單元目標要求
1．重點詞匯、短語、句型結構
1）waste(v . , n. ), pipe(v. , n. ), escape, unsold
2）throw away , break up, break down, depend on, at the bottom of, at one time, make laws, be active in, make an effort, do a drawing
3）No matter how(what, who…)…（讓步狀語從句）
It will be years before +從句．
2．課文掌握程度
1）復習Until-5重點難點。
2）能復述閱讀課文。
3．重點語法
1）Revision of Tenses
2）Word Formation
3）Revision of Past Participle, the V- ing Form and Noun Claues.
4．口語交際
Likes and dislikes
5．寫作要求
Rewrite the story in different persons.
常用句型結構
1．It looks as if/as though +clause結構中look是連系動詞，意為看起來，似乎，后面的從句中謂語多用直陳語氣，有時也可用虛擬語氣。如：
①It looks as if they are all in a terrible hurry. 看上去他們極為匆忙。
②It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨。
③It looks as though we shall have to do the work ourselves.
看來我們只得親自做這工作。
④It looks as if he didn't know anything about the secret.
看來他對這個秘密一無所知。
▲sb. ＋look as if/as though＋clause意為某人看上去，似乎……，后面的從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，也可以用直陳語氣。如：
①He looked as though he were from the country.
他看上去似乎來自農村。（事實上他并非來自農村）
②You look as if you didn't care. 你似乎并不在乎。（實際上你很在乎）
▲look（link-v. ）后面除接as if/as though從句外，還常接形容詞、分詞、名詞、介詞短語等作表語。如：
①He was not a very big man, but he looked strong.
他身材并不高大，但看上去很健壯。
②He looked startled when his nephew came in.
當他外甥進來時，他看上去大吃一驚。
③He looked a perfect fool. 他看上去是個大傻瓜。
④You looked in splendid health. 你看上去健康狀況極佳。
⑤She looked to be a young woman of twenty. 她看上去有二十來歲。
⑥The weather does not look like clearing up. 天氣看來不會晴朗。
2．sb./sth. ＋not +adj. /adv. ＋enough +動詞不定式結構意為某人、某物不夠……，（以致）不能……。如：
①The boy is not old enough to go to school. (＝ The boy is too young to go to school. )小男孩未到上學年齡。
②She didn't run fast enough to catch up with you. (=She ran too slowly to catch up with you. )她跑得不夠快，趕不上你。
③The coat is not large enough for you to wear. (=The coat is too small for you to wear. )外套太小，你穿不上。
▲如果這個結構中去掉not，則成了sb. /sth. +adj. /adv. ＋enough +動詞不定式，意為某人、某物足以……，（以致）能……。如：
①We were fortunate enough to get an empty car.
我們很幸運地租到一輛空車。
②I stayed long enough to make certain that the house was absolutely empty.
我呆得很久，以致能肯定那房子是空的。
3．It＋seems＋ that-clause結構表示判斷或猜測，意為看來（著重在從實際情況看來）。如：
①It seems that nobody knew what had happened.
看來沒有人知道發生了什么事。
②It seems (that) he was late for the train. 看來他誤了火車。
③It seemed to him that he had never worked so hard in his life.
他覺得自己一生中從未如此努力工作。
④It would seem (=It seems) that something is wrong. 看上去似乎有點毛病。
⑤It seemed that life for her was rather hard. 看來她當時生活很艱難。
It +seems +as if/as though +clause結構和剛剛論述的結構意義和用法差不多。如：
①It seems as if there will be an election soon. 看來不久將進行選舉。
②It seems as if we shall have to walk home. 看來我們得步行回家。
③It seems as if you are the first one here. 看來你似乎是第一個來客。
▲seem（link-v. ）后面除接that-clause或as if（as though）-clause外，還常接形容詞、分詞、名詞、介詞短語等作表語。如：
①She does not seem likely to get it from you.
她似乎不可能從你這兒得到它。
②She always seemed well pleased, happy and contented.
她看來總是高興、幸福和滿足。
③This seems to me a glorious life.
我覺得這看來是光榮的一生。
④You seem in high spirits, Mary. 你看上去情緒很高，瑪麗。
4．詞組no matter意為不管、無論，后面常跟who，what，when，where，how等連用，相當于whoever，whatever，whenever，wherever，however等，引出讓步狀語從句。如：
①No matter who knocks, don't open the door. (=Whoever knocks, don't open the door. ）不論誰敲門，你都不要開。
②No matter what happened, he would not say a word.(=Whatever happened, he would not say a word.)不論發生什么事，他都將保持沉默。
③No matter where you go, I'll go with you. (=Wherever you go, I'll go with you. ) 不管你上那兒，我都跟你去。
④No matter how loudly he shouted, he wouldn't be heard.(=However loudly he shouted, he wouldn't be heard.)無論他如何大聲叫嚷，都不能使別人聽見。
5．部分介詞的省略結構
介詞的省略是英語中一種常見現象，它有助于使句子簡潔緊湊。介詞省略有以下幾種情況：
1）表示時間延續的介詞for常常省略。例如：
①We stayed there (for) three days.
我們在那里呆了三天。
②They have lived here (for) ten years.
他們已在這兒居住了十年了。
▲但在否定句或位于句首表示強調時，for一般不省略。例如：
③I have not heard from my brother for a year.
我有一年沒有收到哥哥的來信了。
④For some days he stayed in his cave, behind the wall. 有好幾天他呆在洞里，呆在圍墻后面。
2）表示年、月、日或星期之前的介詞有時可以省去或用逗號代替。例如：
①The teaching building was built (in) 1980.
教學樓建于1980年。
②My first book was published (in) April 1990.
我的第一本書1990年4月出版。
③Mr Smith arrived in Beijing (on) May 4, 1985.
史密斯先生1985年5月4日到達北京。
④We'll pay a visit to our teacher (on) Sunday.
星期天我們去看望老師。
3）表示某一特定時間的名詞短語前的介詞可以省略。例如：
①We visited the exhibition the day before yesterday. 我們前天參觀了博物館。
②He came back on May 5 and the following day he got injured.
他5月5日回來，第二天就受了傷。
4）表示時間的名詞短語前若有表示“大約”的about/around時，前面的介詞往往省略。例如：
①They started (at) about six o'clock. 他們大約6點鐘開始。
②The lecture lasted (for) around two hours.
講座進行了大約兩個小時。
5）表示距離或延伸的名詞短語前的介詞for可以省略。例如：
①He walked (for) a mile and then ran (for) a mile.
他走了一英里，接著有跑了一英里。
②This road stretches northwards (for) hundreds of kilometres.
這條路向北延伸數百英里。
6）表示方式的名詞短語前的介詞有時可以省略。例如：
①He sent the letter (by) airmail.
他航空郵寄了這封信。
②They play cards (in) a different way.
他們以不同的方式玩撲克。
③They cook (in) the French style.
他們以法國風格烹調。
7）疑問形容詞what之前的介詞常常省略。例如：
① (Of) What size is your shirt?
你的襯衫時是多大號的？
② (On) What day did you get there?
你是哪天到達那兒的？
③ (Of) What colour is it? 這是什么顏色？
8）當介詞 of與age，size，colour，height，shape等搭配時，往往省略of。例如：
①They had a daughter(of) my age.
他們有個女兒與我同歲。
②This building is (of) the same shape as that one.
這座建筑物與那座建筑物形狀相同。
③The chimneys are (of) the same height.
這些煙囪的高度是相同的。
【注意】在 at the age of…結構中，the和of往往同時省略；在have no idea結構之后，of習慣上通常省略。例如：
①He went to school at (the) age (of) seven. 他七歲開始上學。
②You have no idea (of) how grateful I am for all you've done.
你不知道我多么感激你為我們做的一切。
9） 由wh-words（包括：whether，what，which，who，whom，whose，when，where，why，how等）引導的從句或不定式短語之前的介詞常常省略。例如：
①He is in doubt (about) whether to go or not.
他不知道是走還是留。
②I have no idea (of) whose house this is.
我不知道這是誰的房子。
③The question (of) where the library is to be built remains undecided.
圖書館建在哪里的問題仍未確定。
④He was at a loss (of) how to answer the question.
他茫然不知道如何回答這個問題。
10）動詞-ing形式及其短語前的介詞常常省略。例如：
①She spends a lot of time (in) reading English every day.
她每天花費大量時間讀英語。
②Nothing can prevent us (from) going to the concert.
沒有什么能夠阻止我們去參加音樂會。
③I have some trouble (in) pronouncing this sound.
我發這個音有些困難。
④We had no difficulty (in) finding the house.
我們沒費勁就找到了這座房子。
⑤There's no use(in) arguing any more with him.
再與他爭論也沒用。
⑥They took turns (at) taking care of their sick child.
他們輪流照料他們生病的孩子。
⑦They are very busy (in) making preparations for the English evening.
他們在忙于為英語晚會作準備。
⑧You did a great job (in) publishing his books.
你因出他的書而做了件大好事。
⑨Mr Green is engaged (in) compiling the textbook.
格林先生從事教科書的編寫工作。
11）在near to，nearest to等結構中，to有時可以省略。例如：
①The manager himself shifted my bed nearer (to) the window.
經理自己把我的床移近窗口。
重點詞語用法
1．waste的用法
1）adj．荒蕪的，無法利用的 waste land荒地
adj．無用的，拋棄的，廢棄的
waste-paper-basket字紙簍，waste products廢物
2）waste[U] n．廢物，浪費。例如：
①With the development of modern agriculture and industry more and more waste is produced.
隨著現代工農業發展，越來越多的廢物產生了。
②There's too much waste in this house. 這一家人太浪費了。
▲waste還可用于下面結構中。
It's a waste of time/money/speech. 例如：
①It's a waste of time to wait any longer.
再等下去是白費時間。
②It's a waste of your speech talking to him.
跟他講話白費唇舌。
3）waste vt．浪費。例如：
①We mustn't waste a drop of water or a grain of rice.
一滴水一粒米我們都不應當浪費。
②All his efforts were wasted. 他全部努力都白費了。
▲waste作動詞，可用于下列結構：
waste sth . on(doing) sth . 在某事上浪費。
waste time (in) doing浪費時間做某事。例如：
①He wasted much of his time and money on playing cards.
打牌浪費了他的大量時間和金錢。
②Don't waste time talking to him, he won't change his plan.
別浪費時間跟他講了，他不會改變計劃的。
2．escape的用法
1）n．逃跑，逃脫；消遣，消遣物。例如：
①The thief jumped into a car and made his escape.
小偷跳進一輛汽車，逃之夭夭。
②He reads adventure stories as an escape.
他看冒險小說作為消遣。
2）v．逃跑，逃脫；漏出，逸出。常和from連用。例如：
①They escaped from the burning house.
他們從燃燒的屋中逃出來。
②Some gas is escaping from the pipe. 煤氣正從管道逸出。
▲當escape表示“逃避，避免”解時，后面要接 V-ing形式。例如：
①He narrowly escaped being drowned. 他差一點被淹死了。
3．party的用法
party（n．）除表示“黨”，“娛樂性的聚會，晚會”外，還作“（進行某活動的）一伙人”解（ =a group of people doing something together），a party of＋n．意為一伙……。如：
①We must follow the party line. 我們應遵循黨的路線。
②That is why I am giving this party tonight.
這就是我今晚舉行宴會的原因。
③ A party of school children is going to France. 一群學生正前往法國。
④Half-way up the mountain we met another party of people climbing down.
上山的中途我們遇見另一群正在下山的人。
⑤ A rescue party has been sent out to bring back the injured workers.
已經派出一支營救隊去把受傷的工人接回來。
⑥There are twenty in all in the party travelling in Nanjing.
在南京的旅游團總共有20人。
4．gather['g$J+]的用法
gather既可用作及物動詞，意為“使聚集”（＝cause to come together）；“采集（花等）”（=pick[flowers，etc.]）；“收（莊稼等）”；也可用作不及物動詞，意為“聚集，集合”（＝come together）。例如：
①The teacher gathered the students around him.
老師將學生聚集在他周圍。
②We are gathering materials to get ready for an article.
我們在為寫文章搜集材料。
③They are gathering flowers in the garden. 他們在花園里采花。
④We usually help the peasants to gather the rice.
我們通常幫助農民收水稻。
⑤Many people gathered to listen to the speech.
有很多人聚攏來聽報告。
5．stop[st&p]的用法
stop意為“制止，防止，阻止，妨礙”。例如：
①We must stop the disease (from) spreading.
我們一定要防止疾病蔓延。（from也可省略）
②I had to think of a way stopping him from following me around all the morning.
我得想辦法阻止他纏我整整一上午。
③This stopped the development of their own industries.
這妨礙了他們自己工業的發展。
【注意】類似 stop sb./sth. from doing sth. 結構的有： prevent sb. /sth. from doing sth. （這其中的from常可省略，但在被動句中則決不能省略。）；keep sb./sth. from doing sth. （其中的 from不可省略，否則一省略，意思正相反）。
例如：
①There's nothing that prevents you (from) going to bed if you want to.
如果你想去睡覺，沒有什么事會不讓你去（或你盡管睡去）。（句中from可省略，意思不變）
②The heavy rain didn't keep them from watching the football match.
大雨沒能阻止他們看足球賽。
③The heavy rain didn't keep them watching the football match.
大雨使得他們不能繼續看足球賽。
④Hearing the words, he couldn't keep from laughing.
聽了這話，他不由得笑了起來。
6．reuse的用法
reuse意為“再利用”，其中前綴re-表示“再”（=again）。
【注意】與use有關的一些用法。例如：
①We should reuse the waste paper in order to save a lot of money.
為了節省大量資金，我們應該再利用廢紙。
②Retell the story in your own words. 用你自己的話重講這個故事。
③The waste water can be recycled. 廢水可以再循環使用。
④He used to get up very early. 他過去常常早起。
⑤We have already been used to the country life.
我們已經習慣于農村的生活。
⑥You will soon get used to living in the countryside.
你會很快習慣于在農村居住。
⑦Use your head, then you will have a good idea.
動動腦筋，你會有好主意的。
⑧It's useful for us to get some information about the computer.
獲取一些有關電腦方面的信息是有用的。
⑨It's no use crying over split milk.
牛奶潑地，哭也無益。
7．seek的用法
seek[si:k]意為“企圖，試圖”（＝to try；to make an attempt）。例如：
①We've never sought to hide our views.
我們從來不想隱瞞自己的觀點。
②They are seeking to attain the most advanced technological levels in the world.
他們正設法達到世界最先進的技術水平。
③It was no use seeking to persuade him to give up smoking.
企圖說服他戒煙是沒用的。
④We sought to change his mind but we failed.
我們試圖改變他的看法，但我們失敗了。
【注意】 seek還可以表示“征求，尋求，謀求，追求”。例如：
①Most men seek wealth; all men seek happiness.
多數人謀求財富，所有的人都謀求幸福。
②Our purpose was to seek friendship and cooperation.
我們的目的是尋求友誼和合作。
③You should seek advice from your parents on this problem.
在這個問題上你應該征求你父母的建議。
④He who seeks trouble never misses.
自找麻煩，肯定會碰到麻煩。（諺語）
8．without的用法
without[wi'Jaut] 后跟-ing的被動式，作方式狀語，表示“未經／被……”的意思。例如：
①He left the classroom without being permitted.
他未經許可就離開教室。
②She walked away from home on a dark night without being seen.
她在黑暗中離家出走，沒有被人看見。
③He was lucky; he escaped from the burning house without being injured.
他真幸運，他從著火的房子里逃了出來，沒有受傷
1．break down的用法
break down意為“分解”。例如：
①It is not easy to break down plastics and other similar rubbish.
塑料和其他類似垃圾不容易分解。
②Sugar and starch are broken down in the stomach.
糖和淀粉在胃中被分解。
③Water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen. 水可以分解成氫和氧。
▲break down 意為“壞了”。例如：
①When the pumps the broke down, they would repair them for us.
水泵壞了，他們就幫我們修。
②Their equipment frequently broke down.
他們的設備經常壞。
2．break up的用法
break up意為“驅散”（=scatter），“打碎、拆散”（=separate or become separated into parts by breaking）。例如：
①The police came and broke up the meeting.
警察來了并驅散了這個會議。
② The meeting broke up in great confusion.
會議在一片混亂中散會。
③The ship was breaking up on the rock.
船在礁石上撞毀了。
④Where the soil becomes too hard , we break it up.
在土壤過硬的地方，我們就反它打碎。
⑤Sentences can be broken up into clauses, and clauses into phrases.
句子可以分成從句，從句有可分成短語。
3．clean up/clear up/tidy up (=put in order; make clean or tidy)意為：“清理；整理”。例如：
①You should always clean up after a picnic.
野餐后你一要收拾干凈。
②He cleared up his room before they arrived.
在他們來之前，他先把房子整理一下。
③Clear/Tidy up the desk before you leave the office, will you?
離開辦公室之前，把辦公桌整理一下好嗎？
④I have to tidy myself up a bit. 我得梳理一下。
4．compared to 的用法
compared to 意為“和……比起來；與……相比”解。例如：
①VCD production this year increased by 50% compared to the last year.
和去年相比，今年VCD的產量提高了50%。
②Compared to 1997, the price of the computer has been reduced by 50%.
和1997年相比電腦的價格降低了50%。
③Compared to many other students, he was lucky enough.
和許多其他學生相比，他是夠幸運的了。
④It is a big place now compared to what it used to be.
和過去比起來，它現在是一個大地方了。
5．get rid of的用法
get rid of意為“排除、擺脫、處理掉”。例如：
①We must get rid of the bad habits. 我們必須去掉壞習慣。
②We must get rid of all our worries and have a good rest.
我們必須排除一切煩惱，好好休息一下。
③How can I get rid of my toothache?
我怎樣才能治好牙痛呢？
④They asked us to get rid of these old cars.
他們要求我們把這些舊車處理掉。
⑤He is always troubling me. How can I get rid of him?
他總是給我找麻煩，我怎樣才能擺脫他呢？
⑥We'd better get rid of these old books and newspapers.
我們最好把這些舊書籍和報紙處理掉。
6．take up的用法
take up意為“對……有興趣，從事（某事）（作為嗜好、事業等）”（＝interest oneself in; engage in sth. [as a hobby. business etc.]）。例如：
①His father takes up computers.
他爸爸從事電腦工作。
②They seem to be very much taken up with stamps.
他們似乎對郵票很感興趣。
7．deal with的用法
deal with意為“處理”。deal的過去式和過去分詞都是dealt。例如：
① I don't know how to deal with the problem.
我們不知道如何處理這個問題。
②At the beginning of this term, we'll have many difficulties to deal with.
這學期開始我們將有許多難題要解決。
③That matter needs to be dealt with. 那件事需要處理了。
▲deal with還可以作“對待；對付”解。例如：
④The old lady is hard to deal with. 那個老太太很難對付。
⑤What is the best way of dealing with the cruel enemy?
對付殘忍的敵人最好的辦法是什么？
【注意】deal with 還可以作“論述或談論（某問題）”解。例如：
①This book deals with problems of pollution.
這本書論述污染問題。
②He made a speech at the conference, dealing with folk music.
他在大會上做了一次演講，談民間音樂。
8．no matter的用法
no matter意為“不管；無論”，常與疑問詞 who，what，when，where，how等連用，引導讓步狀語從句。例如：
①No matter how late he goes to bed, he always gets up early.
不管睡的多晚，他總是起得很早。
②No matter who attend the conference, I'd like to stay at home.
不管是誰參加會議，我都要呆在家里。
③No matter what you say, I won't believe you.
不管你說什么，我都不不相信你。
④No matter how hard she worked, she couldn't satisfy her teacher.
不管她學習多么刻苦，她總是不能使老師滿意。
⑤No matter where you go, you must work hard.
不管你上哪兒，都要努力工作。
9．be against的用法
be against意為“反對；違背”（＝be in opposition to）。例如：
①He was strongly against slavery.
他極力反對奴隸制。
②Anyone who is against the plan raise your hand.
任何反對這個計劃的人，請舉手。
③It's against our school rules for the girl students to wear necklace.
女生戴項鏈是違反我校校規的。
④Mary got married to Tom. It was against her parent's wishes.
瑪麗與湯姆結婚了，這是違背她父母愿望的。
⑤It is against your promise to go on smoking.
你繼續抽煙是違背你的諾言的。
【注意】be for意為“贊成”（=to support，to say yes to）。例如：
①Are you for the proposal or against it?
你是贊成這個建議還是反對它？
②The young people were strongly against the old teaching methods.
年輕人極力反對舊的教學方法。
③Is he for giving up the plan for travelling?
他贊成放棄這個旅行計劃嗎？
10．depend on的用法
depend on意為“依靠”（＝rely on）。例如：
①The price of the computer depends on the quality.
電腦的價格依靠質量而定。
②Whether he can go to attend the meeting or not depends on the weather.
他是否能參加這次會議要依靠天氣情況而定。
③Their success depends on their continuing effort.
他們的成功依賴于他們不懈的努力。
語法基礎知識
Word Formation
英語主要有三種構詞法：
1．轉化（conversion）是由一個詞類轉化為另一詞類，拼寫不變。
1）v．→n．動詞轉化名詞，意思變化不大。
have a try試一試
go for a walk去散步
have a look看一看
2）v．→n．動詞轉化名詞，意思有一定的變化。
equal say平等的發言權
The two games were draws. 兩場比賽打成平局。
3）n．→v．名詞轉化動詞。
book the ticket定票 chair the meeting主持會議
seat 1000 people能坐一千人
4）adj．→v．形容詞轉化動詞。
The train slowed down. 火車減速了。
The sun can warm up the soil. 太陽可使土地曖和起來。
5）v．→n．動詞轉化成名詞后重音發生變化。動詞重音在前，名詞重音在后。
export [eks'p&:t] v．出口 ['eksp&:t]n．出口
import[im'p&:t]v．進口 ['imp&:t] n．進口
increase[in'kri:s] v．增加 ['inkri:s]n．增加
2．派生（Derivation）通過加前綴或后綴構成另一個詞。
1）前綴
①反義詞前綴：un-，dis-，in-，im-，ir-，it-，non-
②其他意思前綴： re-重新； co-共同；anti-反對 ；over-過于；pre-預先；post-在……之后；fore-前；self-自動的，自我的；semi-半；vice-副；bi-雙；tri-三。
③動詞構成前綴：en-（endanger）
④a-構成形容詞（asleep）
2）后綴
①名詞：-er，-or，-ess，-ian，-ness，-tion，-ment，-ing，-ship，-ity，-ance，-ence等。
②形容詞：-ful，-less，-ish，-ous，-able，-ly，-y，-some
③動詞：-ize，-en，-ify
④副詞：-ly，-ward，-wise
⑤數詞：-teen，-ty，-th
3．合成（Compounding）由兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞。
①形容詞：good-looking好看的；peace-loving熱愛和平的；well-known著名的；new-born新生的。
②名同：silkworm蠶；shorthand速記；waiting-room候車室；sleeping-pills安眠藥。
③動詞：overthrow推翻；white-wash粉刷。
④副詞：maybe或許；whoever不管是誰；whole-heartedly全心全意地。