1.詞組to one’s joy的用法
詞組“to one’s joy”意思是“使人高興的是”，在句子中作狀語，不能當(dāng)作句子使用；其中的名詞多為表示人的情緒的名詞如：surprise, joy, astonishment, horror, relief, satisfaction, sorrow等，如：
1)To our great disappointment, our team lost the game.使我們大為失望的是，我們隊輸了那場比賽。
2)To the horror of everyone, the house caught fire.使大家驚恐的是，房子著火了。
2.過去分詞的用法
1)過去分詞在句中起形容詞或副詞的作用，但保留動詞的特征。及物動詞的過去分詞表被動動作，不及物動詞的過去分詞表完成的動作，如：fallen leaves 落葉，the polluted water 被污染了的水。
2)過去分詞的語法功能：
①作定語：
單個過去分詞作定語放于被修飾詞之前，過去分詞短語作定語放于被修飾詞之后。
例 A broken cup is lying on the ground.地上有一只摔破的杯子。
This is the lab built in 1990.這是1990年建的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
The canned food has gone bad.這灌裝食品已變質(zhì)。
②作表語：
說明主語所處的狀態(tài)。
例 We were deeply moved.我們深受感動。
She felt rather disappointed at his failure.她的失敗令她感到非常失望。
We are determined to complete the work in time.我們決心按時完成工作。
③作狀語：
與句子主語為動賓關(guān)系，表示原因、時間、條件、伴隨等。
例 Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.從山上看，公園看上去很美麗。
The scientist entered the room, followed by some young men.這位科學(xué)家進(jìn)了房間，后面跟著一些年青人。
④作賓語補(bǔ)足語，與賓語為動賓關(guān)系。
例 I didn’t know you had your hair cut.我不知道你理了發(fā)。
We should make it known to the public.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)讓公眾知道這件事。
核心知識
常用單詞積累
damage, agree fit, be fit for,room,standing room, turn…into…, cattle, cause, in place, blow away, lose one’s sight, present(adj), dirty(vt), die out, play a part, test, go off, separately, point to, to one’s joy
基礎(chǔ)知識精講
1.damage n.＆vt.毀壞；損害
do/cause damage to… 損害……
1)How much must he pay for the damage?他該賠多少損失費(fèi)?
2)Tell the boys not to damage the desks.告訴那些男孩不要?dú)恼n桌。
3)The storm did/caused great damage to the crops.那場暴風(fēng)雨對農(nóng)作物造成了極大的損害。
2.agree vi.＆vt. 同意，取得一致意見
(1)單獨(dú)使用；
(2)跟介詞with(同意某人的意見)。后面接人或表示“意見”、“看法”的詞。有時還可表示“與……一致”的意思。
(3)跟介詞on或upon(就……取得一致意見，在……方面同意或意見一致)。主語常常是協(xié)商一件事的人們或單位，后面常接表示具體協(xié)議的文件、計劃、行動等名詞。
(4)跟介詞to“同意……”、“贊成……”，后面接表示“提議”、“辦法”、“計劃”等的詞。
(5)跟不定式(同意做某事)。有時不定式前可帶連接副詞。
例：1)In a (one) way I agree with you.在某種程度上我同意你的意見。
2)I quite agree with what you say.我很同意你說的話。
3)His words do not agree with his action.他言行不一致。
4)Do you agree to the proposal(the plan)?你同意這個提議(計劃)嗎?
5)We agreed on an early start.
6)We agreed on making an early start. 我們同意早動身。
7)We agreed that we should start early.
8)They agreed to come on Friday.他們同意(答應(yīng))星期五來。
9)I asked him to help me and he agreed.我請他幫忙，他答應(yīng)了。
3.fit adj.(suitable) 適合的，合適的(多作表語)
be fit for… 適合；勝任
be fit to do sth. 適合，勝任(做某事)
例：1)The food is not fit(unfit) to eat.那食物不適宜吃。
2)The man is not fit for the position.那人不適合這職位。
fit vt. 合身，合適
3)This coat doesn’t fit me very well.這件上衣我穿不太合身。
fit 有時也可用作定語。
4)We must decide on a fit time and place for the meeting.我們必須決定開會的恰 當(dāng)?shù)臅r間與地點(diǎn)。
fit 也可用作名詞。
5)The dress is a nice fit. 這件衣服正合身。
4.cattle n. 牛(總稱)、家畜，集體名詞，作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
1)The cattle have been sold.那些牛已被賣掉了。
2)The farmer keeps ten head of cattle.那農(nóng)夫喂了十頭牛。
3)My family raise lots of cattle,including two cows.我家喂養(yǎng)了很多家畜，包括兩頭奶牛。
5.turn…into…把……變成……(=change…into…)；把……翻譯成……(=put/translate… into…)
turn into 變成
例 ①We should try to～ waste land into rice fields.我們應(yīng)努力把荒地變成稻田。
②Heated, water can ～ into vapour.水加熱變成水蒸汽。
6.cause n. 原因，起因
1)Carelessness is the usually cause of accidents.粗心大意是事故發(fā)生的通常原因。
2)What’s the cause of his stomachache?他胃痛的主要原因是什么?
vt. 使產(chǎn)生，引起，給……帶來
3)What caused his illness?他的病是什么引起的?
4)What caused him to be so sad?是什么使他如此悲傷?
5)He often causes trouble to his parents.他常常給他的父母親帶來許多麻煩。
7.limit n. 界限，范圍，極限 vt.限制，限定
～ed a. 有限的 un ～ ed a.無限的
例 ①There is a limit to what I can do for you.我能為你做的事是有限的。
②There is little money left .We must ～ our cost.剩下的錢不多了，我們必須限制消費(fèi)。
③Her knowledge of English is ～ ed.她的英語知識是有限的。
8.in place 在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢茫贿m合的，適當(dāng)?shù)?/p>
1)I like to have everything in place.我喜歡一切各在其適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢谩?/p>
2)I don’t think your suggestion is quite in place.我認(rèn)為你的建議并不十分適當(dāng)。
9.Lose one’s sight 失明
catch sight of 看見，out of sight 看不見
1)The great musician lost his sight when he was quite young.這位偉大的音樂家很小就喪失了視力。
2)Who caught sight of the plane first?誰先看見那架飛機(jī)的?
10.dirty vt. 弄臟
I’m terribly sorry to dirty your new shirt.把你的新襯衣弄臟了，真是抱歉。
典型例題
We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold, She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said,“Very dirty floors.”
“Yes. I’m glad they’ve finally decided to clean them,”the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said,“But aren’t you working late?”
Mum just pushed harder, each swipe(拖一下) of the mop taking her farther and fart her down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to write in the big book.
After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said,“Thank you.”
Outside, Mum told me:“Dagmar is fine. No fever.”
“You saw her, Mum?”
“Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. It’s a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no good. You need a brush.”
1.When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was .
A. to clean the floor B.to please the nurse
C. to see a patient D. to surprise the story teller
2.When the nurse talked to Mum she thought Mum was a ______________.
A. nurse B. visitor C. patient D. cleaner
3.After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?
A. It is a children’s hospital
B. It has strict rules about visiting hours
C. The conditions there aren’t very good
D. The nurses and doctors there don’t work hard
4.From the text we know that Dagmar is most likely ______________.
A. the story teller’s sister B. Mum’s friend
C. the story teller’s classmate D. Dad’s boss
5.Which of the following words best describes Mum?
A. strange B. warm hearted
C. clever D. hard working
解析 1.這是一道推斷題。從媽媽拿起拖布越過護(hù)士的視線到告訴作者 “Dagmar is fine. No fever.”這一系列情節(jié)中可以斷定，C為該題的最佳答案。
2.這也是一道推斷題。護(hù)士之所以沒有攔住媽媽，她一定是以為媽媽是位清掃工。故D為最佳答案。
3.這仍然是道推斷題。媽媽裝扮成清潔工正是由于醫(yī)院有著嚴(yán)格的探視制度，故B為最佳答案。
4.該題的最佳答案為A。從“You saw her, Mum?”和“… Dad will stop worrying as well.…”這組對話中可以推斷出，病人是作者的妹妹。
5.媽媽之所以能成功地躲過護(hù)士的監(jiān)視，在非探視時間內(nèi)走入病房，正說明了她的聰明。故C為最佳答案。
【有關(guān)"Saving the earth" 的教學(xué)設(shè)計】
教學(xué)設(shè)計1. Lesson 35
學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：
1.通過學(xué)習(xí)對話，掌握“同意和不同意”的英語表示方法。
2.學(xué)習(xí)課文，運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言，圍繞保護(hù)地球這一題材，完成教科書和練習(xí)冊中規(guī)定的聽、說、寫的任務(wù)；認(rèn)識環(huán)境污染的危 害性和環(huán)境保護(hù)的重要性，完成有關(guān)課文內(nèi)容的練習(xí)。
3.學(xué)習(xí)語法，掌握過去分詞作表語和定語的用法。
教案內(nèi)容：
內(nèi)容1：Teaching Procedures
教學(xué)設(shè)計2. Lesson 36
學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：
Do some writing and reading
教案內(nèi)容：
內(nèi)容1：Teaching Procedures
【關(guān)于“Saving the earth”的常見問題】
常見問題1: Saving the earth
問題：
The first textbooks _______________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.(NMET 94)
A. have written B.to be written
C. being written D. written
解答:
解題指導(dǎo)：本題答案為D，相當(dāng)于“which were written”。這道題難點(diǎn)在于過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式的區(qū)別。過去分詞表達(dá)被動和完成的概念，現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示“正被……”，而不定式的被動式則表示“將被……”。試比較：
1)The house built last year is our library.
2)The house being built now will be our library.
3)The house to be built will be our library.
在1)句中，“built last year”相當(dāng)于“Which was built last year”，意為“去年建造 的”；在2)句中，“being built now”相當(dāng)于“Which is being built now”，意為“正在建造的”；在3)句中，“to be built”相當(dāng)于“Which is to be built”，意為“將要建造的”。
常見問題2: Saving the earth
問題：
_____________ in English, the letter is difficult for the farmer to read.
A. Written B. Having written
C. Being written D. To be written
解答:
解題指導(dǎo)：本題答案為A，相當(dāng)于“As it is written”。又如：
1) Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.(NMET 90 )
2) Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.(NMET 92)
3) Being repaired, the library won’t open to the public today.
在1)句中，“Given more attention”相當(dāng)于“If the trees had been given more attention”；在2)句中，“Not having received a reply”相當(dāng)于“As he had not received a reply”；在3)句中，“Being repaired”相當(dāng)于“As the library is being repaired ”。
常見問題3: Saving the Earth
問題：
The_______look on hisface suggested he_____that.
A．surprising；hadn't expected B．surprising；would expect
C． surprised; hadn't expected D． surprised; wouldn't have expected
解答:
導(dǎo)析：-ing作定語意思是“令人……的”，-ed作定語意思是“感到……的”，故答案在C、D中。他之所以吃驚，是他沒有預(yù)料到。D是虛擬語氣，說明與過去相反，即他預(yù)料到了，這與句子意思不符。答案：C
常見問題4: Saving the Earth
問題：
_______to the village,he said that was the place where I was born.
A．Pointed B．Pointing C．Point D．To point
解答:
導(dǎo)析：由空所在的位置可知，要填入的詞是句子的狀語。狀語與謂語應(yīng)是同時發(fā)生的，而不定式作狀語通常表示將來時，故答案在A、B之中。分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子的主語一致，所以分詞的主語是“he”，而“he”與“point”之間是主動關(guān)系。答案：B
常見問題5: Saving the Earth
問題：
The old man walked in the street,________.
A．followed by his son B．followed his son
C．a(chǎn)nd following his son D． and followed by his son
解答:
導(dǎo)析：此題是考查過去分詞的用法。followed by his son是過去分詞短語作狀語，表示方式和伴隨。答案：A
常見問題6: Saving the Earth
問題：
--How did Bob do in the exam this time?
--Well,his father seems________with his results.
A．pleasing B．please C．pleased D．to please
解答:
導(dǎo)析：seem后可跟三種形式， seem+a.,seem+to v.,seem+that clause,但從句意分析，主語是his father,表“人” 所以選擇pleased,過去分詞作表語。答案：C
常見問題7: Saving the Earth
問題：
They will probably agree；you never know,________.
A．even though B．though C．therefore D．a(chǎn)t least
解答:
導(dǎo)析：“though”在這里作副詞，帶有轉(zhuǎn)折之意；本句兩個句子之間含有轉(zhuǎn)折之意。答案：B
常見問題8: Saving the Earth
問題：
________,I used to go hunting at the weekends.
A．At atime B．Attimes C．At onetime D．At altimes
解答:
導(dǎo)析：“at a time”意指“一次”；“at times”；意指“有時”；“at one time”意指“過去有一段時間”；“at alltimes”意指“總是、經(jīng)常。”答案：C
常見問題9: Saving the Earth
問題：
Do you knowthe boy________underthe bigtree?
A．lay B．lain C．laying D．lying
解答:
導(dǎo)析：該題考查的目的是分詞短語作定語的用法。lie的三種形式是：lay．lain,lying,lay的三種形式是：laid,laid,laying。此題的句意是“你認(rèn)識那位躺在大樹下的男孩嗎?”答案：D
常見問題10: Saving the Earth
問題：
I fit for the snow,we the mountainyesterday.
A．were out；could have climbed B．were not；could climb
C．had not been；could have climbed D．had not been；could climb
解答:
導(dǎo)析：該題考查的目的是虛擬語氣的用法。虛擬語氣有三種表現(xiàn)形式：與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反；與過去事實(shí)相反；與將來事實(shí)相反。根據(jù)句中的時間狀語yesterday的提示，此句表示與過去事實(shí)相反。答案：C
【有關(guān)"Saving the earth" 的課后練習(xí)】
課后練習(xí)1：課后練習(xí)
詞組句式運(yùn)用
1.Although the shirt _______________ me quite well, it _______________ me .
A. is fit for; doesn’t fit B. fits; doesn’t fit
C. is fit for; isn’t fit for D. fits; isn’t fit for
2.He had never spent a _______________ day.
A. much worrying B. most worrying
C. more worrying D. most worried
3.There are many reasons for animals _______________.
A. died out B. dying out C. died away D. dying off
4.She _______________ in an accident, which made her parents .
A. loses her sight; sad B. lost her sight; sad
C. loses her sight; sadly D. lost her sight; sadly
5._______________ that the sun was the centre of the universe.
A. It thought B. It was thought
C. People are thought D. People thinks
6.Doctors and nurses were sent to the ____________ area and the road were wended.
A. flooded; damaged B. flooding; damaged
C. flooding; damaging D. flooded; damaging
7.Is there enough _______________ for the piano?
A. place B. seat C. a room D .room
8.The old man _______________ the picture and told us a story.
A. pointing at B. pointed out C. pointed to D. pointing to
9.It will be many years before this plan _______________ reality.
A. turn to B. is turned into
C. will turn to D. will be turned into
10.It _______________ that about 200 people had been trapped in the big fire .
A. said B. saying C. is said D. was said
課內(nèi)課外閱讀
1970 was “World Conservation(保護(hù)) Year”.The United Nations wanted everyone to know that the world is in danger. They hoped that governments would act quickly in order to conserve nature. Here is one example of the problem. At one time there were 1300 different plants, trees and flowers in Holland, but now only 860 remain. The others have been destroyed by modern man and his technology. We are changing the earth, the air and water, and everything that grows and lives. We can’t live without these things. If we continue like this, we shall destroy ourselves.
What will happen in the future? Perhaps it is more important to ask “What must we do now?”The people who will be living in the world of tomorrow are the young of today. A lot of them know that conservation is necessary. Many are helping to save our world. They plant trees, build bridges across rivers in forests, and so on. In small town in the United States a large group of girls cleaned the banks of eleven kilometres of their river. Young people may hear about conservation through a record called NO ONE’S GOING TO CHANGE OUR WORLD. it was made by the Scatles, Cliff Richard and other singers. The money from it will help to conserve wild animal s.
1.There are fewer plants, trees and flowers in Holland now because ______________.
A. there has been a lot of conservation in Holland
B. many plants, trees and flowers don’t grow there any more
C. many plants, trees and flowers are dangerous
D. some plants, trees and flowers are dangerous
2.We shall destroy ourselves if we don’t ______________.
A. improve our technology in planting trees
B. hear about the record called NO ONE’S GOING TO CHANGE OUR WORLD
C. try our best to save the world
D. change the earth
3.NO ONE’S GOING TO CHANGE OUR WORLD was ______________.
A. an important book published in 1970
B. an idea that nobody would accept
C. a record calling on people to conserve nature
D.a rule worked out by the United States
4.What is the most important thing for us to do to save our world? We should .
A. plant more trees and flowers
B. clean the banks of our rivers
C. know what will happen in the future
D. know what we should do and begin to do it now
5.What’s the main idea of the passage? ______________.
A.1970 was World Conservation Year
B. The United Nations wanted everybody to know that the world is in danger
C. Conservation is necessary
D. It is the young people who are helping to save our world.
課后練習(xí)1：課后練習(xí)答案
詞組句式運(yùn)用
1-5 DCBBB 6-10 ADCBD
課內(nèi)課外閱讀
1.C 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.C