詞語探究
manner, apologise, gratitude, introduce, forgive, impression, behave, unfold, however, follow, custom, spirit, provide, allow, do well in, damp, cloth, stare, leave out, disabled
句子分析
1. You are looking for two seats to sit down with your friend, but there are none.
2. Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use forks and knives, how to toast and how to behave at the table.
3. There are two pairs of large knives and forks on the table, forks on the left and knives on the right of the plate.
4. In China, you sometimes get a hot, damp cloth to clean your face and hands, which, however, is not the custom in Western countries.
5. At table, you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot, but do not laugh all the time.
6. When drinking to someone's health, you raise your glasses, but the glasses should not touch.
7. For drinking during a dinner, the best advice is never to drink too much.
8. Although good manners always make you look good, you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with friends or family.
9. They make me think of the happy days we spent together.
10. At this moment I am very busy with my studies.
11．..., and now it is time for me to study hard.
12. I should like to invite you to come and visit me in the north of China over the next holiday in January.
口語交際
1. Ways of making apologies.
2. How about...?
3. I wish you all the best.
語法詳釋
定語從句(Ⅲ)
研究性學(xué)習(xí)
閱讀解題指導(dǎo)(Ⅱ)
課文理解
Part One 詞語探究
1. manner
(1)用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“方法”，“方式”，通常用單數(shù)形式。
e. g. I love duck cooked in Chinese manner.
我喜歡吃中國燒法的鴨子。
(2)用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“舉止”，“態(tài)度”，常用單數(shù)形式。
e. g. I don't like his manner. It's too rude.
我不喜歡他的舉止，太粗魯了。
(3)用作復(fù)數(shù)形式，意思是“禮貌”，“規(guī)矩”。
e. g. It is bad manners to speak loudly in public.
在公共場合高聲講話是沒禮貌的。
2．a(chǎn)pologise
(1)用作不及物動詞，也可拼寫為 apologize, 意思是“道歉”。
常見詞組：apotngise to sb. for sth. “為某事向某人道歉”。
e. g. He apologised to me for being late.
他因遲到向我道歉。
(2)apologise 的名詞形式是 apology。用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“道歉”。
e. g. I must make an apology to him.
我必向他道歉。
please accept my apologies．
請接受我的歉意。
3．gratitude
用作名詞，意思是“感恩，感謝”，通常用作不可數(shù)名詞。
常見短語out of gratitude，意思是“出于感謝”。
express one's gratitude to sb．for sth.意思是“為某事對某人表示感謝”。
e．g．He expressed his gratitude to me for my help．
他為我對他的幫助表示感謝。
Out of gratitude，he invited me to dinner．
出于感激，他邀請我吃飯。
4．introduce
用作及物動詞，意思是“介紹，引入”。
e．R．I introduced myself to them．
我向他們作了自我介紹。
His works began to be introduced into China forty years ago．
他的作品是40年前介紹給中國讀者的。
[辨析]introduce...to...,introduce...into...
①introduce...to...把某人或某物介紹給某人
to 后面接人作介詞賓語。
e．g．First I introduce myself to you all．
首先我向你們作自我介紹。
②introduce...into...把某物傳入或引進(jìn)某地方
into后面接地點(diǎn)作介詞賓語。
e．g．Tobacco was introduced into Europe from America。
煙草是從美洲傳入歐洲的。
5．forgive
用作及物動詞，意思是“原諒，寬恕，饒恕”。
e．g．Will you forgive my mistake?
你能原諒我的過錯(cuò)嗎?
[辨析]forgive，excuse，pardon
①forgive“原諒”，指寬恕他人對自己的冒犯。
②excuse“原諒”，指寬恕小的過失。
③pardon“原諒”，指寬恕嚴(yán)重的過失。
e．g．We must pardon him for his faults．
我們一定會原諒他的過失。
Excuse me for coming so late．
請?jiān)徫襾硗砹恕?/p>
We may forgive their mistakes．
我們會原諒他們的過失。
6．impression
(1)通常用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“印象，感想”，
e．g．He made a strong impression on (upon)us．
他給我們留下了深刻的印象。
(2)impression的動詞是impress，意思是“留下印象”。常用短語impress sth. on (upon)sb．“某事給某人留下印象”。
e．g．What he did was greatly impressed on(upon)us．
他所做的一切給我們留下深深的印象。
The girl impressed her sense of humour on(upon)her friends．
這個(gè)女孩的幽默感給她的朋友留下深刻的印象。
7．behave
(1)用作動詞，意思是“行為，舉止，行為好”。
e．g．He behaves badly．
他行為壞。
(2)behave的名詞是behavior，意思是“行為，舉止，態(tài)度”。
e．g．The boy is always on his good behavior．
那個(gè)男孩一直舉止規(guī)矩。
8．unfold
(1)用作動詞，意思是“打開，攤開”。
e．g．The teacher unfolded the map and looked for the Great Wall．
老師攤開地圖尋找萬里長城。
(2)英語中前綴im-，non-，un-等表示否定含義，通常用在形容詞或動詞前面。
e．g．possible可能的→impossible不可能的
stop 停止→nonstop不停止
fit 勝任→unfit不勝任
fold 折疊→unfold展開，打開
9．however
(1)用作副詞，意思是“可是，依然”。
e．g．I Would like to go with you，however I am very busy．
我很想和你一塊兒去，可是我很忙。
(2)用作副詞，意思是“無論如何，不管怎樣”。
e．g．However cold it is，he likes swimming in winter．
不管天氣多冷，他喜歡冬天游泳。
10．follow
用作動詞，意思是“跟隨，跟從，遵循，遵從，順著……走”。
e．g．The boy followed his mother up the stairs．
那個(gè)男孩跟他母親上了樓梯。
Follow my advice，please.
請聽從我的勸告。
Follow this road to the stone bridge.
沿這條路走到石頭橋去。
11．custom
用作名詞，意思是“風(fēng)俗，習(xí)俗”，“習(xí)慣”，“顧客”。
e．g．Social customs vary greatly from country to country．
各國的社會風(fēng)俗大不相同。
The waiters are kind to the custom．
服務(wù)員對顧客友好。
[辨析]custom，habit，hobby
這三個(gè)詞都有“習(xí)慣”的意思，但含義有一定的不同。
①custom通常指大范圍、長時(shí)間形成的風(fēng)俗和習(xí)慣。
②habit通常指個(gè)人短時(shí)間的習(xí)慣。
③hobby通常指“愛好”。
e．g．The Spring Festival is a custom in East Asia．
春節(jié)是東亞的一個(gè)風(fēng)俗。
He formed a habit of getting up early．
他養(yǎng)成早起的習(xí)慣。
Reading is his hobby．
看書是他的愛好。
12．spirit
(1)作“精神，心靈”的意思講時(shí)，通常用作不可數(shù)名詞。
e．g．He was troubled in spirit．
他內(nèi)心煩惱。
(2)用作復(fù)數(shù)形式，意思是“情緒”。
e．g．The soldiers are in high spirits．
戰(zhàn)士們情緒高漲。
(3)用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“幽靈，妖精，靈魂”。
e．g．Some people think that the spirit lives on after death．
有些人相信死后靈魂繼續(xù)存在。
13．provide
用作動詞，意思是“提供，供給”，與supply同義。
常見短語：provide(supply)sth．to(for)sb．或provide(supply)sb．with sth．意思是“為某人提供某物”。
e．g．The school provides (supplies)food to(for)the students．
這所學(xué)校為學(xué)生提供食物。
14．a(chǎn)llow
用作動詞，意思是“允許，準(zhǔn)許”，后面通常接動詞-ing作賓語，或后接賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語，賓語補(bǔ)足語通常由不定式充當(dāng)。
e．g．They don't allow smoking here.
他們不允許在此地吸煙。
The teachers don't allow us to cheat in the exam．
老師不允許我們考試作弊。
[辨析]allow，permit，let
這三個(gè)詞都可表示“允許”，但含義和用法上有一定區(qū)別。
①allow詞義較弱，含有“聽任，默許，不加阻止”的含義。
e．g．He allowed the dog to come in.
他聽任狗進(jìn)來。
②permit詞義較強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)“正式認(rèn)可，批準(zhǔn)”的含義。
e．g．The school doesn't permit the students to smoke．
學(xué)校嚴(yán)禁學(xué)生抽煙。
③let表示“讓”，詞義最弱，口語化，在let后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語常不帶to，而且let-般不用于被動語態(tài)。
e．g．Let me go with you．
讓我跟你一起去。
15．do well in
do well in的意思是“在……方面做得好”，well是副詞。
e．g．He does well in maths．
他數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)得好。
16．damp
damp用作形容詞，意思是“潮濕的”。
e．g．The place is too damp．
這個(gè)地方太潮濕。
17．cloth
(1)用作不可數(shù)名詞，意思是“布，布料，織物”。
e．g．The girl wanted to buy a piece of cloth.
那個(gè)姑娘想買一塊衣料。
(2)用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“一塊布，臺布，抹布”。
e．g．The waiter took off the table cloth.
服務(wù)生取下桌布。
18．stale
(1)用作動詞，既可用作及物動詞，也可用作不及物動詞，意思是“盯，凝視”。
e．g．It is impolite to stare at other people．
盯著別人看是不禮貌的。
The teacher stared the whole class into silence．
老師盯著全班學(xué)生，使他們安靜下來。
(2)用作名詞，通常用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“盯，凝視”。
e．g．He gave me an icy stare．
他冷冰冰地盯了我一眼。
19．leave out
leave out的意思是“省去，遺漏，不考慮”。
e．g．You can leave out their plan.
你們能夠不考慮他們的計(jì)劃。
You shouldn't leave out this important detail in the trial．
在審判中，你不該漏掉這個(gè)重要細(xì)節(jié)。
20．disabled
disabled用作形容詞，意思是“殘疾的，傷殘的”。
e．g．The disabled boy is kind to everyone．
那個(gè)殘疾的孩子對大家友好。
Part Two句子分析
1．You are looking for two seats to sit down with your friend，but there are none．
你找兩個(gè)座位和你朋友坐下來，但一個(gè)也沒有。
none意思是“沒有一個(gè)”，代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；代替可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。
e．g．None of them know(knows)the story．
他們沒有一個(gè)知道這個(gè)故事。
None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties．
沒有一個(gè)學(xué)生害怕困難。
[辨析]none，no one，nothing
①none用于指人和物，可與of短語連用，用作單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)。
e．g．--“How many elephants did you see in the park?”
--“None．”
-你在公園里看到幾頭大象?
-一頭也沒看到。
②no one只能指人，不能與of連用，用作單數(shù)。
e．g．No one knows what they fought for．
沒有人知道他們?yōu)槭裁窗l(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭。
③nothing用于指物，不與of連用，通常泛指“沒有什么事情或東西”，用作單數(shù)。
e．g．Nothing can change the world．
什么也不能改變世界。
2．Having good table manners means knowing，for example，how to use forks and knives, how to toast and how to behave at the table．
有了餐桌上好的規(guī)矩就是說了解，比方說如何使用刀叉，如何敬酒和如何在餐桌上言談。
(1)how to use forks...at the table，三個(gè)由“how+不定式”構(gòu)成，作knowing的賓語。
e．g．I don't know what to do．
我不知道做什么。
(2)for example意思是“舉例說明”，往往用逗號隔開。而且example前面不加冠詞。
e．g．For example，John has the same idea．
比如約翰就有相同的看法。
3．There are two pairs of large knives and forks on the table，forks on the left and knives on the right of the plate.
桌子上有兩副刀叉，叉子在盤子的左邊，刀子在盤子的右邊。
(1)There be...句型中的be用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于第一個(gè)主語，若主語是單數(shù)，be用單數(shù)，若是復(fù)數(shù)，be用復(fù)數(shù)。
e．g．There is one chair and two tables in the room．
屋里有一把椅子和兩張桌子。
There are two tables and one chair in the room．
屋里有兩張桌子和一把椅子。
(2)apair of“一雙，一對”的意思。
e．g．He bought a pair of shoes．
他買了一雙鞋。
The girl has three pairs of trousers．
那個(gè)女孩有三條褲子。
(3)在英語中，表示“在左邊，在右邊”，通常用介詞on。
e．g．He sat on the left，and she sat on the right．
他坐在左邊，她坐在右邊。
4．In China，you sometimes get a hot，damp cloth to clean your face and hands, which，however，is not the custom in western countries．
在中國，有時(shí)你弄一塊熱的、濕的毛巾來洗臉，洗手，然而這在西方國家不是一個(gè)習(xí)慣。
(1)cloth
用作不可數(shù)名詞，意思是“布料，布”，用作可數(shù)名詞，意思是“桌布，臺布，揩布”。
e．g．Cover the table with a table cloth．
用一塊桌布把桌子蓋住。
The tailor needed a piece of cloth．
那位裁縫要一塊布料。
(2)which，however，is not the custom in western countries，這里which引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，先行詞是前面整個(gè)主句。
e．g．The bamboo is hollow，which makes them light.
竹子是空的，這使得竹子很輕。
Our class won the match，which made us happy．
我們班獲勝，這使我們高興。
[辨析]sometimes，sometime，some time
①sometimes副詞，表示“有時(shí)候，不時(shí)”。
e．g．Sometimes he went to work by car and sometimes by train．
他有時(shí)坐汽車去上班，有時(shí)乘火車去。
Sometimes he is late for class．
他有時(shí)上課遲到。
②sometime副詞，表示“曾經(jīng)，某時(shí)，有朝一日”，常同過去時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)連用，表示過去或未來某一不肯定的時(shí)間。
e．g．It happened sometime 1ast year．
那是去年某一天發(fā)生的。
Will you come and see me sometime?
你哪一天來看看我好嗎?
③some time名詞詞組，表示“一段時(shí)間”。
e．g．It will take me some time to read the novel．
讀這本小說花了我一些時(shí)間。
There is some time left.
還剩一些時(shí)間。
5．At table，you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot，but do not laugh all the time．
就餐時(shí)，你應(yīng)文靜地講話而且面帶笑容，但不能一直笑過不停。
(1)at table意思是“就餐，吃飯”。
e．g．You shouldn't speak loudly at table.
吃飯時(shí)你不該高聲講話。
[辨析]at table，at the table
①at table表示“吃飯，就餐”。
②at the(a)table表示“在桌子旁”。
e．g．He sat at the table，reading a novel．
他坐在桌子旁，看小說。
It is bad manners to blow your nose at table．
進(jìn)餐時(shí)擤鼻子是很不雅觀的舉止。
(2)all the time
all the time的意思是“始終，一直”。
e．g．The baby cried all the time．
嬰兒哭個(gè)不停。
6．When drinking to someone's health，you raise your glasses，but the glasses should not touch．
在為某人健康干杯時(shí)，你舉起杯子，但杯子不能碰撞。
(1)drink在此句中意思是“干杯”，通常與介詞to連用。
e．g．Let's drink to the health of my teacher.
讓我們?yōu)槲业睦蠋熃】蹈杀?/p>
(2)drink還有“飲，喝”，“舉杯祝賀”的意思。
e．g．Let's drink beer together．
讓我們一起喝啤酒。
They drank success to the professor．
他們舉杯祝賀那位教授成功。
[辨析]raise，rise，lift
①raise用作及物動詞，意思是“舉起，抬起，抬高”，說明主語發(fā)出的動作是要作用于其它事物的。
②rise用作不及物動詞，意思是“升起，上升，起立”，說明主語自身移向較高的位置。
③lift用力“舉起”的含義。
e．g．Price has been raised up．
價(jià)格被提高了。
Price rises gradually．
價(jià)格漸漸地漲上去了。
The young lifted the stone at last．
那個(gè)年輕人終于舉起那塊石頭。
7．For drinking during a dinner，the best advice is never to drink too much．
對于吃飯喝酒，最好的忠告是不要喝得太多。
(1)advice
用作不可數(shù)名詞，意思是“建議，忠告”。
e．g．Marx gave some good advice on bow to learn a foreign language．
馬克思對如何學(xué)習(xí)一門外語提出一些建議。
(2)too much
too much的意思是“過于，太多”，作定語，修飾不可數(shù)名詞，還可單獨(dú)使用作主語、表語，或狀語。
e．g．He drank too much beer last night．
昨晚他啤酒過量了。
Don't smoke too much．
不要抽太多的煙。
[辨析]too much, much too
①too much既可作形容詞，修飾不可數(shù)名詞。也可作副詞，修飾動詞。
②much too用作副詞，修飾形容詞或副詞。
e．g．The problem is much too difficult for me to work out．
這道題非常難，我算不出來。
The lady has too much money．
那位女士有很多錢。
8．Although good manners always make you look good，you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with friends or family．
盡管有禮貌一直讓你看起來出色，當(dāng)你和你的朋友或家人吃飯時(shí)，你不必?fù)?dān)心這些規(guī)則。
(1)although連詞，“盡管”的意思，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，不能和but連用。although
和but只能保留一個(gè)。
e．g．Although he is clever，he often makes mistakes．
盡管他聰明，但經(jīng)常犯錯(cuò)誤。
He is clever，but he often makes mistakes．
盡管他聰明，但經(jīng)常犯錯(cuò)誤。
(2)worry about表示“擔(dān)心……”的意思。
e．g．My mother always worries about my health．
我母親一直擔(dān)心我的健康。
9．They make me think of the happy days we spent together．
他們使我想起我們在一起的日子。
(1)we spent together是一個(gè)定語從句，省略關(guān)系代詞that或which，關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語，通常省略，但which作介詞賓語時(shí)，不能省略。
e．g．This is the place we visited last year．
這就是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的地方。
This is the place in which we lived last year．
這就是我們?nèi)ツ曜∵^的地方。
(2)think of意思是“想起”。
e．g．The film made him think of the children in the countryside．
這部電影使他想起農(nóng)村的孩子。
10．At this moment l am very busy with my studies.
此時(shí)我忙于我的學(xué)習(xí)。
(1)at this moment意思是“此時(shí)，現(xiàn)在”。
英語中與moment構(gòu)成的常見短語：
a moment ago剛才 at the moment此刻，那時(shí) at any moment任何時(shí)刻 for the moment暫時(shí)，目前 in a moment立即，馬上 just a moment稍等一下
(2)the moment相當(dāng)于連詞，意思是“一……就……”。
e．g．I'll write to you the moment I arrive．
我一到就寫信給你們。
(3)busy
用作形容詞，意思是“忙的，繁忙的”。
e．g．He is often busy with (at，about)his work．
他總是忙于工作。
The scientist is busy making the experiment.
那科學(xué)家正忙于做實(shí)驗(yàn)。
11．... and now it is time for me to study hard.
現(xiàn)在到了我認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候了。
(1)It is time for sb．to do sth.“到某人做某事的時(shí)候”。
e．g．It is time for us to do our homework．
到了我們做作業(yè)的時(shí)候了。
(2)It is time for sth．“到做某事時(shí)候了”。
e．g．It is time for class．
到上課時(shí)間了。
(3)It is time that...“到什么時(shí)候了”，that引導(dǎo)的從句謂語動詞用過去時(shí)。
e．g．It is time that we went to school．
到我們上學(xué)的時(shí)候了。
(4)動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：
“for+名詞或代詞的賓格+動詞不定式”這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。for后面的名詞或代詞形式上是for的賓語，而意義上是不定式的主語。這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可在句子中作主語，賓語、表語、定語和狀語。
e．g．It is honour for me to be asked to speak there．
我很榮幸地被邀到這里講話。(作主語)
The first thing for them to do is to find out when the train starts．
他們要做的第一件事是要了解到開車的時(shí)間。(作定語)
The best thing would be for you to build a swimming pool with your own hands．
最好是你們自己動手修建游泳池。(作表語)
I don't think it difficult for us to finish it in time．
我認(rèn)為我們及時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作并不困難。(作賓語)
He stepped aside for me to pass．
他站在一邊讓我過去。(作狀語)
12．I should like to invite you to come and visit me in the north of China over the next holiday in January．
我希望能下一次一月休假時(shí)邀請你到華北來看望我。
(1)should like to do sth．
該句型意思是“希望，愿意做……”。
e．g．I should like to go with you.
我愿意和你一起去。
(2)in表示方位的用法
in一般表示在某一范圍內(nèi)。
e．g．Hubei lies in the middle of China.
湖北位于中國的中部。
[辨析]in，on，to表示方位的用法
①in表示“在……境內(nèi)，在……范圍之內(nèi)”。
②on表示“兩者交界”，還表示“在……河畔”。
③to表示“在……范圍以外”，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否接壤。
e．g．Taiwan lies in the east of China.
臺灣位于中國東部。
Japan lies to the east of China.
日本位于中國東部。
Jiangxi lies to(on)the east of Hubei.
江西在湖北東部。
Zhejiang lies to the east of Hubei.
浙江位于湖北東部。
(3)holiday
作用名詞，意思是“假日，假期”。
e．g．He is still on holiday．
他還在度假。
Part Three 口語交際
1．Ways of making apologises.
在英語，表示道歉，通常可用以下句型：
(1)Forgive me. I'm very sorry．
原諒我，真抱歉。
(2)I apologise for...
因……我表示歉意。
(3)I'm sorry．I didn't mean to...
對不起，我意思不是……
(4)excuse me 對不起，用于打擾別人的情形。
(5)pardon對不起，用于希望對方重復(fù)一遍。
對別人表示歉意的回答是：
(1)That's all right．沒關(guān)系。
(2)It doesn't matter．不要緊。
(3)That's nothing．沒有什么。
(4)It really isn't worth mentioning．
那真是不值得一提。
(5)Don't think any more about it.
別再去想它了。
(6)No problem．沒問題。
2．How about...?
How about...?或What about...?通常用來詢問“……怎么樣”，還可用于表示建議，意思是“如何”，或“……好嗎?”
e．g．My book is very interesting．How(What)about yours?
我的書很有趣，你的呢?
What(How)about playing football?
踢足球好嗎?
3．I wish you all the best．
祝你一切順利。
這個(gè)句型是對他人的良好祝愿用語。
e．g．You have got the job in the company．I wish you all the best．
你已在這家公司謀得一職，祝你一切順利。
Part Four語法詳釋
定語從句(Ⅲ)
5．限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
(1)限制性定語從句對于主句里的名詞或代詞是必不可少的定語，如果把這個(gè)定語從句刪掉，主句的意思就會不清楚。這種從句和主句之間不能用逗號分開。
e．g．My friend Carl will never forget the professor who taught him chemistry in the university．
我的朋友卡爾決不會忘記在大學(xué)里教過他化學(xué)的那位教授。
如果省略從句who taught him chemistry in the university，全句意思就不完整了。
(卡爾為什么不會忘記這位教授呢?就不清楚了。)
The woman who(that)came here yesterday has come again.
昨天來過的那個(gè)婦女又來了。
如果省去從句that came here yesterday，全句的意思就不清楚。(哪個(gè)婦女又來了?)
(2)非限制性定語從句對于它所修飾的那個(gè)先行詞，通常只是一個(gè)附加說明，如果省略掉，主句的意思依然完整。朗讀時(shí)要稍作停頓，并用逗號使它和主句分開。一般不能用關(guān)系代詞that來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
e．g．Carl，who now holds an important position in a large chemical works，still remembers one afternoon in his first year when the professor took the students to the chemistry lab．
卡爾現(xiàn)在在一家大化工廠里擔(dān)任重要任務(wù)，但至今仍然記得他在一年級時(shí)教授把他們這些學(xué)生帶到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去的那個(gè)下午。
如果去掉who now holds an important position in a large chemical works這個(gè)從
句，整個(gè)句子的意思仍然完整。
Jack London，who was one of the famous American writers，lived a very adventurous life．
杰克倫敦過著非常冒險(xiǎn)的生活，他是著名的美國作家之一。
如果去掉who was one of the famous American writers，其意義仍然完整。
Part Five研究性學(xué)習(xí)
閱讀解題指導(dǎo)(Ⅱ)
3．邏輯推理
(1)根據(jù)常識，例如短文A。
A
Mr．Brown had been walking since ten in the morning，and now the sun was about to set．His shadow(影子)lay long ahead of him．He had to find a place for the night．
問題：Mr Brown was walking towards__________.
A．the north B．the south C．the east D．the west
解答此題除了要看懂英語句意外，還要根據(jù)常識來判斷：Mr．Brown從上午十點(diǎn)上路走了一整天，這時(shí)太陽西下，他的長長的身影映在他的前面，只有當(dāng)他面東而行才會有這種情況。因此答案C才符合他行走的方向。
(2)簡單計(jì)算
做此類題的正確解答，除了懂英語外，還要進(jìn)行倍數(shù)，和差，面積，體積，時(shí)間等簡
單推算。例如短文B。
B
The doctor asked her some questions，and one of them was“How old are you?”“Well”，she answered，“I don't remember，doctor，but I'll try to think．”She thought for a minute and then said，“yes，I remember now，doctor! When I married，I was eighteen years old，and my husband was thirty．Now my husband is sixty．I know that is twice thirty．So I'm twice eighteen，that is thirty-six．Am I right?”
問題：How old was the woman?
She was really___________.
A．60 B．30 C．36 D．48
從短文中可以看出這位婦女結(jié)婚已三十年了，從她丈夫的年齡60-30=30得出，她本人現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該是四十八，即30+18=48，因此正確答案為D。而如果根據(jù)這位婦女的荒謬可笑的推算，或者望文生義，就可能錯(cuò)選答案C。
(3)依據(jù)內(nèi)容情節(jié)從一般規(guī)律、因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系推理。此類問題在解答各種閱讀問題中屢見不鮮。如果只停留在對短文字面上的“閱讀”，而不從人物、時(shí)間、情節(jié)發(fā)展上考慮其邏輯關(guān)系，并進(jìn)行推理，是不可能真正地“理解”短文的。例如短文C。
C
Joe Bloggs always had a cigarette on his lips．He smoked while he read，while he looked at the television，and while he drank a cup of coffee．He smoked forty cigarettes a day，but he was happy．
Joe's friend, Fred Brown, said to him, "It is very bad to smoke."
When Joe heard this, he started to worry and became thin. So he did not buy any more cigarette. He became so thin and he went to Fred for help.
Fred said, "You must eat more. "So Joe did not smoke, but he ate chocolate, and he became very fat. Again he went to Fred for help.
Fred said, "You must not eat chocolate. "So Joe stopped eating chocolate, but he went back to smoking cigarettes. He became thin again but he was not happy, because he still smoked.
Sometimes Joe Bloggs wished Fred Brown was not his friend.
①When Joe became thin the first time it was because_________.
A. he smoked too much B. he worried too much
C. he stopped smoking D. he ate too little
②The following sentences tell what happened to Joe. Which is the right order of the events?
a. He did not smoke; he ate chocolate; he was fat; he was unhappy.
b. He smoked; he did not eat chocolate; he was thin; he was unhappy.
c. He smoked; he did not eat chocolate; he was not fat; he was happy.
A. a, b, c B. c, b, a C. b, a, c D. c, a, b
③what kind of person would you say Joe was?
A. He was not the kind of person who used his head much.
B. He had no will power to carry out a decision.
C. He was not happy to let others make decisions for him.
D. He was always changing his mind and was never satisfied.
④what is the writer trying to tell us with this story?
A. One should think and decide for oneself.
B. One should ask friends for help and advice.
C. Smoking is bad for ones health.
做第①題時(shí)，如果只看到“他每天抽兩包煙”(He smoked forty cigarettes a day)，而沒有看到“但是他很愉快”(but he was happy)，這一層轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，以及“他后來聽了Fred的觀點(diǎn)之后，憂心忡忡，面容憔悴起來”(when Joe heard this，he started to worry and became thin．)這一層因果關(guān)系，就有可能錯(cuò)選A答案，認(rèn)為他的瘦削是由抽煙引起的。正確答案是C，則說明了他的瘦削的真正原因是憂慮所致。
第②題正確答案為D，語序“他抽煙，不吃巧克力，且不胖，但很愉快。”“他不抽煙，吃巧克力，胖，不高興。”他抽煙，不吃巧克力，瘦，不高興。”這正反映本文開始階段情節(jié)發(fā)展的主線的邏輯關(guān)系。
第③題正確答案為A，從全文分析可以推理出Joe不是一個(gè)愛動腦筋的人。
4．把握作者態(tài)度。
如例文C中的第④小題What is the writer trying to tell us with this story?這就直接需要在閱讀此短文時(shí)掌握作者的態(tài)度。
作者在這里并非強(qiáng)調(diào)抽煙或吃巧克力有害健康，而主要暗指Joe沒有主見，決定事情總是要went to Fred for help，而且全聽Fred的，結(jié)果煙未戒掉，面容憔悴，思想又不愉快，便更不如以前，雖然抽煙厲害，but he was happy了。因此，作者想要告訴讀者的是一個(gè)人要自己拿主見，即答案是A。
如果在閱讀中沒有把握作者的基本態(tài)度或意圖，往往就是“讀懂了”短文也可能在做理解題上出現(xiàn)判斷錯(cuò)誤。因此，沒有把握作者的態(tài)度，意圖，傾向，就不能說真正讀懂了。