寫封信。
3．I intend to…，I mean to…，I plan to…表示打算、計劃去干某事。
I intend to visit a friend.我打算去看一位朋友。
I mean to wait.我打算等一等。
I plan to travel in Europe this summer.今年夏天我計劃到歐洲旅游。
4. I’d like to…,I feel like…,I’m ready to…強調想要、樂意干某事。
I’d like=would like/feel like+ doing
I’d like to stay home doing my homework. 我想呆在家里做作業。
I feel like going out for a walk.我想出動散步。
I’m ready to visit my uncle.我準備去看望我叔叔。
5．I want to… 表意愿和欲望，語氣較強烈。
I hope to…表希望做某事，語氣較委婉。
I wish to…表不能達到的愿望，也指愿意做某事。
I want to go to college.我想上大學。
I hope to be a teacher.我希望當個教師。
I wish to see you. 我想看你。
6．I would rather not do…，I don’t feel like doing…當別人邀請你一道做某事而你又不太愿意時，語氣較委婉。
I would rather not tell you. 我寧愿不告訴你。
I don’t feel like going swimming today.我今天不想去游泳。
7．I hope that…表希望實現的可能性小。
I hope that you will visit China next year.我希望你明年來訪問中國。
I wish that I knew the latest news. 但愿我知道最新消息。
典型例題
【例1】我覺得難以與他相處。
誤：I find to get along with him difficult.
正：I find it difficult to get along with him.
精析 find, feel, think, consider等動詞的一個共同用法是：當復合賓語（賓語＋補足語）中的賓語不是名詞或代詞而是不定式或從句時，通常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語（不定式或從句）放在補足語的后面。
【例2】天氣夠暖和的，我們可以游泳了。
誤：It is enough warm for us to go swimming now.
正：It is warm enough for us to go swimming now.
精析 enough做程度副詞時，應位于所修飾或說明的形容詞和副詞之后。
【例3】快點，他們過五分鐘就要出發了。
誤：Hurry up!They are about to start in five minutes.
正：Hurry up! They are going to start in five minutes.
精析 be about to 表示“正準備要”，表示將來，但不能與表示將來的時間狀語連用，要把be about to 改為be going to , be going to可指計劃、打算做某事，可以與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
【例4】你是怎樣與他取得聯系的？
誤：How did you keep in touch with him?
正：How did you get in touch with him?
精析 在not…until結構中，主句謂語動詞是非延續性動詞。誤句中的work是延續性動詞，故應改為begin/start to work.
【例5】直到下午四點鐘，它才開始工作。
誤：She didn’t work until four o’clock in the afternoon.
正：She didn’t begin to work until four o’clock in the afternoon.
精析 在not …until結構中，主句謂語動詞是非延續性動詞。誤句中的work是延續性動詞，故應改為begin/start to work
【例6】她沒來學校的原因是因為她生病了。
誤：The reason why she didn’t come to school is because she was ill.
正：The reason why she didn’t come to school is that she was ill.
精析 the reason后的表語從句要用that引導，不能用because, because引導表語從句只用于This/That/It is because…句型中。