英語(yǔ) Waste 內(nèi)容全析
【本課教學(xué)目標(biāo)】
相關(guān)知識(shí)
本單元 30 和 31 兩課的學(xué)習(xí)中要掌握下列線(xiàn)索：
1．Why must we stop pollution?
2．What kind of pollution is mentioned in the text ?
3．What types of waste are discussed in the text ?
4．Can you tell what ways are used in the world to recycle waste ?
5．How many different things are reused in China?
句子分析
1．No matter how much you want to bathe，it just isn’t safe． 不管你多么想洗海水澡，反正這都很不安全。
這里是由 no matter how 引出讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
但是一定要注意：no matter how(however) 既可以接形容詞和副詞，表示程度狀語(yǔ)；又可以直接接句子，表示方式狀語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)對(duì)比下面兩個(gè)句子：例如：
No matter how small the wheat ear is，we should pick it up． 無(wú)論麥穗有多小，我們都該把它拾起來(lái)。(程度狀語(yǔ))
No matter how he tried，he failed at all． 無(wú)論他怎樣試，他均未成功。(方式狀語(yǔ))
No matter 之后可以是任何 wh-word 例如：what，who，which，when，where 等。例如：
No matter what she says ，he wouldn’t listen to her. 不管她說(shuō)什么，他就是不聽(tīng)她的。
No matter who says it，he wouldn’t listen． 不管誰(shuí)說(shuō)的，他就是不聽(tīng)。
No mater where he works，he is always working hard. 無(wú)論他在哪兒干活，他總是很賣(mài)力氣。
2．When you find anything，make a note where it’s found and do a drawing in your notebook．
當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)某種東西時(shí)，記下發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點(diǎn)，并在筆記本上繪一個(gè)圖。
該句子中 where it’s found 為同位語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明 note 的內(nèi)容。
注意：不要把它看成是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，那就譯為“在你發(fā)現(xiàn)它的地方做筆記”意思完全不對(duì)了。where it’s found，不是指 make a note 的地點(diǎn)。
該句中有一個(gè)搭配很強(qiáng)的結(jié)構(gòu)： do + (由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)的) ing 式，表示做什么。例如：
do a drawing 繪一個(gè)圖
do some cooking 做飯 do some shopping 買(mǎi)東西
do some reading 閱讀 do some writing 寫(xiě)東西
3．How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today．如何處理廢物是當(dāng)今世界上的一個(gè)大難題。
該句是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)做主語(yǔ)。How to get rid of waste 是由疑問(wèn)詞+不定式構(gòu)成。它可以延伸為一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句：
How we should get rid of waste．
疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等。例如：
How to deal with the matter is unknown． 如何處理這件事沒(méi)有人知道。(作主語(yǔ))
We haven’t decided when to start off for Beijing． 我們還沒(méi)有決定何時(shí)動(dòng)身去北京。(做賓語(yǔ))
The problem is how to get rid of bad habit． 問(wèn)題是如何去掉這不良的習(xí)慣。(做表語(yǔ))
4．A better method is to take the waste far out to sea in ships where the wind and waves break it down．
該句中“where the wind and waves break it down”為定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為sea．句中 break down 做“分解”講。(既可以指化學(xué)變化，也可以指物理變化)。
5．It will be many years before the chemicals start to escape from the containers.
要過(guò)很多年(之后)，容器里的化學(xué)物質(zhì)才會(huì)開(kāi)始流出。
該句中 before 譯為“在(一段時(shí)間)之后”。例如：
It was three months before she returned to her hometown． 三個(gè)月之后她才返回家鄉(xiāng)。
注意：在翻譯含有 before 從句的句子時(shí)，要注意漢語(yǔ)的譯法。例如：
Before I could get in a word，she had left without saying a word． 我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及插話(huà)她便什么也沒(méi)說(shuō)就走了。
It was not long before the whole country rose up. 沒(méi)過(guò)多久，全國(guó)就舉行了起義。
翻譯下列各句，注意 before 的譯法：
1．Do it now before you forget．
2．Before I could get in a word，she had left．
3．It was not long before she came back．
4．It was long before she came back．
5．He had left the town the day before she arrived．
6．It will not be long before they understand each other．
參考答案：
1．趁你沒(méi)忘記，趕快做這件事。(否定譯法)
2．我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及插話(huà)，她便走了。(否定譯法)
3．沒(méi)過(guò)多久，她便回來(lái)了。(不譯)
4．過(guò)了好久之后，她才回來(lái)。(譯為“之后”)
5．她到的前一天，他就離開(kāi)這座城市了。
6．要不了多久，他們便會(huì)彼此理解了。
語(yǔ)言要點(diǎn)
1．deal with 作：“處理”講。例如： Pollution is a big problem to deal with． 污染是一個(gè)要處理的大問(wèn)題。
I wonder how we should deal with so much rubbish．我不知道如何處理這么多的垃圾。
2．Although the sea breaks up the waste... 雖然海洋可以把糞便沖散……
break up 作“驅(qū)散”“拆開(kāi)”“打碎”解。
做“拆散”解時(shí)，與 break down 同義。例如：
The war broke up many families． 這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)拆散了許多家庭。
The warship was broken up．這艘戰(zhàn)艦被拆散。
3．...depending on the nature of the materials． ……視材料的性質(zhì)而定。
depend on 做“依……而定，”“依靠”“依賴(lài)”講。例如：
Whether we’ll go there depends on the weather．我們是否去那兒取決于天氣。
4．a(chǎn)t one time 譯為“(過(guò)去)有段時(shí)期”( once／in the past )例如：
At one time，he was an English teacher．過(guò)去有段時(shí)間，他是英語(yǔ)教員。
注意：at one time 不能與“at a time”混淆。
at a time 意思是“一次”“同時(shí)”例如：
We cannot do two things at a time．我們不能同時(shí)做兩件事。
5．...and has been very active in protecting the Pacific Ocean．在保護(hù)太平洋的活動(dòng)中一直都很積極。
be active in 意思是“積極／主動(dòng)地參加(活動(dòng))。”例如：
She has been active in sports．她一直積極參加體育活動(dòng)。
We should be active in social activities．我們應(yīng)積極參加社會(huì)活動(dòng)。
6．European countries are making an active effort to reuse materials more than they used to．
歐洲國(guó)家現(xiàn)在正積極努力比過(guò)去更多地回收利用舊材料。
make an effort to do sth．努力做……
We have made every effort to fight against pollution． 我們盡一切努力和污染做斗爭(zhēng)。
7．This ink is taken out by a special technique，and new paper is made．
用一種特殊的技術(shù)清洗掉油墨，再制成新的紙張。
take out ( = remove)擦掉，洗掉。例如：
How can I take out the ink marks from my new white shirt? 我的白色新襯衣上的墨水怎樣才能洗掉呢?
They took out the posters on the walls．他們洗掉了墻上的招貼畫(huà)。
【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析】
新知講解
狀語(yǔ)從句
狀語(yǔ)從句在高三課本中雖然沒(méi)有單獨(dú)列出作為語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，但在本單元中狀語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)得比較頻繁，故引起大家的注意。
狀語(yǔ)從句在句中作狀語(yǔ)，修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或整個(gè)句子。狀語(yǔ)從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，既可放在主句前又可放在主句后。放在句首時(shí)，從句后經(jīng)常用逗號(hào)；放在句尾時(shí)，從句前不用逗號(hào)。狀語(yǔ)從句共有：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)和條件狀語(yǔ)從句。無(wú)論什么樣的狀語(yǔ)從句，最主要的是要搞清連接詞的分類(lèi)和
在從句中所起的作用，這是掌握狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。
舊知?dú)w納
典題剖析
1．I was about to go for a walk ______ it began to rain．
A．while B．a(chǎn)fter C．when D．the moment
誤點(diǎn) A 與 B 沒(méi)有掌握時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中連詞的使用；同時(shí)對(duì)這個(gè)句子沒(méi)有充分的認(rèn)識(shí)。正確答案應(yīng)選：C。
解析 (1)首先要解決一個(gè)誤區(qū)問(wèn)題：這道題不是大家所認(rèn)為的狀語(yǔ)從句的概念。when 放在句中，前面的句子里有 be doing，be about to do，had just done，be ready to，be on the point of doing 時(shí)此句為一個(gè)并列句，中文的翻譯是：這時(shí)(突然)。
(2)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有：
when：從句的動(dòng)作可以與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可以有動(dòng)作的先后，但是經(jīng)常會(huì)有一個(gè)句子為進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
as：作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)一般放在句中，前后的時(shí)態(tài)為一致翻譯為：“一邊……一邊……”；但是當(dāng) just as 出現(xiàn)時(shí)，要放在句首，翻譯為“就在……的時(shí)候”。
while：A．當(dāng)作為從屬連詞時(shí)從句要用表示延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，而 when 兩者皆可；B．當(dāng)作為并列連詞時(shí)它要放在中間，前后時(shí)態(tài)要一致，同時(shí)用兩個(gè)不同的主語(yǔ)表示對(duì)比的概念。
before：表示“在……之前”。但有時(shí)它有不同的翻譯意思或有句型的概念。例如：
Don’t get off before the bus has stopped．
車(chē)沒(méi)停，不要下。(逆翻)
Three years had passed by before we knew it.
不知不覺(jué)，過(guò)去了三年。(逆翻)
The roof had fallen in before I could have time to save the boy．
我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及有時(shí)間去救那男孩，屋頂就塌了。(逆翻)
It was twenty days before he came back to his motherland．
二十年后，他回到了祖國(guó)的懷抱。(順?lè)�，不譯)
after：表示“在……之后”
since：表示“自從……”。主句現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，從句一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。
as soon as，the moment，the minute，directly，immediately，Hardly had...when，No sooner had...than，Scarcely had...when：
均表示“一……就……”(但只有as soon as可以用在一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中)。
not...until，until／till：表示“直到……才”；“直到……”(前者主句動(dòng)詞要用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而后者要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。
捷徑 重點(diǎn)掌握狀語(yǔ)從句的使用及連接詞的概念，并在具體的語(yǔ)言邏輯的要求下指導(dǎo)做題是解決狀語(yǔ)從句學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)鍵所在．
2．______ he is busy，I won’t trouble him．
A．Since B．For C．When D．Unless
誤點(diǎn) B選項(xiàng)是受到中文語(yǔ)言邏輯的直接影響的結(jié)果，since 與 for在表示原因時(shí)各有不同。正確答案應(yīng)選：A。
解析 (1)在表示原因概念的時(shí)候首先要注意 since，as，for，be-cause 這幾個(gè)詞的區(qū)別。
since：“既然”，在使用時(shí)一定要注意主句的表達(dá)概念。例如：
Since everyone is here，1et’s have our meeting．
Since the earth is round，why can’t we fall off?
(主句所表達(dá)的是“建議性或無(wú)須回答的推測(cè)概念”)
because：“因?yàn)椤挥捎凇�，在使用時(shí)要注意它是表示主句動(dòng)作的直接原因或用來(lái)回答 why 所引起的提問(wèn)，既可放在句首，又可放在句中。例如：
Because he was ill，he didn’t come to the meeting last week．
-Why didn’t he come for a film?- Because he had seen it．
as：表示較為明顯的原因，除了可從外表看出原因以外，它不能回答由 why 引起的提問(wèn)，既可放在句首，又可放在句中。例如：
As the weather was nice，I opened all the windows． 顯而易見(jiàn)，天氣很好，我打開(kāi)了窗戶(hù)。
As our country is strong，we are respected by people all over the world．
顯而易見(jiàn)，我們的國(guó)家強(qiáng)大了，備受全世界人們的尊敬。
for：在表示原因的時(shí)候它主要用于并列句里，同時(shí)要放在句中表示一種補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的原因(句子不能倒過(guò)來(lái)翻譯)，前面的句子里往往有：must，can，seem，look，can’t 等詞的判斷點(diǎn)的出現(xiàn)。例如：
He must have come from Africa，for he is black． 他準(zhǔn)是來(lái)自于非洲，因?yàn)樗莻�(gè)黑人。
(2)另外，還要掌握下面狀語(yǔ)從句的各種連接詞的使用。
�、贂r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：when，while，as，before，after，once，since，as soon as，wherever( = every time).till，until，by the time，every time．
②原因狀語(yǔ)從句：because，since，now that，as．
③條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if unless，as(so)long as，in case，on condition that，once．
�、艹潭�、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：so...that；such...that．
�、葑尣綘钫Z(yǔ)從句：although, though, even if, even though, whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter what, no matter who,no matter when, no matter where, no matter how, as whether... or.
�、弈康臓钫Z(yǔ)從句: so that, in order that.
⑦比較狀語(yǔ)從句: as... as, (not) so ... as, than, more than.
⑧方式、方法狀語(yǔ)從句: as, as if, as though, just as.
�、岬攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句: where, wherever.
捷徑 注意掌握中英文之間的辨析與狀語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)的確切含義是作好這類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵。
高考焦點(diǎn)
一、基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練：填入適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞完成下列句子
1. I must do him a favour ________ I'm refused.
2. They talked ________ they walked.
3. ________ he was angry, he asked me to wait patiently.
4. ________ it is printed, the book will be popular.
5. The children were enjoying their dinner ________ a stranger knocked at the door.
6. They set out early ________ they could arrive in time.
7. Don't try to get off the bus ________ it has stopped.
8. He gets up late on Sunday morning ________ he doesn't have to go to school.
9. ________ reading the book, I changed my mind.
10. We will put off the meeting ________ the speaker tells us the exact time.
11. ________ you have a lot of homework to do, you needn' t come to help with my English.
12. The thief ran away ________ the police appeared.
13. Old ________ he was, he did a good job.
14. He sat there ________ nothing had happened to him.
15. Work hard, ________ you are sore to make greater progress.
16. The old woman sat ________ the sunlight was enough.
17. Please do ________ he tells you.
18. Nobody believed him ________ he said.
19. ________ she was reading the letter, tears kept coming to her eyes.
20. You shouldn't give it up ________ you failed again. You will be successful sooner or later.
二、歷年高考水平測(cè)試題及高考題
1. ______ there is a will, there is a way.
A. Though B. Where C. While D. Even it
2. Strike ______ the iron is hot.
A. before B. till C. while D. so
3. ______ they arrived there, they started to work at once.
A. After B. While C. As D. Though
4. He won't believe it ______ he sees it with his own eyes.
A. before B. after C. until D. as soon as
5. ______ you came to visit me, I was reading.
A. As B. After C. Before D. When
6. People do not know the value of health ______ they lose it.
A. while B. when C. until D. as
7. The climate here is ______ of Kunming.
A. as good as climate B. better than C. as good as that D. better than the one
8. China has a larger population ______.
A. than that of America B. than America C. as America D. than American
9. He succeeded in solving all the problems ______.
A. as expected B. as expecting C. than expecting D. than expected
10. The radios made in our factory are better than ______ made in theirs.
A. that B. those C. what D. these
11. It's nicer to go with someone ______.
A. as going home B. as to go home C. than going alone D. than to go alone
12. This room is ________ than the last one you showed me.
A. as suitable B. a bit suitable C. a lot suitable D. less suitable
13. They walked ______ the station.
A. so far as B. as far as C. just as D. as farther as
14. ______ I know, this book will be used as a text book.
A. So far as B. So far C. So long D. As to
15. ______ the weather was fine, I opened all the windows.
A. As B. For C. Because D. Since that
16. ______ he was ill yesterday, Tom didn't go to school.
A. As B. Since C. For D. Because
17. ______ the earth is round, why do we not fall off?
A. Because B. As C. Since D. For
18. It muse have rained last night, ______ the ground is wet.
A. as B. for C. since D. because
19. The day breaks, ______ the birds are singing.
A. because B. as C. since D. for
20. He made ______ fire that the room was quite warm.
A. so big B. such big C. so big a D. such big a
21. It was ______ that he couldn't finish it by himself.
A. such difficult work B. so difficult a work C. such a difficult work D. so difficult work
22. Bill had ______ many falls ______ he got black and blue all over.
A. such; that B. so; as C. as; as D. so; that
23. I'll leave him a note ______ he'll know where we are.
A. so that B. in order C. that D. for
24. The result of the experiment was not satisfactory, ______ we decided to make another one.
A. or B. so C. for D. and
25. She made a note of it ______ she might forget.
A. so that B. if C. in case D. in order that
26. ______ he finished his supper, he went out to play.
A. As for B. As long as C. As well as D. As soon as
27. ______ he opened the window, a sparrow flew in.
A. Though B. The moment C. If D. Unless
28. No sooner had he seen a blind man ______ he got up from his seat.
A. than B. when C. so D. then
29. Hardly had he sat down ______ the phone rang again.
A. when B. than C. then D. and
30. Scarcely had he gone out ______ it started to snow.
A. that B. than C. when D. and
【常用單詞積累】
重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)講解
1．關(guān)于 break 短語(yǔ)
break down
(1)The equipment frequently broke down．他們的設(shè)備經(jīng)常壞。
(2)The taxi I was in broke down．這時(shí)我乘的出租車(chē)拋錨了。
(3)His health broke down after he suffered from illness．大病一場(chǎng)之后，他的身體垮了。
(4)The conversation broke down at this point．這時(shí)說(shuō)話(huà)中斷了。
(5)Our army broke down the enemy’s resistance．我們打垮了敵人的抵抗。
(6)The food we take is broken down into useful substance．我們攝取的食物被分解成有用的物質(zhì)。
break in
(1)The thieves broke in during the night．夜里小偷跑了進(jìn)來(lái)。
(2)Don’t break in while others are speaking．別人講話(huà)時(shí)，你別打岔。
break into
(1)A house was broken into between midnight and 5 a．m．
午夜到早上五點(diǎn)這段時(shí)間，有人強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入一家房子。
(2)Everyone broke into tears．這時(shí)每個(gè)人都哭了起來(lái)。
break out
(1)A fire broke out during the night．夜里發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)火災(zāi)。
(2)Influenza usually breaks out in winter．流感多發(fā)生在冬季。
break up
(1)After midnight，the party broke up．午夜之后晚會(huì)才散。
(2)The police tried to break up the crowd．警察試圖驅(qū)散群眾。
(3)The school has broken up for the holidays．學(xué)校放假停課了。
2．remind
(1)My monitor reminded me to make less noise at the meeting.
班長(zhǎng)提醒我在會(huì)上講話(huà)小聲點(diǎn)。
(2)The note reminds me that I shall have a meeting next Monday.
這便條提醒我下星期一我要開(kāi)會(huì)。
(3)This photo reminded her of her sad past．
這幅照片使她想起不幸的過(guò)去。
3．escape
(1)Water escaped rapidly from the pipe．水迅速地從管子里流出。
(2)None of the criminals escaped being punished．罪犯沒(méi)有一個(gè)人逃避懲罰。
(3)The exact date has escaped me．我記不確切日期了。
(4)A moan escaped the patient .那病人不禁呻吟了一聲。
4．think of 的常見(jiàn)用法
We’ve got to think of ways of changing people’s habits．
我們必須想辦法改變?nèi)藗兊牧?xí)慣。
(1)think of 在此句中為“想出……來(lái)”，“提出建議”的意思。又如：
Have you thought of any good idea yet?
另外，think of 還可以有以下意思：
(2)考慮
The manager has so many things to think of every day．
(3)回憶起，想起
I really can’t think of the time when l visited Paris with Andrew．
(4)想像
Just think of the beautiful scenery．How I wish I could go there．
想像一下那美麗的景色。但愿我能去那兒。
(5)有……看法，持……的念頭
Such a thing is not even to be thought of．
這種事連想都不會(huì)想出來(lái)。
重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)辨析
1．used to 和 be used to 的區(qū)別
(1)be used to 是“習(xí)慣于……”的意思。其中 to 是介詞，后面可跟名詞或動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式。例如：
He is used to this kind of job．他習(xí)慣于這種工作。
I am not used to getting up early．我不習(xí)慣于早起。
注：此短語(yǔ)中的 be 動(dòng)詞有時(shí)候還可以換用 get 或 become。例如：
You will soon get used to our way of living．
你將很快習(xí)慣于我們的生活方式。
(2) used to 作“過(guò)去常常”解，表示“過(guò)去經(jīng)常做某事”，含“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不做此事了”的意思。這里的 to 是不定式符號(hào)，后跟動(dòng)詞原形。be used to 作“習(xí)慣于”解，其中 to 是介詞，be 可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)變化(過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí))試比較：
She used to go to the park in the morning．
她過(guò)去早上常去公園。(現(xiàn)在已不去了)
She is used to going to the park in the morning．她習(xí)慣于早上去公園。
This river used to be clean．這條河以前是干凈的。(現(xiàn)在已不干凈了)
2．a(chǎn)dd；add...to；add to；add up to
(1)add vt．意為“增加”，“補(bǔ)充”。例如：
In a moment he added，“I’m going to be a scientist．”
(2)add... to... 意為“把……加入到……，增加，加進(jìn)去”。如本單元中出現(xiàn)的句子：
Chaplin’s earliest films were silent，because the equipment for adding sound to films had not yet been developed．
卓別林最早期的電影是無(wú)聲電影，因?yàn)樵谀菚r(shí)還沒(méi)有研制出給影片配音的設(shè)備。
If you add five to eight，you will get l3．
(3)add to 意為“增添，增加，增進(jìn)”。例如：
Your carelessness added to our difficulties．
(4)add up to 意為“總計(jì)，加起來(lái)總共是”，該短語(yǔ)不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
The expenses add up to $ 100．支出合計(jì)為一百美元。
3．set off (out)；set up；be set；set sb．free
(1)set off 表示“起程”、“動(dòng)身”，后面可跟介詞 for，set out 也可表示此意。例如：
What time shall we have to set off tomorrow?
They set off for Beijing．
(2)set up 作“建立”、“成立”解。本單元出現(xiàn)過(guò)的句子：
In 1919，Chaplin set up an important film company.
(3)be set 的意思是“以……為背景”，“(戲劇影片)的背景是”，后面常跟介詞 in。
The film was set in California in the middle of the nineteenth century．
這部影片的背景是19世紀(jì)中葉的加利福尼亞。
(4) set sb．／sth．free 意為“給……自由”、“釋放”例如：
The slaves were set free a century ago，but the black people are still not given their full human rights．一個(gè)世紀(jì)前這些奴隸獲得了自由，但是黑人仍沒(méi)得到完整的人權(quán)。
You should set the poor bird free．
4．be known for；be known as；be known to
(1)be known for 表示原因，意為“因……而出名”。主語(yǔ)本身并非出名的原因，而是由于介詞 for 后的某物或某一地點(diǎn)特征等出名。主語(yǔ)和介詞后的內(nèi)容不對(duì)等。例如：
Guilin is known for its beautiful scenery．桂林以?xún)?yōu)美的風(fēng)景而出名。
(2)be known as 表示“以(作為)……而出名”，介詞 as 后常接人或事物，主語(yǔ)是出名的人或事物。兩者屬于對(duì)等的同位關(guān)系。例如：
She is well known as an excellent player．她作為優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員而出名。
Gold was discovered in California and thousands of people rushed there to look for gold，so it became known as“the gold rush”．
有人在加州發(fā)現(xiàn)了黃金，成千上萬(wàn)的人急急忙忙地跑到那里去尋找金子，于是這種熱鬧場(chǎng)面就成為人們所熟知的“淘金熱”。
(3)be known to 為(某人)所知或所熟悉，to 后跟表示人的名詞或代詞。例如：
He is always ready to help others，as is known to all．
5．still，quiet，silent，calm 的辨析
這幾個(gè)詞均表示“冷靜”、“平靜”，但內(nèi)涵有別。
(1) still 主要指“靜止”、“不動(dòng)”，可以指環(huán)境的安靜，也可指姿勢(shì)保持不動(dòng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)沒(méi)有動(dòng)作。例如：
The little girl stood still，except that her lips moved slightly．
那個(gè)小女孩一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地站著，只是嘴唇微微動(dòng)了動(dòng)。
How still everything is! 一切是多么安靜啊!
Still waters run deep．靜水流深(大智若愚)。
(2) quiet 主要指“安靜”，強(qiáng)調(diào)沒(méi)有聲音或動(dòng)作；也指性情溫和、安詳、文靜或生活悠閑，環(huán)境寂靜、平靜。例如：
He has always lived a quiet life．
他一直過(guò)著悠閑的生活。
She is a quiet girl．她是個(gè)文靜的女孩。
(3) silent 指“沉默”，強(qiáng)調(diào)不發(fā)表意見(jiàn)；也指“寂靜”，強(qiáng)調(diào)沒(méi)有聲音。例如：
He said he could not keep silent any longer．
他說(shuō)他再也不能保持沉默了。
The hall was silent．大廳內(nèi)鴉雀無(wú)聲。
(4) calm“平靜”、“鎮(zhèn)定”，既可表示外界的安靜，又可表示內(nèi)心的鎮(zhèn)靜。例如：
He remained calm in face of the danger．
面對(duì)危險(xiǎn)他鎮(zhèn)定自若。
The sea was fairly calm，and I could see all about．
大海風(fēng)平浪靜，我能看到周?chē)囊磺小?/p>
【單元口語(yǔ)交際】
表示“禁止和警告”和“猜測(cè)”的句式 Prohibition and Warning and Conjecture
常用句型：
Don’t look out of the window．
You shall listen to your parents．
Never pour oil on water．
No smoking!
Don’t rush! It seems that he is coming tonight．
He is likely to win the game in the end．
He must have finished the work．
What could they be talking about over there with the headmaster?
Mary can’t have gone to New York．I saw her just now seated under the tree，reading a book． It looks as if is going to rain soon．
He appears to be an honest student in the class．But in actual fact，he isn’t．
口語(yǔ)示范：
1．表示“禁止、警告”及“猜測(cè)”的對(duì)話(huà)練習(xí)：
(1)Less noise，please ! - No noise，please ! (請(qǐng)小聲點(diǎn)!)
這是對(duì)話(huà)中的一個(gè)省略句。完整的句子為：
Don’t make any noise，please ! 或 Do make no (less)noise，please !
例如：Less noise，please．I have something important to tell you．
(請(qǐng)聲音小點(diǎn)。我有重要的事情告訴大家。)
No noise，please．The baby is sleeping．
(別吵了，孩子在睡覺(jué)。)
(2)Don’t rush ! (不要趕忙／不要性急)
它是由 Don’t + 原形動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的表示“禁止”或“警告”的句式。
例1 -We’ve got to start off right now．
-Don’t rush ! There’s plenty of time．
-我們得馬上出發(fā)。-別急，時(shí)間還多著呢。
例2 -Let me get to the front．
-Don’t crowd，please．
-讓我到前面去。
-請(qǐng)不要擠。
例3 -He hasn’t turned up now．
-Don’t worry．He must be on the way here．
-他現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)來(lái)。
-甭著急，他準(zhǔn)是在來(lái)的路上。
2．It seems that there is a big waste pipe coming down from the town．
看來(lái)，有一根大廢水管從城里直接到這兒來(lái)了。
It looks as if our class won’t be able to bathe at all ．
看來(lái)，我們班(好像)根本不能洗海水浴了。
這兩句都是表示“猜測(cè)”的句子。
例1 -It’s already half past ten．There is likely no bus．
-Well，it looks as if we shall have to walk home．
-已經(jīng)十點(diǎn)半了。不可能有公共汽車(chē)了。
-唉，看來(lái)我們只得走回家了。
例2 -Relief supplies are being sent to the flooded areas．
-It looks as if the situation will get better．
-救濟(jì)物資正運(yùn)往山區(qū)。
-看來(lái)情況將會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)。
例3 -They all say it is a good idea．
-It seems that no one’s against the suggestion．
-他們都說(shuō)這個(gè)主意很好。
-看來(lái)(似乎)沒(méi)有人反對(duì)這個(gè)意見(jiàn)。
例4 -He looks so happy．
-It seems that he has entered college．
-他看上去很高興。
一看來(lái)他已經(jīng)上大學(xué)了。
【拓展延伸探究】
技能訓(xùn)練
英語(yǔ)解題中的斷句問(wèn)題與判斷的技能培養(yǎng)
斷句包含兩層含義：意群停頓及深層次語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。會(huì)斷句，不僅可以使我們正確理解文意，還可以在解題時(shí)避免干擾，迅速得到正確答案。例如：
1．She did everything she could ______ help him．
A．do B．doing C．to D．to do
如果不能判斷 she could 是 everything 的定語(yǔ)從句(省略了 do)，則易選干擾項(xiàng) A，而實(shí)際上這里的 help him 是做句子的目的狀語(yǔ)。所以只能選 C。
2．Please tell me the way you thought of ______ care of the garden．
A．taking B．to take C．take D．takes
首先判斷第一個(gè) of 處是斷句，因?yàn)橛卸陶Z(yǔ) think of a way(to do／doing)sth，所以 the way 是 you thought of 定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，而 to take 用作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾 the way。正確應(yīng)選B。
3．Is there a tailor’s shop around ______ I can make a suit?
A．which B．what C．that D．where
很容易理解成 around which，而選 A。其實(shí) around 在這里不是介詞而是副詞，相當(dāng)于 about，做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，意思是“附近”，故選D。
4．The theory he’s stuck ______ us that earthquakes can be forecast．
A．to prove to B．to proves to C．proves to D．which proved
這里考查 stick to 和 prove sth to sb 的用法。此句包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句he’s stuck to ；一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句 prove to sb that earthquakes can be forecast 翻譯成：“他堅(jiān)持的理論向我們證明了地震可以被預(yù)測(cè)”。斷句應(yīng)在充分理解句意的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行，即在 stuck to 后。B 為正確答案。
5．The theory objected ______ true．
A．to prove B．proved C．to proved D．was proved
答案：C應(yīng)從 to 和 proved 中間斷句，objected to 是后置定語(yǔ)，修飾 theory，proved true 為謂語(yǔ)。
6．Her boyfriend called not only herself but also her husband．Nothing she did to stop him ______.
A．working B．work C．worked D．works
由文章題意知，她采取了很多辦法來(lái) stop him，但都不奏效。此句用定語(yǔ)從句 she did to stop him 來(lái)修飾，worked 是作句子的謂語(yǔ)，應(yīng)從 worked 之前斷句。選C。
7．______ at the news that I didn’t know what to say to comfort her．
A．So sad she looked B．So sad did she look C．So sadly she looked D．So sadly did she look
本題考查主系表結(jié)構(gòu)和倒裝句。應(yīng)在 at 之前斷句。這就意味著 look與 at 并無(wú)直接關(guān)系，不是 look at the news，而是 look sad at the news，“因?yàn)槁?tīng)到這個(gè)消息而傷心”。B．為正確答案。
8．______ different life today is from ______ was fifty years ago．
A．What a；what B．How；what C．What；that D．What；how
此題斷句應(yīng)在 different 和 life 之間，構(gòu)成感嘆句：由 how 引導(dǎo)的對(duì)形容詞 different 進(jìn)行感嘆強(qiáng)調(diào)。而 today 是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。本句意為：Life is different from what was fifty years ago．B為正確答案。
結(jié)構(gòu)難題訓(xùn)練：
1．We grow all our grapes and vegetables here in the garden，______ cost us a lot of money，of course．
A．which B．ss C．that D．what
2．He will stop talking，if no notice ______ of him at the meeting.
A．is taken B．will be taken C．takes D．has taken
3．This is an illness that can result in total deafness ______ left untreated．
A．a(chǎn)fter B．if C．since D．unless
4．Her face gave her ______ when she told a lie．
A. off B. away C. up D. out
5. I'll go to the supermarket with my father next week. We're going to buy some _____ glasses.
A. lovely old French B. old lovely French C. French old lovely D. old French lovely
6. _____ we had been looking forward to.
A. Then came the hour B. Before Rose the new teacher stood
C. When the hour came D. After Kate stands the new teacher
7. Is it somewhere around that factory _____ this type of cars are produced?
A. which B. where C. that D. /
8. -Do you have anything more _____, sir?
-No. You can have a rest or do something else.
A. typing B. to be typed C. typed D.to type
9. When I said some students are crazy, I _____ to you.
A. don' t refer B. wasn't referring C. hasn' t referred D. didn' t refer
10. -What is the building?
-_____ the students have their dance class.
A. The building that B. There are C. That's the building which D. That's where
11. They decided to drive the cattle away _____ they did more damage.
A. until B. unless C. before D.although
12. _____ you should have no trouble with the difficult work.
A. Knowing this B. If you're knowing this C. From knowing this D. If you had known it
13. No bread eaten by man is so sweet as _____ earned by his own labour.
A. one B. that C. what D. those
14. Could it be in the restaurant in _____ you had dinner with me yesterday _____ you left behind your keys and wallet?
A. that; which B. which ;that C. where; that D. that; where
15. Until the 16th century the earth _____ to be flat.
A. has been believed B. is believed C. believed D. was believed
16. How many years will have to pass _____ scientists succeed in proving a treatment for cancer?
A. when B. before C. since D. until
17. We have done things we ought not to have done and _____ undone things we ought to have done.
A. left B. leave C. will leave D． leaving
18. Another man-made earth satellite is reported in Beijing Evening News _____into orbit yesterday.
A. to have been put B. to be put C. to have put D. having been put
19. _____ all over the hills and around the lake are wild plants of different kinds.
A. To grow B. growing C. Grown D. Grow
20. We played in the garden till sunset, _____ it began to rain.
A. when B. after C. while D.then
21. -Who are you going to get _____ this report for you?
-My secretary, Alice, a new comer to the company. What's up?
A. type B. typed C. to type D. to be typed
22. Although he sometimes loses his temper, his students like him _____ for it.
A. not so much B. not so little C. no more D. no less
23. -What is the matter with you?
- _______ the window, my finger was cut unexpectedly.
A. Cleaning B. To clean C. While cleaning D. While I was cleaning
24. _____ my finishing reading the magazine you can have it _____.
A. On; immediately B. At; quickly C. For; fortunately D. With; likely
25. With his son _____ the old couple felt rather unhappy.
A. to disappoint B. to be disappointed C. disappointing D. being disappointing
26. The TV play brought the hours back to me _____ I was taken good care of in that remote village.
A. when B. that C. until D.where
27. -Why do you drink so much coffee?
-Well, _____ it doesn't keep me awake at night, I see no harm to me.
A. although B. as long as C. as far as D. for
28. One manager kept asking me really difficult questions and laughing at me _____ I couldn' t answer.
A. every time B. the next time C. whenever D. all the time
29. She suggested not only _____ to the English evening but also give a performance in English.
A. should I go B. did I go C. I should go D. my going
30. They are teachers and don't realize _____ to start and run a company.
A. what takes it B. what they take C. what takes them D. what it takes
能力培養(yǎng)
高考中如何寫(xiě)出好句子的能力培養(yǎng)
1．在書(shū)面表達(dá)中，要注意適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┰~組、習(xí)語(yǔ)來(lái)代替一些單詞，以增加文采，豐富語(yǔ)句的表現(xiàn)力。例如：
原文 The old man was hit by the car when he was crossing the street.
修正 The old man was knocked down by the car when he was crossing the street.
原文 A new railway is being built in my hometown.
修正 A new railway is under construction in my hometown.
原文 I like reading while my brother likes watching TV.
修正 I like reading while my brother enjoys watching TV.
英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)、詞組十分豐富，在自己的書(shū)面表達(dá)中，能適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠@些短語(yǔ)，無(wú)疑是一個(gè)提高水平的十分行之有效的方法。
2．盡量避免過(guò)多地重復(fù)使用某一單詞，必要時(shí)應(yīng)選擇使用其他恰當(dāng)?shù)耐x詞或詞組來(lái)代替。例如：
原文 I like reading while my brother likes watching TV.
修正 I like reading while my brother enjoys watching TV.
3．要注意使用不同結(jié)構(gòu)、不同長(zhǎng)度的句子，盡量使句型多樣化，避免單詞。例如：
原文
There is a new classroom building on one side of the road. There used to be a playground on the other side before. But there is a library now. There are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines in the library. There is a new playground in front of the school. There are a lot of trees in and around the school.
修正
On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be, now stands another new building-our library, in which you can find all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines. The playground is now in front of the school. We have also planted a lot of trees in and around the school.
4．多使用一些主從復(fù)合句來(lái)代替簡(jiǎn)單句，能使書(shū)面表達(dá)行文更加流暢有力。例如：
原文 We had to stand there to catch the offender．
修正 All we could do was to stand there，trying to catch the offender．
原文 The meal was very nice．We all enjoyed it very much．
修正 The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much．
5．改變句子開(kāi)頭方式，不要一味地都是主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，接著是謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，最后再在句末加上一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)。我們可以適當(dāng)?shù)匕岩恍┏煞?如狀語(yǔ))提前位于句子的開(kāi)頭，使整個(gè)句子讀起來(lái)有點(diǎn)跌宕起伏，增加書(shū)面表達(dá)的表現(xiàn)力。例如：
原文
The young man pointed to a policeman not far away and said，“He stopped us an hour ago and told us to catch another offender．”
修正
Pointing to apoliceman not far away，the young man explained，“He stopped us an hour ago and made us catch another offender．”
原文
I studied Chinese，maths，english，physics，chemistry and computer at school．
修正
The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese，maths，English， physics，chemistry and computer．
6．通過(guò)合句，將意義相關(guān)的幾個(gè)句子用一定的連接方式連接起來(lái)，或通過(guò)緊縮，去掉一些多余的成分，避免冗長(zhǎng)累贅、松散無(wú)力，以增強(qiáng)句子的連貫性，達(dá)到更好的表達(dá)效果。例如：
原文
We had a short rest．Then we began to play happily．We sang and danced．Some told stories．some played chess．
修正
After a short rest，we had great fun singing and dancing，telling jokes and playing chess．
原文
My brother was riding the bike and I sat on the seat behind him．
修正
My brother was riding the bike with me sitting on the seat behind.
【本課習(xí)題解答】
Lesson 21
2 Practice
Don' t run/laugh, please !
No noise, please!
What a shame!
It looks as if it isn't warm enough to swim today.
It seems that there is a lot of rubbish over there.
Lesson 23
3 Practice
1. Disappointed with the results of the experiment, she started a new one. 2. The twins separated at birth do not know each other. 3. Ruined by a bad business deal, he had to sell the house. 4. Sentenced to death, Charles Darnay felt hopeless. 5. I love bread freshly baked. 6. Defended by an army of 6,000 men, the city was difficult to take. 7. Stolen by a thief, the precious necklace was never found. 8. We found a lady beautifully dressed. 9. Defeated but still alive, they managed to escaped in a small boat.
4 Practice
1.What 2.why 3.where 4.How many 5.whether
6.how 7.Who 8. that 9.whether/when 10.how
5 Practice
1. Having devoted two years to looking after her sick father, she badly needed a holiday.
2. Having read a lot about Marxism, Nick began to take an interest in socialism and communism.
3. Having discovered a well, they made their camp there.
4. Continuing our efforts, we managed to pull the boat up on the beach.
5. Having crossed the valley, we started to climbed a hill.
6. Being ill with a fever, he could not help us take down the sails.
7. Not having baked any biscuits that morning, we had nothing to eat.
Lesson 24
2 Word study
1. rubbish 2. solid 3. sank 4.technique 5. seek
6. rid 7.active 8.gloves 9.tin 10. sort
3 Writing
I live in Chongqing, a beautiful mountain city in Sichuan Province. There's a river, Jialing River, running by, but it is much polluted. Chongqing is an industrial city in which there are many factories. Many of them were built a long time ago. At one time, people in our hometown didn' t worry at all about pollution. The factories poured waste directly into the river, so that there was no fish in the river. Even now, it is not safe to bathe in it. Among the factories, the worst one was the paper factory, which was also the first one built in China. Now the city government is taking measures to stop the factories from polluting the fiver. I hope that our government will encourage them to put in new equipment and introduce new techniques to further reduce the pollution.