（一）動(dòng)詞不定式
動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的構(gòu)成
不定時(shí)的基本形式為：to+動(dòng)詞原形，有時(shí)可以不用to，這里的to 是不定式符號(hào)，本身無(wú)詞義，動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是not+（to+）動(dòng)詞原形。
動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能
功能 例句 說(shuō)明
主語(yǔ) To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 講英語(yǔ)對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)不容易。 作主語(yǔ)用的不定式，常常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把不定式放在后面。
表語(yǔ) My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 我的工作就是每天打掃這間屋子。 多數(shù)情況下，不定式作表語(yǔ)，可轉(zhuǎn)換作為主語(yǔ)。
賓語(yǔ) -What sports does he like to play?他喜歡做什么運(yùn)動(dòng)？-He likes to play basketball.他喜歡打籃球。 只能做某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
賓補(bǔ) My mother made me play the piano all the time.
我媽媽讓我一直彈鋼琴。 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官動(dòng)詞后，不定式省略to。
定語(yǔ) Have you got anything to say? 你有要說(shuō)的嗎？ 不定式作定語(yǔ)，要放在所修飾詞的后面。
狀語(yǔ) I'm sorry to trouble you.（表原因）很抱歉，給你添麻煩了。I went to the library to study English.（表目的） 不定式作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)要和句子的主語(yǔ)一致。
1.不定式作主語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的主語(yǔ)放在句末更多資料QQ378459309制作：
其結(jié)構(gòu)為：It+be+adj.（+ for/ of sb.）+動(dòng)詞不定式
如：To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well.
It’s important for us to protect the environment.
注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品質(zhì)的形容詞后，不用for而用of。如：
It's very kind of you to help me. 你幫助我真是太好啦。It's very clever of you to do like that.
2. 不定式作賓語(yǔ)
有些謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的這類詞是表示命令、打算或希望的，如：
would like, like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。如：
Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看電影嗎？
②在find, think后跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it代替，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)放在后面。如：
I find it easy to read English every day.
③常見(jiàn)的一些不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式Why not do..., Why don't you do..., had better（not）do..., would rather do,could/would/will you please（not）do...
I would rather stay in the room.我寧愿待在房間里。
3.不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)與賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.
tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage后常跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：
My mother encourages me to learn Japanese. 我媽媽鼓勵(lì)我學(xué)日語(yǔ)。
注意：還有一些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞也用不定式作賓補(bǔ)，這時(shí)不定式要省略to。這些動(dòng)詞有：
一感（feel）、二聽(tīng)（hear, listen to）、三讓（let, make, have）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）。但變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，必須加上to。如： My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 老板讓我的朋友們工作了一整夜。
4.不定式作定語(yǔ)
①不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)放在名詞之后。它與名詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
②如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，且與所修飾的詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，要在不定式后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。
There is nothing to worry about. 沒(méi)有什么可擔(dān)心的。
5.不定式常和疑問(wèn)詞what, which, when, where, how連用，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老師正告訴學(xué)生們做什么。
He didn't know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。
（二）動(dòng)名詞
一、動(dòng)名詞的構(gòu)成：動(dòng)名詞一般由“動(dòng)詞原形+ing”構(gòu)成
二V-ing做主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式Eating too much is bad for your health.
三、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能
功能 例句 說(shuō)明
動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)
介詞賓語(yǔ) I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜歡打籃球。
Stamps are used for sending letters.郵票是被用來(lái)寄的。 表示一般的習(xí)慣或抽象行為或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。
表語(yǔ) His hobby is collecting stamps.=Collecting stamps is his hobby. 多數(shù)情況下，動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)可轉(zhuǎn)化成作主語(yǔ)。
定語(yǔ) She is in the reading room.她在閱覽室。
We should improve our teaching methods. 只表明它所修飾的詞的用途、所屬關(guān)系等置于所修飾詞前。
注意：英語(yǔ)中有一些詞后面常跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。我們初中階段常見(jiàn)的有：finish, mind, be worth, be busy, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem（in）, spend...（in）, feel like, be used to（習(xí)慣于）, give up, keep on, consider, suggest, can't help。我們可按下面的順口溜記憶這些詞。
完成實(shí)踐值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy） 繼續(xù)習(xí)慣別放棄（keep on, be used to, give up）
考慮建議不禁想（consider, suggest, can't help, feel like） 喜歡思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）
三．分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞
1.現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)、其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是它所修飾的詞；Do you know the girl standing there?
過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)、其邏輯賓語(yǔ)就是它所修飾的詞Please hand in the written exercises
2.現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特征。The situation is encouraging.
過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)表示某種狀態(tài)。The boy is too frightened to move.
3.現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Don’t keep us waiting for a long time.
過(guò)去分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系。He will have his hair cut after school.
4.分詞做狀語(yǔ)、邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)。The students went out of the room, talking and laughing.
Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.
作狀語(yǔ):分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)可以作時(shí)間、原因、方式、結(jié)果、伴隨等狀語(yǔ)。如：
Being a student, I must study hard.作為一名學(xué)生，我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。（原因狀語(yǔ)）
He ran out of the room, shouting loudly.他大喊著從房間分階段跑出來(lái)。(伴隨狀語(yǔ))
5現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，過(guò)去分詞表示完成的動(dòng)作。
如：fallen leaves 落葉（已落下）falling leaves 正在飄落的樹(shù)葉
developing country 發(fā)展中國(guó)家developed country 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家
6.現(xiàn)在分詞表示事物本身所具有的性質(zhì)，意為“令人……的”；過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)由外界引起人的內(nèi)心活
動(dòng)，意為“感到……的”。如：the exciting news 令人興奮的消息 the excited look 激動(dòng)的表情
常用的還有：interesting/interested, tiring/tired, boring/bored.
補(bǔ)充：當(dāng)他們走進(jìn)公園時(shí)，他們看見(jiàn)一些男孩在踢足球。（正在做）
Do you often see then play football?你�？此麄兲咦闱騿�？（全過(guò)程）
He speaks loudly to make himself heard clearly. 他大聲說(shuō)以便讓別人聽(tīng)清他的話。（他的話被聽(tīng)）
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)：1) stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。
stop doing 停止做某事。I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。
2) forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事（未做) forget doing 忘記做過(guò)某事(已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著它忘記關(guān)了(沒(méi)有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。 ( 已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作) 更多資料QQ378459309制作：
3) remember doing/to do
remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做) remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事 (已做)
4)regret doing/to do
regret to do 對(duì)要做的事遺憾。(未做
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法。
regret doing 對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔�！ �(已做)
I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。
5 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企圖做某事。You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
try doing 試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。 I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。
6) go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。
8) be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為"怕"；
be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕，恐怕”。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫
9) mean to doing/to do
mean to do打算、想I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。
mean doing 意味著To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/do
感官動(dòng)詞 （see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel） + do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見(jiàn)了"這個(gè)事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。 （強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見(jiàn)他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
一些省略to的句型（1）Why not +動(dòng)詞原形
（2）Why don’t you+動(dòng)詞原形 （3）You’d better +動(dòng)詞原形
（4）You’d better not +動(dòng)詞原形 （5 ) Will you please +動(dòng)詞原形
（6）Will you please not +動(dòng)詞原形 （7）sb do nothing but（只是，只不過(guò)）
例: They didn nothing but complain
常見(jiàn)固定搭配1.too … to do The desk is too heavy to carry
2.be + adj + enough to do The room is big enough for 10 people to live in .
3.3.It’s time to do sth 或It’s time for sb to do sth .
It’s time to have a rest.
4.It takes sb some time to do sth . It takes me three days to finish the job
5.be + adj （glad . sorry .sure . happy . afraid等表情感的形容詞后）+ to do sth .
(1) I’m sorry to trouble you .
介詞+doing 1. look forward to doing sth （盼望） 2. pay attention to doing sth.（注意）
3.be used to doing sth. 習(xí)慣于） 4.prefer doing sth to doing sth.（更喜歡）
5.devote to doing sth （致力于 )