科目 英語
年級 高三
文件 high3 unit11.doc
標題 The Merchant of Venice (威尼斯商人)
章節 第十一單元
關鍵詞 高三英語第十一單元
內容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
★ 單元背景知識簡介
本單元課文 The Merchant of Venice 是根據英國作家威廉莎士比亞 （William Shakespeare）的同名作品改編而成�！锻崴股倘恕穼懮倘税矕|尼奧為了幫助朋友巴薩尼奧成婚，向高利貸者夏洛克轉借現金。夏洛克出于嫉妒，以到期不還可以割安東尼奧身上一磅肉為條件把錢借給了他。安東尼奧因破產到期無法償還借款，夏洛克堅持照約處罰，巴薩尼奧未婚妻鮑西婭喬裝打扮成律師出庭，終于擊敗夏洛克�！锻崴股倘恕肥巧勘葋喸缙诘闹匾髌�，大約寫于 1596 - 1597 。
安東尼奧是本劇中的肯定形象，他高尚正直、坦白直率，熱心為善、多情尚義、心腸仁慈、重視友誼。當夏洛克堅持要從他身上割下一磅肉時，他雖然為朋友遭殺身之禍，卻毫無怨言，仍以朋友的幸福為重。
鮑西亞是莎士比亞理想中的資產階級新女性，是作者竭力稱頌的人物。她渴望個人幸福，追求以愛情為基礎的婚姻；她選擇丈夫的條件不是門第和財富，而是個人的人品相貌和才能。她她通情練達，有膽有略，淳樸賢淑，而又樂觀俏皮。在法庭上，面對強手，她胸有成竹，氣概非凡，有條不紊，欲擒故縱。
夏洛克是一個拜金注意者，對金錢貪得無厭，冷酷無情，吝嗇卑鄙。
莎士比亞是歐洲文藝復興時期英國杰出的戲劇家和詩人，也是世界文學史上最杰出的作家之一。他的作品是人類文化史上的珍品。他的作品Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》，Romeo and Juliet 《羅密歐與朱麗葉》等反映了當時社會的現實，表達了人文主義的社會政治思想。
★ 大綱規定的單元日常核心交際用語指南
Good Wishes , Congratulations and Responses
(祝愿、祝賀和應答)
★ 跨國語言必知
西方人喜歡收到禮物時當場打開并大加贊賞說：Wonderful ！/ Beautiful ！/ Marvelous ！/ What a nice present / How nice a gift ！
當別人祝賀你成功時，一定要用 Thank you 。不能是漢式英語“哪里哪里”。
和大家同慶同歡樂要回答用 The same to you / You , too .
為人送行用 Have a good trip . / Have a pleasant journey .
★ Idiomatic Sentences 功能套語
1. Congratulations on your success ! 祝賀你的成功 ！
2. You won the first place . I'd like to be the first to congratulate you on it .
3. Many congratulations on your happy birthday ! 祝你生日愉快 ！
4. Please accept my congratulations .請允許我向你表示祝賀 ！
5. I hear you are admitted to Beijing University . Congratulations ! 聽說你被北大錄取，祝賀你 ！
6. A merry Christmas and a happy New Year ! 祝圣誕快樂、新年愉快 ！
7. Happy Spring Festival ! 祝你春節愉快 ！
8. I wish you joy ! 祝你快樂 ！
9. I wish you good health .
10. Good luck and success to you !
11. I wish you great success in your work in the future . 祝你在以后的工作中取得更大的成就。
12. I wish you lots of happiness ! 祝你幸福 ！
13. May everything you want come true ! = All the best ! 祝心想事成 ！
14. May New Year bring you all good things . 祝新年萬事如意 ！
15. Every good wish for the coming year . 祝新年一切順利 ！
16. Best wishes for Teachers' Day ! 祝教師節愉快 ！
17. Best season greetings ! 衷心祝節日愉快 ！
18. Good luck ! = I wish you good luck ! 祝你好運 ！
19. Congratulations ! 恭喜發財 ！
20. Happy birthday to you ! 生日快樂 ！
★ Model Dialogues 交際示范
Li Gang：Hello , Sam . Happy Christmas and New Year !
Sam：The same to you .
Li Gang：Wish you every success in the coming year .
Sam：Thank you .
Li Gang：May New Year bring your family happiness and good health .
Sam：Thanks for your best wishes .
Li Gang：What a wonderful snow !
Sam：Yes . In fact , this is the first white Christmas in my life .
【指點迷津】
★ 單元重點新詞透視
1. agreement 契約，協議；同意；一致；（時態的）呼應、一致
There is no agreement yet about what to do next .
They came to an agreement with each other . 他們雙方達成協議。
〖測試要點〗由 agreement 構成的詞組與搭配
come to an agreement with sb = arrive at an agreement with sb = make an agreement with sb = reach an agreement with sb 與……達成協議。in agreement with sth 同意…… 。tear up an agreement with sb = break an agreement with sb 同某人撕毀協議。
I'm quite in agreement with your decision .
We are all in agreement on that point .
She nodded to show her agreement .
Do you know a trade agreement between China and the USA ? 你知道中美間的一個貿易協定嗎 ？
2. flesh 肉；肉體；
The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak . (諺語) 心有余而力不足。
Lions and tigers are flesh-eating animals . 獅子和老虎是食肉動物。
〖測試要點〗
(1) 辨析 flesh , meat
flesh 是指人體的肉和（果實的）果肉、（蔬菜的）葉肉。muscle 人體肌肉。meat 是供人們食用的肉，但不包括魚、禽的肉。 pork 豬肉 , beef 牛肉 , mutton 羊肉 , fish 魚肉 , duck 鴨肉 , chicken 雞肉 ，等。
(2) 搭配：gain flesh / weight = put on flesh / weight 發胖，長肉。lose flesh / weight 變瘦。
漢語中的“血肉之軀”用英語表達是“flesh and blood ”。
3. desire 作名詞和動詞“期望；愿望；要求；渴望”
We all desire happiness . 我們都渴望幸福。
What do you desire me to do ? 你要我做什么 ？
She has a desire to visit Egypt . 她渴望到埃及去觀光。
〖測試要點〗
(1) desire to do 希望做…… 。desire sb to do 希望某人做…… 。
I desire you to go at once .
(2) desire that …… （從句中 should 型虛擬語氣）
The director desires that you ( should ) visit him next week . = The director desires you to visit him next week .
(3) desire 作名詞后跟同謂語從句。同謂語從句中用虛擬語氣。
The people expressed their desire that the war should come to an end soon .
4. according to 根據…… 。按照…… 。
According to the Tv , it will be fine today . 根據電視報道，今天會是個晴天。
According to Tom , Jane got married last month .
I will do it according to your instructions .
Our ideas will change according to the change of time .
We will be paid according to the amount of work we do . 我們將按工作量取得報酬。
〖測試要點〗according to 不與 opinion , view 等表示觀點的詞連用。如果想表達“根據某人的意見或者觀點”時常用 in one's opinion / view 。
5. pride 自豪，驕傲
This modern library is the great pride of our university . 這個現代化圖書館是我們大學的驕傲。
〖測試要點〗
(1) take ( a ) pride in sth / sb 以……為驕傲，對……感到自豪
Each of us takes pride in our socialist construction .
(2) be proud of 對……自豪，對……驕傲
We are proud of our great socialist motherland .
(3) feel proud that 對……自豪
Our football team feels proud that it has won every match this year . 我們的足球隊對今年的戰無不勝極為自豪。
(4) with pride = proudly 自豪地
★ 單元重點詞組掃瞄
Lesson 41 - 42
1. be always ready to do = be always willing to do 總是樂于干……
I'm always ready to accept your advice . 我隨時接受你的建議。
2. be in love with sb 與某人相愛，
They have been in love with one another for years .
3. scold sb for doing sth 因……而責罵某人
The boss scolded the worker for coming too late .
4. on condition that = only if 只要，只有在……條件下
You can go swimming on condition that you don't go too far from the river bank .
5. make a promise 承諾，答應
She made a promise that she would never tell the secret to anyone else . 她答應過，決不把這個秘密告訴其他人。
6. pay back 償還借款；報復
He always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back .
7. think of 想到 (=have the idea of )，與 what 連用表達“覺得如何”。
What did you think of this film ? 你覺得這部電影怎么樣 ？
Then she thought of a clever plan to save her comrades .
8. dress oneself as 打扮成…… ；穿得像……似的
He dressed himself as Father Christmas . 他打扮成圣誕老人。
注意：這個詞組也相當于 dress up as , 如果不用 as 時，就是“打扮、化裝”。如：
These girls dressed themselves with special . 這些姑娘們細心地打扮自己。
9. have mercy on = have pity on , show mercy to 憐憫，寬恕。
He showed no mercy to the thief and beat him hard . = He had no mercy on the thief and beat him hard . 他毫不寬恕小偷，狠狠地揍了他一頓。
10. It is useless + ing 干……沒有用
It is useless repeating the same sentence .
11. pass / give judgement on sb / sth 對 …… 作出判決（或者評價）
The court will pass judgement on Smith this afternoon . 法院將在今天下午對史密斯作出判決。
We find it difficult to pass judgement on these paintings . 我們感到很難評價這些畫。
12. hope for = wish , expect 希望，期望（好的情況出現）
Hope for the best and prepare for the worst . 存最好的希望，作最壞的打算。
Parents have high hopes for their children . 父母對他們的孩子都抱有很高的希望。
〖測試要點〗不用 hope sb to do �？梢杂� hope for sth , hope to do , hope that �？梢哉f wish sb to do , wish to do , expect to do , expect sb to do 。
13. in one's place 代替；用……而不用
Will you go in my place ? 你能代替我去嗎 ？
注意：take the place of sb 代替某人，take the place of sth 用 …… 而不用…… 。
Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains . 電動火車已經取代了蒸汽火車。
If you can't go to the meeting myself , your secretary will take your place .
14. take one's seat = sit down in one's place 就座
She bought a magazine and took her seat in the train .
15. use one's head a little 稍微動動腦筋
Use your head a little and you'll work out this problem . 稍微動一下腦筋你就會解決這個問題。
16. have everything ready 做好一切準備
17. do the deed 付諸行動，生效
The agreement will do the deed next month . 協議下月將要生效。
18. be sad for = feel sorrow at 為 …… 悲痛
Everyone in the area felt / was sad for his death .
19. take … in one's arm (擁) 抱
She took the baby in her arms and left the room .
20. with all one's heart 全心全意地，衷心地
I want to congratulate you with all my heart . 我向你表示衷心的祝賀。
Lesson 43 - 44
1. at the mercy of 在……的支配下，在……的掌握中，任由……的擺布
They were lost at sea and at the mercy of wind and weather . 他們在海上遇難，任憑風雨的擺布。
2. go down on one's knees 跪下請求，屈膝
Even if you go down on your knees , I won't forgive you . 即使你跪下求我，我也不會寬恕你。
3. beg for mercy 求饒，乞求寬恕
He went down on his knees and begged for mercy . 他屈膝求饒。
4. leave … to sb 把 …… 留給；贈給 …… ；托給 ……
I'll leave everything to you then . 那我把一切托交給你了。
注意：leave … to … 把……交某人保管。
5. upon / on one's death = after one's death 在某人死后
The woman lived a hard life with her children upon her husband's death . 在她丈夫死后，那婦女與孩子們艱苦度日。
6. take pride in = be proud of 為 …… 自豪 ， 為 …… 驕傲
He took no pride in his own work . 他并不對自己的工作感到滿意。
7. play a role / part in 扮演 …… 角色 ， 起……作用
Mrs Green always plays the leading part / role . 格林太太總是扮演主角。
An important part was played by the radio in forming my interest in music . 我對音樂產生興趣，收音機起了重要作用。
8. fall in love with sb = begin to be in love with sb 愛上，喜歡
He fell in love with that girl at the first sight . 他對那個女孩一見鐘情。
注意：該詞組是非延續性詞組，在現在完成時中不能與表示一段的時間狀語連用。如：
（錯）His daughter has fallen in love with a soldier for two years .
（對）His daughter has been in love with a soldier for two years .
二、學海導航
【學法指要】
★ 單元核心句型剖析
1. (Lesson 41 - 42 ) However , Shylock agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition . In the agreement , Antonio made a promise to allow Shylock to take a pound of his flesh from whatever part of his body if he did not pay the money back at the end of three months . 然而 ， 夏洛克還是同意借錢給安東尼奧，但是有一個條件，在借約中，安東尼奧許諾如果在三個月欺滿時償還不了這筆錢，就允許夏洛克從他身上任何部位割走一磅肉。
〖剖析〗(1) on one condition 作“規定一個條件”解。其條件就是下一句的“如果 …… 就 ”。此詞組也可以用 on condition that 來代替。如：… to lend Antonio the money on condition that Antonio made a promise . 作“只有 …… 條件下”, on condition that = only if “條件是 ……”，“如果 ……”（= if ）， 是從屬連詞，引導條件狀語從句，但它比 if 更正式。例如：
He was allowed to go swimming on condition that he kept near the other children .
You may borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else .
I don't mind lending you my car on condition that you return it to me before tomorrow .
We'll come on condition that John is invited to this party , too .
注意：on no condition 是“絕不要，決不，在任何情況下都不”之意。例如：
You must on no condition tell him what has happened . 你在任何情況下都不可以把發生的事情告訴他。
當 on no condition 放置句首時，主謂進行倒裝。
On no condition can he travel alone .
2. ( Lesson 41 - 42 ) It is useless trying to argue with Shylock . 試圖跟夏洛克講道理是沒有用的。
〖剖析〗(1) 在這個句型中 it 是形式主語，后面的動名詞或者動名詞短語是真正的主語。能以動名詞作主語的這類句子比較少，主要用在以 no point , no use , no good 等作表語的句子中。例如：
It's no use talking without acting . = It's useless talking without acting . 光說不干是沒有用的。
(2) it 作形式主語用在 it's a waste of time + ing 的句子中。例如：
It's just a waste of time talking to him .
(3) 動名詞作主語還用于 there + be + no use ( good , point ) + ing 句型中，例如：
There's no use talking about it . = It's no use talking about it .
3. (Lesson 41 - 42 ) If you offered me six times what you have just offered , I would still take my pound of flesh . 即使你愿意給我六倍于剛才提出的錢數，我仍要我應得到的那一磅肉。
〖剖析〗times 在此表示三倍以上的倍數。用 times 表示“甲是乙的幾倍大（長、寬、高等）”，“甲比乙大（長、高、寬等）幾倍”，可以用下列句型：
(1) A is … times the size ( length , height , width ) of B
This street is four times the length of that one . 這條街是那條街的 4 倍長。（= 這條街比那條街長 3 倍。）
This river is five times the length of that stream . 這條河有那條小溪五倍長。
Nigeria is three times the size of that Great Britain . 尼日利亞是英國面積的三倍大。
(2) A is … times as big ( long , high , wide ) as B
Asia is four times as large as Europe .亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。（= 亞洲比歐洲大三倍。）
That building is three times as high as our house . 這樓房有我們住房的三倍高。
This box is three times as heavy as that one . 這箱子是那箱子的三倍重。
(3) A is … times bigger ( longer , higher ) than B
The meeting-room is three times bigger than our office . 會議室比我們的辦公室大三倍。
This city is ten times larger than that one . 這個城市比那個城市大 10 倍。
(4) 三倍以下通常用 double 或者 twice 來表達兩倍。
His weight is double what it was ten years ago . 他的體重是 10 年前的兩倍。
This package is double the weight of that one . 這個包裹比那個包裹的重量多一倍。
This railway is twice longer than that one . 這條鐵路比那條長兩倍。
The room is twice the size of that one . = This room is twice as big as that one .
【妙文賞析】
William Shakespeare was born 400 years ago and spent his childhood in his hometown , Stratford-on-Avon . Little was (1) about his childhood though many stories are (2) , some of which may be (3) . He probably went to Grammar School at Stratford . At 13 he (4) to leave school as his father (5) some loses and because poorer for a time . So William Had to (6) his own living . At the age of 18 he (7) Stratford for London , London was rapidly (8) . All types of people were to be (9) in it . Here Shakespeare (10) travellers , students , and scholars , and his (11) was stirred (激發) by the stories they told . He soon found some work in a (12) . Before long he became an actor and writer of plays (13) . There were a few theatres in London . One of the most famous of these was (14) the Globe . Shakespeare himself (15) one of the owners of this theatre . Shakespeare's reputation (名聲) as a writer of (16) began to grow . He made (17) of the writing of others and found (18) in the old poets like Choucer . But by his genius (天才) he (19) all these old stories into masterpieces (杰作) of his (20) . Shakespeare wrote no fewer than 27 plays in his lifetime .
1. A . done B . read C . written D . known
2. A . told B . noticed C . published D . noted
3. A . exciting B . true C . wrong D . fair
4. A . agreed B . wished C . had D . ought
5. A . paid B . got C . managed D . suffered
6. A . earn B . plan C . set D . support
7. A . left B . stayed C . reached D . drove to
8. A .developed B . built C . growing D . increasing
9. A . gathered B . collected C . found D . visited
10. A .met B .invited C . respected D . called
11. A . power B . wish C . writing D . imagination
12. A . city B . town C . theatre D . concert
13. A . himself B . called C . too D . again
14. A .around B . called C . known D . made
15. A . became B . asked C . helped D . defeated
16. A . plays B . poems C . novels D . stories
17. A . lots B . use C . good D . more
18. A . habbits B . idioms C . ideas D . theories
19. A . put B . turned C . wrote D . set
20. A . life B . own C . time D . day
〖答案〗1 - 5 DABCD 6 - 10 AACCA 11 - 15 DCABA 16 - 20 ABCBB
【思維體操】
The Longest Menu In The World
A man walked into a restaurant that advertised having the longest menu in the world . The manager was very proud of being able to provide any dish , no matter how unusual .
At the bottom of the menu there was a notice that said , “If you do not see the dish you require on this menu , please tell us and we will add to the menu immediately . ”
One day a man walked in , looked at the menu and decided to make life really difficult for the manager and his chef (廚師) . He would order something that was very unusual .
When the waiter came up to take his order , he said , “You say you can serve any dish , anything at all , even if it's not on your menu , which is the longest menu in the world .”
“That's correct , sir . We have never yet been unable to meet our customers' requirements . ”
“Very well , ”the man said . “In that case , bring me two elephant ears on toast . Indian , not African .”
The waiter wrote down on his pad ( 便箋薄) ：Two Indian elephant ears on toast .
“Very good , sir ,”he said . “That shouldn't take long . ”
He walked quickly away .
The man was very surprised and rather disappointed .
Then he smiled as the writer returned , a very unhappy look on his face .
“Ah ! ”the man said . “You can't bring me elephant ears on toast , can you ? ”
The waiter was very apologetic .
“I'm so sorry , sir , and this is most embarrassing ,”he said , “but I'm afraid we can't . Unfortunately , we've run out of bread . ”
〖導練〗◆ Complete the following paragraph about the story by putting in the missing words in their correct form . 在下列有關故事的段落中填上所缺的詞，并將它們變成正確的形式。
The manager of a restaurant advertised the longest menu in the world . A customer came in and a elephant ears on toast because he wanted to make life b for the manager and the chef . Unfortunately , they c not provide this dish . They had Indian elephant ears , but they didn't have the bread d make the e !
◆ Study the first paragraph of the story , and then answer these questions . 仔細閱讀故事的第一段，然后回答下列問題：
6 What are the six nouns in the paragraph ?
7 What are the four preparations ?
8. What are the four adjectives ?
9. How many verbs are used ?
10. What is the superlative （最高級的）adjective ?
答案：1. ordered 2. difficult 3. could 4. to 5. toast 6. man , restaurant , menu , world , manager , dish 7. into , in , of , to 8. longest , proud , able , unusual 9. six 10. longest
三、智能顯示
【心中有數】
★ 單元語法難點排除
◆ 動詞不定式“10 注意”
動詞不定式的基本形式是“to + 動詞原形”，有時可不加 to。下面主要就不定式在使用時需注意的幾個方面加以說明：
● 動詞不定式作主語時，如果要說明不定式所表示的動作是誰做的，可在不定式前加 for 引起的短語。但是當形容詞是 nice , kind , clever , foolish 等表是主語的性質時，用 of 。例如：
It's very important for us to learn English well .
It's very nice of you to do so .
● 可接不定式作賓語的動詞主要有 want , like , wish , prefer , hope , try , start , decide , agree , forget , learn 等。例如：
She wanted to borrow my bike .
They decided to try again .
但有些動詞或短語后須接動名詞作賓語，這些詞主要有 finish , enjoy , mind , keep , keep on , feel , like 等。例如：
He can finish drawing a horse in five minutes .
● 有些動詞后既可接不定式，也可接動名詞，但意義有別�，F將常見動詞辨別如下：
like + 不定式表示具體動作，后接動名詞表示一般性、習慣性動作。例如：
I'd like to play football this afternoon . (指今天下午這一次)
I like playing football . (指我的愛好)
forget / remember +不定式表示“忘記 / 記住要去做某事”，接動名詞表示“忘記 / 記得做過某事”。例如：
Don't forget to close the door when you leave . 別忘了離開時把門關上。
stop +不定式表示“停下正在進行的動作進行下一個動作”，接動名詞表示“停止正在做的動作”。例如：
We stopped working at noon . 我們在中午時停止工作。
We've worked all the morning . Let's stop to have a rest . 我們干一上午了，停下來休息一會兒吧。
● 有些“be + 形容詞”結構需用不定式作狀語，這些形容詞主要有 sorry , glad , ready , angry 等。例如：
I'm sorry to hear your mother is ill .
● 介詞后接動名詞作賓語，不接不定式。例如：
What about going out for a walk ?
● 不定式符號須省略或不可省略的特例：
在 hear , see , watch , notice , make , let , feel等動詞后作賓補的不定式要省去 to。但在被動語態中，省去的 to 須補出。help 后動詞可加 to 亦可不加。例如：
They made that man work in the morning .
Let me see you play .
hat man was made to work all the morning .
Why not , had better 后不定式須省去 to。
當一個不定式結構被省略時，to 須保留下來，以代表被省去的不定式結構。例如：
- Would you like to go with me ?
- I'd love to .
● 感觀動詞后作賓補的現在分詞和不定式的區別：
不定式作賓補表示動作已發生過了。用現在分詞則表示動作與謂語所表示的動作同時進行。例如：
I heard him singing when I passed his room just now . 剛才我路過他房間時，我聽到他在唱歌。
I saw him go into that house . (他已在屋里)
● 動詞不定式的否定式是在 to 前加 not 。例如：
Tell him not to be late .
● 不定式可以和疑問詞 what , which , how , where , when 等連用，這一結構可用來簡化賓語從句。例如：
I don't know when we'll leave . =I don't know when to leave .
● 慎用句尾的不定式。
及物的不定式需加賓語。但用于句尾的不定式有時雖然是及物的，然而后面并不帶賓語。這是由于在句首或句中已有其邏輯賓語，這時不定式后就不應再跟賓語了(帶雙賓語動詞除外)。若不定式是不及物時，需加上適當的介詞或副詞。例如：
The box is too heavy for me to carry . ( carry 后不可再加 it )
He is looking for a house to live in .
◆ 怎樣看待動詞不定式的句法作用
動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，同時也有動詞的特征。它在句中可以作：
1. 作主語。有時用 it 作形式主語放在句首，把不定式短語放在后面。如：
To learn English well is very important .
It's very important to learn English well .
- How long does it take you to get to the airport ?
- It takes me 30 minutes to get to the airport .
2. 作賓語。
Do you want to have a cup of coffee ?
在介詞 but , except 之后常用不定式作賓語。介詞前如果有 to do 的某種形式時，其后的不定式一般不帶 to 。如：
Last Sunday she did nothing else but do something sewing . 上個星期天她除了做了點針線活外，別的什么也沒有做。
在 can not but , cannot choose but , can not help but 這類短語動詞后的不定式通常也不帶 to 。如：
I cannot help but tell the truth . 我不得不說實話。
3. 作賓語補足語。
She asks me to come home as soon as possible .
4. 作表語。
The biggest problem is how to make full use of our time and money .
5. 作狀語。不定式可以作目的、原因、結果、方式狀語等。
They worked very hard , only to get little money . (結果狀語)
He stood up as if to say something .
only + 不定式表達未能預料到的結果狀語。而 only + ing 表達必然的結果。如：
He hurried home , only to find his house broken into .
6. 作定語。
Xiao Lin is always the first to come to the office .
注意作定語的不定式是不及物動詞時，后面要相應的介詞。
Finally they found a comfortable room to live in .
7. 作獨立成分。to tell the truth 說實話，to be frank 坦率地說，to be sure 可以肯定地說。
To tell you the truth (= To tell the truth , Truth to tell you ) , I don't agree with you .
To be sure , some of them will say no .
★ 單元熱點測試突破
● 如何突破作結果狀語的分詞和不定式
NMET 98 試題中有這樣一道單項填空題
European football is played in 80 countries , ____ it the most popular sport in the world .
A . making B . makes C . made D . to make
該題意在考查作結果狀語的分詞和不定式的不同用法。分詞和不定式都可以用作結果狀語，而且一般都位于主句之后。許多考生對此區分不清而誤選答案D�，F就二者的不同用法作一簡單分析。
一、分詞作結果狀語，通常表示一個自然而然的、意料之中的結果，是主句謂語動詞動作的直接結果。例如：
(1) His parents died , leaving him an orphan . 父母去世了，他成為孤兒。
(2) He ran faster than ever , reaching the school quite out of breath . 他跑得更快了，結果到學校時已上氣不接下氣。
(3) He cut off the electricity quickly , preventing an accident . 他迅速切斷了電源，防止了一起意外事故。
(4) The glass fell to the ground , broken to pieces . 杯子掉在地上，打成了碎片。
二、不定式作結果狀語，通常表示繼謂語動詞動作之后發生的一個相反或出乎意料之外的結果，常表達“沒想到……”、“結果卻……”、“不料……”等意思。其前常加 only 以強調這一意外結果。例如：
(5) I called at her home , only to find the door locked . 我去過她家，結果卻發現其房門緊鎖著。
(6) He hurried to the station , only to be told the train had gone . 他匆忙趕到車站，不料被告知火車已經開走了。
(7) They lifted a rock only to have it drop on their own feet . 他們搬起石頭，結果卻砸了自己的腳。
(8) It took her nearly half a year to find his address , only to learn that he had passed away ten years before . 她用了近半年的時間找到了他的地址，結果卻得知他已在十年前去世了。
從以上的分析可以看出，上述試題中句意為“八十個國家都踢歐式足球，結果使其成為世人最喜歡的運動�！边@是一種自然而然的結果，故正確答案應為A。大家可試作下面的一組練習：
1 . The water of a hot spring (溫泉) carries many dissolved minerals , usually ____ the water an unusual taste and smell .
A . to give B . gives C . to be given D . giving
2 . Mr . Brown returned to his office after a holiday , only ____ broken into .
A . to find it had been B . to find it had C . finding it had been D . finding it was
Key: 1 . D 2 . A
● 不定式作定語時的主動式與被動式
動詞不定式在英語教材中是比較重要的語法現象。但在教學過程中，發現學生對不定式作定語時是用主動式還是用被動式，常常沒有把握�，F歸納如下，以利學生掌握。
一、在下列情況，不定式用主動形式
1 . 不定式所修飾的名詞與不定式有邏輯上的主謂關系(相當于定語從句)。例如：
He is not a man to bow before difficulties (= who will bow before difficulties) .
Have you got a key to unlock the door (= which can unlock the door) ?
This is the best book on the subject to appear this year (= that has appeared this year) .
2 . 不定式與它修飾的名詞有動賓關系，并且在句子中能找到不定式的邏輯主語。例如：
I have a lot of exercises to do today . (I 是 to do 的邏輯主語)
Do you have anything more to say ? (you 是 to say 的邏輯主語)
Mother always gives her little son some toys to play with . (her little son 是 to play with 的邏輯主語)
3 . 盡管句子中找不到不定式的邏輯主語，但不定式隱含“for sb . to do”結構的意思。例如：
This is the best book to read (= for us / you to read) .
It is already time to start spring sowing (= for peasants to start spring sowing) .
This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience (= for us to exchange experience) .
4 . 有些動詞，后面常跟不定式作賓語，其同源名詞常用不定式作定語，并且用主動形式。例如：
(He attempted to pass the test . ) = He failed in his attempt to pass the test .
(Do you intend to go there ? ） = Have you any intention to go there ?
5 . 有些形容詞，后面常跟不定式，其同源名詞也常和不定式作定語，并用主動形式。例如：
(He is determined to overcome the difficulty . )
In his speech he expressed his determination to overcome the difficulty .
(She was anxious to visit the Great Wall of China . )
We could see her anxiety to visit the Great Wall of China .
6 . 在 “with + n . + to + v . ”結構中的不定式用主動形式。例如：
With nothing to do , I sat down watching TV .
He can't go out with all these clothes to wash .
二、在下列情況，不定式用被動形式
1 . 當句子中有 by 結構，明確了不定式動作的執行者時。例如：
It was the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers .
This will be one of the highest buildings to be built by our company this year .
2 . 當不定式修飾的名詞是將要做的事情時。例如：
The question to be discussed at the next meeting will be rather difficult .
三、當不定式所修飾的名詞是“There be…”結構中的主語時，不定式可用主動式，也可用被動式，意義無甚區別
There are many problems to work out / to be worked out .
There is no time to lose / to be lost .
【動腦動手】
★ 單元好題快遞
1. Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer .
A. to have invented B. inventing C. to invent D. having invented
2. Paul doesn't have to be made . He always works hard .
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
3. Last summer I took a course on .
A. how to make dress B. how dress be made
C. how to be made dress D. how dress to be made
4. She pretended me when I passed by .
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
5. Rather than on a crowded bus , he always prefers a bicycle .
A. ride ; ride B. riding ; ride C. ride ; to ride D. to ride ; riding
6. Little Jim should love to the theatre this evening .
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
7. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report .
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
8. She searched the top of the hill and stopped on a big rock by the side of the path .
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
9. - The light in the office is still on .
- Oh , I forgot .
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
10. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street , but his mother told him .
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not it
11. The problem at the meeting tomorrow is very serious .
A. being discussed B. to be discussed C. discussed D. discussing
12. The water in this well is unfit .
A. to drink B. to be drunk C. drinking D. to be drunken
13. We mean our best to stop waste from polluting the earth .
A. doing B. to try doing C. to do D. trying to do
14. The chair looks hard , but in fact it is very comfortable to .
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
15. - What did he say ?
- This room needed if you wanted to stay in .
A. cleaning B. to clean C. cleaned D. to be cleaning
〖答案與簡析〗1. 選A。區分 consider 是作“考慮”跟動名詞，還是作“認為”后跟不定式。本題作“認為”是 consider sb to do 的被動式，因為不定式的動作發生在目前仍被人們認為之前，故用不定式的完成式。2. 選B。使役動詞 make 后的不定式做賓補時不帶 to ， 但是變為被動后要加上 to 。3. 選 A。疑問詞加不定式作賓語。4. 選A。不定式的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。5. 選C。prefer to do … rather do 的變形體。6. 選A。語境暗示應用不定式的被動式。7 . 選B。不定式的完成式表達與過去相反的結果。即“本想但未能”。8. 選C。stop to do 停止去干……。 stop doing 停止干……。9. 選C。forget to do 忘記干……。forget doing 忘記干過了……。10. 選A。不定式的省略。11. 選B。不定式表達將來，語境要求用其被動式。12. 選A。在 be + adj. + 不定式中，不定式常用主動形式代表被動形式。13. 選C。mean to do 意思是干……。mean doing 意味著……。14. 選B。15. 選 A。作“需要”的 want , need , require 后面用動名詞或者不定式的被動式。
【創新園地】
★ 短文改錯
Jack London , a great American writer , was very
poor when he began to write . He worked hardly , 1 . ______
it didn't help . Once he promised a New York 2 . ______
magazine to write a story for himself , but he was 3 . ______
busy at the time and couldn't keep on his promise . 4 . ______
The editor wrote to Jack London several times 5 . ______
asked him to send the story . At last he wrote , “Mr 6 . ______
London , if I can't get the letter within 24 hours . I'll 7 . ______
come up to your office and kicking you downstairs , 8 . ______
and I always break my promise . ”Jack London read 9 . ______
the note and answered , “Dear sir , if I can do my 10 . _____
work with my feet like you , I would keep my promise . ”
(請同學們改好后把答案反饋給我們)
高中英語第 3 冊 Unit 11
The Merchant of Venice (威尼斯商人)
【創新園地】答案
1. hardly → hard 。2. it 前加 but 。3. himself → it 。it 是指紐約的那家雜志。4. 刪去 on 。 keep one's promise “信守諾言”。5. √ 。6. asked → asking 。7. letter → story 。根據上下文，此處指杰克倫敦答應撰寫的“文章”。8. kicking → kick 。這里kicking 與上一行中的 come 為并列關系。9. break → keep 或always →never 。編輯要表白的就是他“最能信守諾言”。10. can → could �！坝媚_寫文章”對 Jack London 來說是不可能的，故用虛擬語氣。