過 去 分 詞 在 非 謂 語 動 詞 中 的 語 態 時 態 特 征
廣東省深圳市寶安中學 趙國強 (518101)
有關動詞過去分詞的用法是英語學習中不可忽視的重要一環。謂語中，be動詞的相應形式＋過去分詞多表示被動，have的相應形式＋過去分詞只表示完成，正因為過去分詞借助某種形式可以表示被動或已經完成的動作，因此，過去分詞在非謂語動詞中亦自然具有相應的語態時態特征。單獨過去分詞在某些特定結構中可以表示該動詞的被動或完成意義。
一、單獨過去分詞可以表示被動
1．賓語補足語中的過去分詞表被動
感官動詞和使役動詞（如see, feel, find, make, need等）后面的賓語補足語，大多直接采用過去分詞表示被動意義。如：
1) He often hears the song sung in the next room.他經常聽見這首歌在隔壁房間唱起。
(比較：He often hears someone sing the song in the next room.他經常聽見有人在隔壁房間唱歌。)
2) Would you like to have/get the bike repaired?你想要自行車給修一下嗎？
(比較：Would you like to have someone repair the bike?或Would you like to get someone to repair the bike? 你想要請人修一下自行車嗎？)
3) I won’t have anything said against him.我不容許背著他說他的壞話。
4）Will you speak a little louder so that you can make yourself heard?你講大聲點以便讓別人聽見你說的好嗎？
5）Do you need the letter typed at once?你需要這信馬上給打一下嗎？
但并非所有動詞后面的賓補都可單獨使用過去分詞表示被動，因此，相關被動意義的得體表達還需因詞制宜。如：
1） They will not allow such things to be done.他們將不準做這種事。
2） I won’t let them be treated in that way.我不能讓他們受到這樣的對待。
3） We suggested them being sent to hospital at once.我們建議他們給立即送往醫院。
2． 狀語中的過去分詞表被動
正如現在分詞可以用來代替主語＋主動語態動詞一樣，過去分詞也可以代替主語＋被動語態動詞結構。也就是說，單獨過去分詞作狀語，相當于被動語態的狀語從句。該結構中的過去分詞短語之前大多不必添加being來表示進行等意義。
1）Led by the old man, we had no difficulty in finding his house.=As we were led by the old man, we had no difficulty….由于老人帶路，我們不費勁便找到他的家。
2）Satisfied with the boy’s answer, the teacher had a sweet smile.=Because the teacher was satisfied with…, he had …由于對男生的答案感到滿意，老師甜甜地笑。
4） Given more time, they will probably agree.=If they are given more time, they will….如果多給點時間，他們很可能會同意的。
3． with復合結構中的過去分詞表被動
with后的賓語所帶的動詞，如果與賓語之間屬被動關系，只用過去分詞表達。如：
1）With the gold cup held in his hand, he felt very excited.手里握著金杯，他很是興奮。
2）The young guy lay on the grass with his hands crossed under his head.年輕人躺在草地上，雙手叉著枕在頭下。
4． 連詞后的過去分詞表被動
引導狀語從句的連詞（如when, while, though, once, as if等），大都單獨采用過去分詞表示被動，相當于一個省略的狀語從句。如：
1）Don’t keep silent when （you’re）asked a question.當（別人）在問你的時候別不做聲。
2）Once/ If (it’s) whipped, the horse will run faster.一旦（如果）抽鞭子，馬就跑得快些。
3）Though (he was) taken there in his childhood, he still didn’t know the place well.雖然小時候給帶到那兒去過，但他對這地方還是不熟。
但要注意：由before, after引導的被動語態動詞短語代替從句，必須在過去分詞前加上being。如：
After being shown around the factory, we had a rest.當領著參觀工廠之后，我們休息了一會兒。（試比較：When shown around the factory, we had a rest./ Having been shown around the factory, we had a rest.）
5. 謂語中的過去分詞表被動
在廣告、通知、標題等文體中，為了行文簡潔明了，謂語中也常常單獨采用過去分詞表示被動意義。如：Turners wanted!（招聘車工！） ALL GOODS GREATLY REDUCED!(各種貨物大減價！) Trade agreements broken(貿易協定遭破壞)等等。
二、單獨過去分詞可以表示完成
由于過去分詞作定語不用完成式，表示完成意義的定語自然采用單獨過去分詞來表達。如：
sweep the fallen leaves＝sweep the leaves that have fallen掃落葉
a developed country=a country that has developed發達國家
三、單獨過去分詞可以表示被動＋完成
所謂單獨過去分詞表示被動＋完成，即過去分詞可以獨立表示完成意義的被動語態。通常出現在以下方面：
1．過去分詞在定語中表示被動＋完成
1) He told us of the great wrong done to him.=He told us of the great wrong which had been done to him.他給我們講了他所遭受的巨大冤屈。
2）Did you accept the invitation (that had been) given by the tour guide? 你接受導游所給的邀請了嗎？
2．過去分詞在with復合結構中表示被動＋完成
With the homework finished, I went out for a walk.=When the homework was/had been finished, I went out….作業做完之后，我出去散了會兒步。
3. 過去分詞在狀語中表示被動＋完成
Weakened by the successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. ＝As the bridge had been weakened by successive storms, it was no longer safe.由于遭到接二連三暴風雨的破壞，這橋已經不安全了。
值得一提的是，分詞作狀語，如果強調該動作已經完成，還是需要采用相應語態的完成式形式；過去分詞作定語，如果強調該動作正在發生，則用being＋過去分詞。分別舉例如下：
1）Having corrected the students’ homework, he handed it out.他將學生的作業改完之后就發下去了。
2）Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.由于被狗咬過兩次，郵遞員要我們把狗拴起來，要不就不給我們送信。
3）Have you noticed the bridge being built there?= Have you noticed the bridge which is being built there?你注意到了那兒正在修的那座橋嗎？
附練習：
1. In Shishou of Hubei, the soldiers saved many important deer ____ milu deer.
A. call B. called C. is called D. which calls
2. The sun was shining brightly, ________ everything there _______ more beautiful.
A. making ; look B. to make ; looked C. and made ; looking D. and making ; be looked
3. Greatly _____ as a leading teacher, he was invited to attend the conference.
A. respect B. respected C. respecting D. being respected
4. On the grass lay an old man, with his hands _____ under his head and his eyes _____ at the blue sky.
A. crossing; staring B. crossed; stared C. crossed; staring D. crossing; stared
5. The students ____ to the office got their ____ papers, and most of them did well in the test.
A. invited; correct B. had been invited; corrected
C. invited; corrected D. having been invited; corrected
6. _____ nice, the food has a good sale.
A. Having been tasted B. Tasted C. Tasting D. Being tasted
7. Get the car thoroughly _______; I want to be free from worry on the trip.
A. check B. checked C. checking D. to be checked
8. At six o’clock in the evening, when a cat ran through a truck it narrowly escaped _______ over.
A. running B. to be run C. from running D. being run
9. The room, although ____ to be kept locked, was often left open.
A. ought B. supposed C. had D. should
10. He was found _____ at the desk, _____ something important.
A. seating; writing B. seated; wrote C. seated; writing D. seating; wrote
11. You’re requested to be present at the English evening _____ in our school.
A. hold B. held C. holding D. to be held
12. The man got the letter _____ with the car ____ at the gate.
A. typed; waiting B. typing; waited C. typed; waited D. typing; waiting
13. _____ in the war was very common at that time.
A. Killed B. Killing C. Be killed D. Being killed
14. _____ the bad news, they wore a _____ look on their faces.
A. Heard; worried B. Hearing; worried C. Hearing; worrying D. Heard; worrying
15. The books _____ next month are very well _____, and they’re really well worth reading.
A. published; written B. publishing; writing; C. to be published; writing; D. to be published; written
16. After _____ to hospital, the _____ were operated on in no time.
A. sending; injured B. sent; injured C. being sent; injured D. sending; injuring
17. When the woman saw the good result, she let out an _____ cry of joy, _____ like a lovely girl.
A. excited; jumping B. exciting; jumping C. excited; jumped D. exciting; jumped
18. _____ on top of the tower, the city looks extremely splendid.
A. See B. To see C. Seeing D. Seen
19. When he entered the room, he found the windows open and something _____.
A. missed B. robbed C. stolen D. disappeared
20. The speaker stood there talking, _____ by the journalists _____ the event.
A. surrounded; covered B. surrounded; covering C. surrounding; covered D. surrounding; covering
(Key: BABCC CBDBC DADBD CADCB)
主要參考文獻：
A．J．Thomson, A.V. Martinet: 《牛津實用英語語法》（第四版），外語教學與研究出版社，牛津大學出版社，1998年。
張道真：《英語常用動詞用法詞典》，上海譯文出版社，1981年。
注：該文曾發表于《新高考》2004年第一期