【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
Ⅰ. 單詞和詞組
四會(huì)：reason (v .) , roll over , give out
三會(huì)：in chains , daylight , from generation to generation , worthwhile
Ⅱ. 交際英語
expressing wishes , hope and desire
1. I wish to do … / I am going to do …
2. I want / hope / would like to … ; I intend / mean / plan to do …
3. I would do it if I had the chance .
4. If only I could do …
5. I wish I could do …/ I wish I had …/ I wish I were …
6. I wish you every success .
7. Good luck !
8. I feel like doing sth
9. I'm ready to do …
10. I would rather not tell you .
11. I have been looking forward to doing …
12. I've always dreamed of …
13. So do I .
Ⅲ. 語法學(xué)習(xí)
在本單元，同學(xué)們將對(duì)it的用法作以系統(tǒng)歸納，并具體理解高考中對(duì)it的測試熱點(diǎn)。
【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)講解】
1． Born a free man, he was now in chains.
雖然生是自由的人，現(xiàn)在他卻帶著鐐銬。
in chains 帶著鐐銬，受到束縛。例：
The prisons were put in chains.
2． Heavy iron chains around his feet and hands were fixed to a metal bar that ran round the hall about ten centimeters off the ground.
手上和腳上沉重的鐵鏈被拴在廳堂四周離地只有10厘米的金屬桿上。
around his feet and hands介詞短詞作定語，修飾chains。be fixed to被固定在。例：
The tables are firmly fixed to the floor.
The chair was fixed next to the desk.
3． One man had a head wound and was in pain.
有一個(gè)人頭部受了傷，非常痛苦。
in pain 疼痛，痛苦。例：
I'm wounded and in pain.
4． Kunta had been seized in the forest and then hit on the head with a hard object.
昆塔在森林中被抓住，腦袋上還被一個(gè)硬物打了一下。
seize（突然）抓住。如：
The cat seized the bird.
5． What shocked him most was that the men who carried him were black.
最使他震驚的是搬運(yùn)他的人竟是黑人。
What shocked him most 是由what 引導(dǎo)的主語從句，what在從句中作主語。
that the men who carried him were black 是由that引導(dǎo)的表語從句。
6． He reasoned with them and tried to persuade them to set him free.
他和他們講理，并試圖說服他們放了他。
reason"講道理"，在此是不及物動(dòng)詞。例：
He will not reason, he just makes wild statements.
set sb. free 放掉某人。例：
They set the prisoner free.
7． Kunta was thrown into the bottom of the boat and covered with an old smelly cloth.
昆塔被扔到了船底，蓋上了一塊發(fā)霉的舊布。
be thrown into 被投入。例：
He was thrown into prison after he was arrested.
8． The men took him in their boat to the castle where he was now held prisoner.
人們用船把他送到了那個(gè)城堡，在那里他被囚禁起來。
hold 在此作扣押解。prisoner作主語補(bǔ)足語。
9．There is a journalist and writer living in America whose name is Alex Haley.
有一個(gè)住在美國的記者兼作家，叫阿里克斯.哈里。
a journalist and writer 是一個(gè)人；
a journalist and a writer 是兩個(gè)人。
living in America whose name is Alex Haley是v-ing形式作定語，修飾a journalist and writer，其作用相當(dāng)于定語從句。
10． On his arrival he was sold to a farmer and worked in the fields.
他一到那里，就被賣給了一位農(nóng)民，并開始在地里干活。
on his arrival 在他到達(dá)時(shí)。
on 接v-ing 形式、名詞，可以表示在……時(shí)，在……之后。例：
On reaching the city he called up his wife.
On his return from Europe, he set to work.
11．All the stories of families, heroes, wars and journeys are passed down from generation to generation.
所有家史、英雄、戰(zhàn)事和旅行的情況都是世代相傳的。
pass down 傳下來。例：
The skill had been passed down over four generations.
【語法－It句型的用法小結(jié)】
一、It引起的幾個(gè)易混淆的時(shí)間句型
在學(xué)習(xí)中，同學(xué)生們對(duì)"It + be + 時(shí)間 + 從句"這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常混淆不清，下面逐一進(jìn)行分析。
1，It + be + 時(shí)間 + since-clause
這個(gè)句型表示從since 從句謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生以后到現(xiàn)在或過去所經(jīng)過的一段時(shí)間，意為"自從......以來已多久了"，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)，如果表示過去的情況，主句用一般過去時(shí)，從句用過去完成時(shí)，或主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。
例如：
It is three years since his father passed away . (從現(xiàn)在算起)
It was 10 years since they married . (從過去算起)
It had been fifteen years since she left Shanghai . (從過去算起)
30 years has passed since we joined the Party . (從現(xiàn)在算起)
2，It + be + 時(shí)間 + before-clause
這個(gè)句型中的時(shí)間一般為表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(如：long years , months , weeks , days ,hours , minutes ) ，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定式，意為"過多長時(shí)間才......"。
主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是否定式時(shí)，意為"沒過多長時(shí)間就......"。主句的時(shí)態(tài)可用過去時(shí)was或?qū)頃r(shí)will be；用was 時(shí)，before從句的動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)；用will be 時(shí)，before從句常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 例如：
It was not long before she learned those poems by heart . 她沒過多久就背會(huì)了那些詩歌。
It was long before the police arrived .過了很久警察才來。
It will be hours before he makes a decision . 要過好幾個(gè)小時(shí)他才會(huì)作出決定。
It will not be hours before meet again . 要不了幾個(gè)小時(shí)我們還會(huì)再見面的。
3，It + be + 時(shí)間 + when-clause
這個(gè)句型中, it 指時(shí)間，而且表示時(shí)間的詞語前沒有介詞(時(shí)間一般為具體時(shí)間)。主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞和從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)上一般是一致的，主句是will be，when從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如：
It was already 8 o'clock when we got home .
It was the next morning when we finished our work .
It will be midnight when they get there .
4，It + be + 時(shí)間 + that-clause
這個(gè)句型是個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。例如：
It was two years ago that he made an important invention .
(原句是：He made an important invention two years ago . )
It was at 5 o'clock that he practised playing the violin in the morning .
(原句是：He practised playing the violin at 5 o'clock in the morning . )
比較：It was 5 o'clock when he started in the morning .
(5 o'clock前沒有介詞，這是個(gè)定語從句)
5， It + be + time + that從句
這個(gè)句型屬虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，不管主句中用的是 is 或 was ，that從句都須用動(dòng)詞的過去式或should + 動(dòng)詞原型(但不及用過去式普通)，在time之前有時(shí)可加上high或about 以加強(qiáng)語氣。例如：
It is time(that)we handed in our exercises .(= It is time that we should hand in our exercises .)
It is high time (that ) she wrote a letter to her boyfriend .
6，It / This / That + the first(second , third …) time + that從句
這個(gè)句型表示截止到說話時(shí)為止的某人的一種經(jīng)歷，關(guān)鍵是注意time前有序數(shù)詞，主句是 is 時(shí) ，從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果主句用一般過去時(shí)was ，則從句須相應(yīng)地用過去完成時(shí)。例如：
This is the first time (that) these Europeans have visited the Great Wall .
It was the fifth time (that) I had paid a friendly visit to Africa .
二、It代替從句作形式主語的常見句型
1，it 代替連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的從句作形式主語。
1) it + be + 過去分詞 + that 從句
It's said that Tom has come back from abroad . 據(jù)說湯姆已經(jīng)從國外回來了。
It was reported that dozens of children died in the accident . 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)，數(shù)十名兒童在事故中死亡。
可用于該句型的過去分詞還有：known , thought , told , believed , hoped , announced ,expected , decided , suggested等，該句型常可以轉(zhuǎn)換成含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句或者含有不定式作主補(bǔ)的簡單句。如：
It's said that Tom has come back from abroad .
→People say that Tom has come back from abroad .
→He is said to have come back from abroad .
2) It + be + 名詞詞組 + that 從句
It's a pity that he can't swim for his age . 真遺憾，就他的年齡來講，他竟不會(huì)游泳。
It's a wonder that you could finish such a hard task in such a short time .
真奇怪，你竟能在如此短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成艱巨的任務(wù)。
可用于該句型的名詞詞組還有：an honour , a good thing , a fact , a surprise , good news等。
3) It + be /seem + 形容詞 + that 從句
It is likely that they will beat us tonight .今晚很可能他們會(huì)贏我們。
It doesn't seem that she will give us a hand .她幫我們的可能性似乎不太大。
可用于此句型的形容詞還有；wonderful , true , good , right , wrong , (un)important ,useless , surprising , clear , possible , unusual , lucky , certain 等。
4) It + seem / appear / happen + that 從句
It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much .看來他非常喜歡流行歌曲。
It appears that Tom might change his mind .看來湯姆會(huì)改變主意。
It happened that I went out that day .碰巧我那天外出了。
注意，句型4可轉(zhuǎn)換成含不定式的簡單句。如上述句子可轉(zhuǎn)換為：
He seems to enjoy pop music very much . / Tom appears to change his mind ./ I happened to go out that day.
2. it 代替連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的從句作形式主語。
1) It is known (not decided , not made clear , found out , discussed , being discussed , being considered , a question , uncertain等) + 連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的從句。如：
It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet . 我們將什么時(shí)候舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)還是一個(gè)問題。
It is uncertain whether he can attend this conference or not . 他能否來開會(huì)還不能確定。
2) It doesn't matter(doesn't matter too much , doesn't make too much difference等) + 連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的從句。如：
It doesn't matter whether we go together or separately . 我們一起去還是分開去都可以。
It doesn't matter too much to me what you do or where you go . 你做什么或去什么地方，對(duì)我都無關(guān)緊要。
【例題解析】
例1，Was it in this palace _______ the last emperor died ?
A. that B. in which C. in where D. which
【答案】A
【解析】測試it 用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一成分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語），常用強(qiáng)調(diào)It is (was) + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分 + that(或who)…。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)用 that 或 who ，在其它情況下（包括強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)狀語）用that 。
例2，I don't think ______ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work .
A. this B. that C. its D. it
【答案】D
【解析】測試 it 用作形式賓語，代替由不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正賓語。當(dāng)賓語有自己的補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，用it作形式賓語，真正賓語放在補(bǔ)足語之后。常用這種句型的動(dòng)詞有think , make , find , feel , consider 等。
例3，Is _______ necessary to tell his father everything?
A. it B. that C. what D. he
【答案】A
【解析】測試 it 用作形式主語，代替由不定式（或不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正主語。
例4，Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder , but ______ didn't help .
A. he B. which C. she D. it
【答案】D
【解析】測試 it 用作人稱代詞，代替前文提到過的事物。