(一)不定式
非謂語動(dòng)詞有三種形式：不定式，動(dòng)詞ing形式(v-ing)及過去分詞(ed分詞)。
不定式的基本形式是由“to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，其否定形式是not to do，不定式可以帶自己的賓語或狀語，構(gòu)成不定式短語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，不定式在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語，不作謂語。如：
Lucy asked him to turn up the radio.
To make a plan first is a good idea.
1. 動(dòng)詞不定式不失動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，不定式有六種形式，以write為例：
主動(dòng)態(tài) 被動(dòng)態(tài)
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have
been written
進(jìn)行式 to be writing
完成進(jìn)行式 to have
been writing
(1)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)：
①不定式所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或是在謂語動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生，不定式用一般式，如：
It seems that he knows this.
鯤e seems to know this.
I hope that I'll see you again.
鯥 hope to see you again.
②不定式所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，并強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的情景，或持續(xù)性，不定式用進(jìn)行式，如：
He pretended that he was listening to English course when I came in.
鯤e pretended to be listening to English course when I came in.
I am very glad that I am working with you.
鯥 am very glad to be working with you.
③不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，不定式用完成式，如：
I am sorry that I have put you so much trouble.
鯥 am sorry to have put you so much trouble.
It seems that I have met you somewhere before.
鯥 seem to have met you somewhere before.
④如果強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)刻起一直持續(xù)到某一時(shí)刻，不定式用完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，不強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。如：
She seems to have been reading the novel for three hours.
The rain was said to have been falling for a week.
(2)不定式的語態(tài)：當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語與不定式是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式一般用被動(dòng)式。如：
This is the plan to be discussed at today's meeting.
The novel is said to have been translated into several languages.
Whether most countries can use natural energy in future remains to be seen.
2. 不定式的作用
(1)不定式作主語：
To say is one thing; to do is another.
To read novels is my hobby.
it形式主語常常代替作主語的不定式，而將不定式或不定式短語放在后面。
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
鯥t is great pleasure to talk with him.
To make electricity by building a dam across the sea is possible.
鯥t is possible to make electricity by building a dam across the sea.
注意：①To see is to believe. 主語和表語都是不定式，不能用it代替：It is to believe to see是錯(cuò)誤的。
②To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly. 而finish與finishing放在than后面都是不合適的，因?yàn)榍懊婢渥拥闹髡Z是to answer，后面的主語也要是to finish, 保持than前后句子結(jié)構(gòu)平行。
(2)不定式作表語：不定式在系詞后面作表語。
At that time his job was to write reports for the newspaper.
This suit doesn't seem to fit me.
The problems remain to be unsettled.
(3)不定式作賓語：在下列及物動(dòng)詞后，常跟不定式作賓語：want, need, hope, wish, expect, like, hate, try, manage, forget, remember, know, begin, start, intend, plan, mean, pretend, prefer, agree, refuse, learn等。
To keep the water clean, you need to get some under water plants.
I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.
They have decided to visit the nature park for the milu deer.
注意：不定式作賓語時(shí)，有時(shí)用“it”替換，it為形式賓語，而將真正的不定式作賓語后置，如：
I found to learn English well not easy.
鯥 found it not easy to learn English well.
I feel to help others my duty.
鯥 feel it my duty to help others.
(4)不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語：通常用于及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語之后，如：
Jim told me to give his best wishes to everyone here.
What caused you to change your mind?
在被動(dòng)語態(tài)was considered后面，不定式為主語補(bǔ)足語接不定式作賓補(bǔ)和主補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞常有:
ask, beg, cause, call n, help, force, allow, permit, advise, order, get, want, wish, tell
等。
(其中沒有hope sb. to do, suggest sb. to do和agree sb. to do)
注意：①不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，在部分感官及使役動(dòng)詞后，用不帶to的不定式作賓語，常用的動(dòng)詞有：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, feel等，help有無to都可以，如：
The teacher had us recite the text every day.
The boss made his men work all the night.
把上面句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后，不定式成為句子的主語補(bǔ)足語，需帶to，即在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中不定式一律帶to，不存在省略問題。
注意：②在謂語動(dòng)詞think, consider, suppose, believe, imagine, prove, find等后面跟to be作賓補(bǔ)，不跟to do，但其中有些可跟to have done作賓補(bǔ)。如：
imagine…to be
Imagine yourself(to be)in his place.
find…to be
We found him(to be)honest.
suppose…to be/suppose…to have done.
I suppose him to be about fifty.
We suppose him to have stolen it.
(5)不定式作定語：不定式作定語，有時(shí)與前面被修飾的名詞邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞或所修飾的名詞是不定式的地點(diǎn)，工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞，如：
I have a meeting to attend. (attend the meeting)
及物動(dòng)詞+ 賓語
Pass me a piece of paper to write on. (write on the paper)
不及物動(dòng)詞+ 介詞+ 賓語
在time, place, way后面的不定式省略介詞，如：
He had no money and no place to live.
其他不定式作定語情況，如：
I have no chance to go abroad.
They had never moment to rest.
注意：there be句型中的不定式作定語用主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)都可以
There is a lot of work to do.
=There is a lot of work to be done.
There is no time to lose.
=There is no time to be lost.
但是在下列句子中，不定式主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)形式意義不同：
--Have you anything to wash?
--No, nothing. I plan to go shopping.
不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是you. you wash something
--Have you anything to be washed?
--No, Thank you.
不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不是you. 是省略了的(…to be washed)by me或by someone else.
不定式作狀語：
①作目的狀語：
I got up early in order to catch the 6∶30 train.
The boy ran all the way so as not to be late.
注意：so as to不能置于句首，in order to可以。
②作原因狀語：
He smiled to think of his clever plan.
③在某些形容詞后面作狀語：
I am glad to see you.
You are sure to succeed.
④作結(jié)果狀語：
第一, I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed. (出乎意料的結(jié)果)
第二，too…to…“太……以至于不……”(to后面譯作否定)
He is too old to read.
The boy is too young to dress himself.
當(dāng)不定式前的形容詞為nervous, pleased, willing, delighted, happy, glad等時(shí)，too…to，“to…”可譯作肯定，
They are too nervous to leave. 他們急于離開
當(dāng)too前有only, 即only too…to譯作肯定
I am only too pleased to help you.
當(dāng)不定式前有否定意義的詞時(shí)譯作肯定
We are never too old to learn. 活到老，學(xué)到老。
第三，形容詞/副詞enough to do sth.
He was quick enough to catch the ball.
The girl is old enough to go to school.
第四，so…as to/such…as to如此……以致于……
He was so angry that he was unable to speak.
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
He was such a fool that he believed the cheat.
He was such a fool as to believe the cheat.
⑤不定式作方面狀語，不定式作方面狀語與句子的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，不定式多用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，如果不定式為及物動(dòng)詞，后面不必再跟賓語，如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，要用相應(yīng)的介詞，如：
The mountain is difficult to climb. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：climb the mountain)
不定式不說to climb it或to be climbed
Lesson Two is easy to learn. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：learn Lesson Two)
有時(shí)由形容詞+ to do結(jié)構(gòu)一起做賓語補(bǔ)足語
3. 不定式的邏輯主語：不定式的邏輯主語一般是句子的主語，如He seemed to be reading something, 當(dāng)需要明確指出不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用for/of sb. (sth. )to do sth. 表示，如：
(1)當(dāng)作表語的形容詞表達(dá)不定式的邏輯主語的品行，性格，性質(zhì)時(shí)，要用of，常見的這類形容詞有:
brave, careful, careless, kind, nice, good, honest, clever, wise, unwise, stupid, foolish, rude, cruel, silly, thoughtful, impolite, polite, right, wrong, 等。這時(shí)It+ be+ 形容詞+ of sb. /sth. to do sth. 句型，等于sb. /sth. + be+ 形容詞to do sth. , 如：
It is very kind of you to say so.
相當(dāng)于You are very kind to say so.
It is clever of him to win the competition.
鯤e is clever to win the competition.
It+ be+ 形容詞+ for sb. /sth. to do sth. 這一句型中的形容詞大多為：
easy, important, usual, difficult, hard, possible, impossible, necessary等。這些詞只能說明不定式行為的是與非，不能說明不定式的執(zhí)行者，所以不等于sb. + be+ 形容詞+ to do sth. ，如：
1)It is difficult for beginners to read the book.
不能說：Beginners are difficult to read.
但是第一類，即It+ be+ 形容詞+ of sb. to do sth. 句型中的形容詞，如right, impolite…等如果強(qiáng)調(diào)評(píng)論人用of，強(qiáng)調(diào)評(píng)論行為也可用for，應(yīng)用情況如下：
(1)當(dāng)sb. 為泛指時(shí)，形容詞著重評(píng)論不定式行為本身，如：
It was not right for the south to break away from the Union.
(2)當(dāng)不定式為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式的執(zhí)行者常常省略，因此形容詞只用來評(píng)論不定式行為了。
It was unkind for you to be laughed at.
總之for sb. to do sth. 強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式行為
of sb. to do sth. 強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式執(zhí)行者
4. 帶疑問詞的不定式：動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問詞what, which, how, where, when, whether等連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語，如：
The question is when to start.
They haven't ageed on whether to build a factory here or not.
what to say.
I don't know what to write about.
how to do it.
注意：沒有if to do和why to do.
I don't know why to do it. (誤)
I don't know why I should do it. (正)
5. 不定式省略“to”的情況：
(1)當(dāng)and或or連接同一概念的不定式時(shí)，或者當(dāng)它們之間的關(guān)系并列一致時(shí)，可將and或or后面的to省去，如：
I'd like to go and see a film.
He had to have a job or go hungry.
但是，有時(shí)為了表示對(duì)照，或加強(qiáng)語氣，則不可以省去to，如：
It is easier to say than to do.
(2)不定式在一部分感官或使役動(dòng)詞后面作賓補(bǔ)省略to。
(3)不定式在but(除了……以外)，except后面的使用，如果but, except前有行為動(dòng)詞do, but, except后省去to，如：
They had nothing to do but wait for the doctor.
The whole night he did nothing except watch TV.
(4)在固定句型中：would rather do…than do…/prefer to do rather than do:
1)The bus was so crowded that I'd rather walk home than take a bus.
2)I prefer to play tennis rather than(play)basketball.
6. “to”代表整個(gè)不定式：有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，省去不定式后面的內(nèi)容，保留到不定式符號(hào)to, 如果是to be，保留到be，如：
--Will you please give him a message when you see him?
--I'll be glad to.
--Would you like to go shopping with me?
--I'd like to. (或I'd love to)
有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可以不省略。
Do what he or she tell you to do.
(二)動(dòng)詞-ing形式
動(dòng)詞-ing形式由動(dòng)詞原形+ ing構(gòu)成。動(dòng)詞-ing形式起到名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語，但不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成謂語，其構(gòu)成形式如下，以do為例：
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般時(shí)態(tài) doing being done
完成時(shí)態(tài) having done having been done
否定式：not+ 動(dòng)詞-ing.
Learning English is very important to me.
Having been widened, the road took on a different look.
隨著-ing在句子中所做的成分不同，所用的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)有不同的要求，關(guān)于-ing的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的詳細(xì)使用，在下面ing所作的句子成分中講述。
1. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語：
Seeing is believing.
有時(shí)主語太長(zhǎng)，可用it作形式主語，將真正主語放在后面。如：
It is fun swimming in a river or lake in summer.
注意：動(dòng)詞-ing與不定式作主語的區(qū)別：
①一般情況下可以換用：
It is dangerous playing/to play with fire.
但在口語中用動(dòng)詞-ing形式放在句首比不定式多。
Going shopping is a pleasant thing.
②在下列句型中習(xí)慣用-ing作主語，不用不定式：
It is no use
It is no good doing.
It is useless
It is useless only learning English grammar.
It is no good cutting down the forest.
③在there+ be+ no+ 主語結(jié)構(gòu)中，必須用動(dòng)詞-ing作主語：
There is no telling what will happen in the future.
④主語和表語結(jié)構(gòu)相同，對(duì)等。
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
2. 動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語：
(1)在及物動(dòng)詞后：
Would you mind my sitting here?
We suggest going out for a picnic on Sunday.
(2)在介詞后：
We look forward to seeing you again.
(3)在worth, busy, feel like, look like等形容詞后面：
China Daily is well worth reading.
The firefighters were busy putting out the big fire.
They look like winning the relay race.
Suddenly I feel like eating something.
動(dòng)詞-ing做主語或賓語時(shí)，一般情況下其邏輯主語為句子的主語，如果需要自己的邏輯主語時(shí)，要用物主代詞或名詞所有格+ 動(dòng)詞-ing，如：
His/Li Ping's coming late, made the teacher unhappy.
Would you mind my/me smoking here?
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞-ing不在句首時(shí)，可用人稱代詞賓格，名詞普通格代替，但邏輯主語為無生命的名詞，或泛指時(shí)，用普通格，如：
We heard the noise of desks being opened and closed.
3. 不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語的比較：
(1)在下列一些動(dòng)詞后面常跟動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語，而不跟不定式：
admit, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape,
excuse, face, feel like, finish, fancy, forbid, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention,
mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest等。如：
He practices speaking English every day.
He admitted having broken the window.
I much appreciate your giving me the chance.
She dislikes doing housework.
He enjoys nothing but playing the computer.
(2)在下列一些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式，不跟動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語：
want(想要)，hope, expect, wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand,
offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend…等，如：
I am expecting to get a letter from my parents.
We are planning to build another research center.
I'd like to buy a new car made in the U. S. A.
(3)在下列一些動(dòng)詞后面跟不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語，意義不同，如：
I remember doing this exercise before.
我記得以前做過這個(gè)練習(xí)。
Remember to post the book for me.
記住幫我把那本書寄走。
歸納：remember doing記得(做過的事，某事已做過)
remember to do記住(去做某事，某事還沒做)
We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.
我們忘不了聽杰克遜唱歌的情景。
Don't forget to give my regards to them.
別忘了代我向他們問好
歸納：forget doing忘了(做過的事，某事已做過)
forget to do忘了(去做某事，某事還沒做)
I'll try to improve my pronunciation.
我要努力去糾正，提高我的發(fā)音。
Since no one answered the front door, why not try knocking at the back door?
既然前門沒人答應(yīng)，為什么不試試后門呢?
歸納：try to do. 盡力去做某事
try doing(用另外一種方法)試一試，試試看
I suggest we stop working and have a rest.
我建議我們停下干活，休息一會(huì)兒。
They stopped to listen, but there was no more sound.
他們停下來，聽一聽，再?zèng)]什么聲音。
歸納：stop to do停下(某事)去做某事，(表目的)
stop doing把某事停下來，(賓語)
What do you mean to do with your old bicycle?
你打算如何處理你那輛舊自行車?
I won't wait if it means delaying a week or so.
如果這意味著要推遲一星期左右，那我就不等了。
歸納：mean to do打算做某事
mean doing意味著做某事
(4)在love, like, hate, prefer后面跟不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing形式無多大區(qū)別，如：
Do you like to eat ice-cream?
I like traveling very much.
I like driving(do drive)fast cars.
(5)在start, begin后面，一般接不定式和動(dòng)詞-ing形式無多大區(qū)別，在下列情況下，多用不定式：
①自然界變化：
It started to rain.
Snow started to melt as spring came.
②心理活動(dòng)，在understand, know, realize等詞前面：
I began to understand my mother's feelings.
③begin, start本身為進(jìn)行時(shí)：
Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.
(6)在allow, advise, permit, forbid等動(dòng)詞后面，有名詞或代詞作賓語，用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如果沒有賓語，直接用-ing形式，如：
1)We don't allow parking here.
2)The police don't allow people to park here.
3)He advised me to get an English pen friend.
4)I advise seeing more English films.
(7)need, require, want譯作“需要”時(shí)，跟動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語，主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于to be done，如：
The windows require cleaning.
The windows require to be cleaned.
The patient needs operating on at once.
The patient needs to be operated on.
The flowers want watering.
The flowers want to be watered.
(8)在一些固定表達(dá)中用動(dòng)詞-ing形式，不用不定式：
can't help doing, be worth doing, devote…to doing, look forward to doing, be/get/become used to doing, object to doing, thank…for doing, excuse…for doing等。
Einstein devoted his life to making a research in science.
I'm looking forward to getting your letter.
We are used to living in the countryside.
4. 動(dòng)詞-ing在句中作表語：
Our plan is setting up a new car factory.
My job is teaching/driving.
這類詞作表語，起解釋說明主語的作用，主表可顛倒：Teaching is my job. 轉(zhuǎn)換成問句，用what提問：
--What's your job?
--My job is teaching.
這類詞作表語，起描繪作用，主表不顛倒，轉(zhuǎn)換成問句，用how提問
--How is your job?
--It is interesting.
--How was your trip?
--It is tiring, but interesting.
5. 動(dòng)詞-ing作定語：
(1)表示被修飾名詞的用途：
There are two reading rooms in our school library.
a reading room其含義是A room is used for reading.
The swimming pool in our school is nearly completed.
the swimming pool其含義是The pool is used for swimming.
(2)如果動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語表示被修飾的名詞發(fā)出的一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某種特征行為，這時(shí)被修飾的名詞與動(dòng)詞-ing邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，如果是主動(dòng)關(guān)系用doing, 被動(dòng)關(guān)系用done, 或being done表達(dá)，另外有時(shí)間要求：
第一種情況：主動(dòng)關(guān)系，-ing形式與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行，或經(jīng)常發(fā)生，用doing，如：
Look at the dancing girl. She is one of my classmates.
Look at the girl who is dancing. ….
China is a developing country.
China is a country that is developing.
注意：①如果動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，一般不用having done作定語，而用定語從句表達(dá)，如：
The teacher criticized the boy having broken the window. (誤)
The teacher criticized the boy who had broken the window. (正)
注意：②如果表達(dá)的是未來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或含有情態(tài)概念，用不定式表達(dá)，如：
I have a meeting to attend today.
鯥 have a meeting that I will attend today.
Mary is the proper worker to do the job.
鯩ary is the proper worker who can do the job.
第二種情況：被動(dòng)關(guān)系：動(dòng)詞-ing表達(dá)的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，正在進(jìn)行，用being done; 發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，完成了的動(dòng)作用done；發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之后，未來的動(dòng)作，用to be done. 如：
The bridge being built now is two kilometers long.
鯰he bridge that is being built now is two kilometers long.
The bridge built last year is two kilometers long.
鯰he bridge that was built last year is two kilometers long.
The bridge to be built next year will be two kilometers long.
鯰he bridge that will be built next year will be two kilometers long.
6. 動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語：經(jīng)常在see, hear, feel, watch, notice,
observe, find, get, look at, listen to, keep, leave, send, set, catch等一些動(dòng)詞后面用動(dòng)詞-ing作補(bǔ)語，其中賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，如果主謂關(guān)系是主動(dòng)的，又表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行，或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)，用doing; 如果主謂關(guān)系是被動(dòng)的，又表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行，用being done，如：
I noticed them repairing the car.
鯳hen they were repairing the car, I noticed.
I noticed the car being repaired.
鯳hen the car was being repaired, I noticed.
如果賓語和賓補(bǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，又表示動(dòng)作的全過程，即完成或一般時(shí)態(tài)，賓補(bǔ)用不定式to do表達(dá)(在某些動(dòng)詞后面不定式不帶to)；如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，又表示動(dòng)作的全過程，即完成時(shí)態(tài)用done表達(dá)，如：
I often notice them repair the car.
I noticed the car repaired.
如果把上述句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，賓語補(bǔ)足語就變成主語補(bǔ)足語了。
7. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語時(shí)，要求其邏輯主語必須是句子的主語，句子的主語與動(dòng)詞-ing形式邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。如果主謂關(guān)系是主動(dòng)的，用主動(dòng)語態(tài)；-ing動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生用一般式doing, 如果-ing動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，用完成式having done, 如：
Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.
相當(dāng)于When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.
Having finished their work, they had a rest. 相當(dāng)于After they had finished their work, they had a rest.
如果主謂關(guān)系是被動(dòng)的，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；-ing動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，用done；如果-ing動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，已完成的動(dòng)作，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的完成式having been done, 如：
Having been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.
相當(dāng)于After our classroom had been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.
Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.
相當(dāng)于As he is well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.
注意：-ing形式做狀語時(shí)，如果-ing形式需要自己的邏輯主語，人稱代詞用主格，名詞用普通格，如：
Mother/She being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.
It being Sunday, the shops are crowded.
(三)過去分詞
過去分詞由動(dòng)詞+ ed構(gòu)成，起到形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中可作狀語、表語、定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。過去分詞的性質(zhì)是被動(dòng)，完成，但有時(shí)側(cè)重程度，有時(shí)側(cè)重被動(dòng)，不及物動(dòng)詞變成的過去分詞無被動(dòng)的意義，過去分詞形式由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成，及部分不規(guī)則的詞如：done, played.
①側(cè)重程度：
boiling water 沸水 fallen leaves落葉
boiled water 涼開水 frozen chicken冷凍雞
developing country 發(fā)展中的國家
developed country 發(fā)達(dá)國家
②側(cè)重主、被動(dòng)：
a broken glass, a dancing girl, a damaged house.
1. 過去分詞的作用：
(1)過去分詞作狀語：同動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語一樣，過去分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語，如是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，又與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或無一定時(shí)間對(duì)比，用過去分詞，如：
Seen from the top of the mountain, the lake looks like a mirror. (相當(dāng)于The lake is seen)
相當(dāng)于When the lake is seen from the top of the mountain it looks like a mirror.
Heated, water can turn into vapor.
相當(dāng)于If it is heated, water can turn into vapor.
(2)過去分詞作表語：
We are interested in science.
(3)過去分詞作定語：過去分詞作定語，有時(shí)間要求，發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，即完成的動(dòng)作，用done，而不用having been done.
The bridge built last year is 2 kilometers long.
People invited to the party are most scientists.
(4)過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)：
I noticed the car repaired.
2. 過去分詞與動(dòng)詞-ing形式的區(qū)別：
(1)作表語和定語的區(qū)別：動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示事物對(duì)人造成的影響，事物是主動(dòng)的，常譯成令人……，使人……；過去分詞表示人對(duì)事物的看法產(chǎn)生的心理反應(yīng)，人是被動(dòng)的，常譯作：感到……如：
The news is surprising.
We are surprised at the news.
這類詞很多，如：inspiring, inspired, astonishing, astonished, tiring, tired,
moving, moved, disappointing, disappointed, worrying, worried, encouraging, encouraged, …….
(2)作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別：賓語與賓補(bǔ)邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，主動(dòng)用動(dòng)詞-ing或不定式表達(dá)，被動(dòng)用being done或done表達(dá)。
We found him standing outside the door.
He found the door locked.
(3)作狀語的區(qū)別：用作狀語的動(dòng)詞，與句子的主語邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系、主動(dòng)用-ing形式，被動(dòng)用過去分詞。
The boy entered the room, followed by a dog.
相當(dāng)于The boy entered the room and he was followed by a dog.
The boy entered the room, following his father.
相當(dāng)于The boy entered the room and followed his father.
(4)-ing形式與ed分詞都可以作狀語，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨、結(jié)果、讓步、程度，如：
Having brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better. (時(shí)間)
After she had brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better.
Disturbed by the noise, we had to finish the meeting early. (原因)
We had to finish the meeting early because we were disturbed by the noise.
Born a free man, he was now in chains. (讓步)
Though he was born a free man, he was now in chains.
(If) bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk. (條件)
鯥f you are bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk.
The boy ran in, carrying a ball in his arm. (伴隨)
鯰he boy ran in and carried a ball in his arm.
He dropped the plate, breaking it into pieces. (結(jié)果)
鯤e dropped the plate and broke it into pieces.
(5)-ing形式與ed分詞的否定式，由not+ -ing構(gòu)成：
Not knowing how to do it, I asked him for help.