非謂語動詞
(一)不定式
非謂語動詞有三種形式：不定式，動詞ing形式(v-ing)及過去分詞(ed分詞)。
不定式的基本形式是由“to+ 動詞原形”構成，其否定形式是not to do，不定式可以帶自己的賓語或狀語，構成不定式短語，沒有人稱和數的變化，但有時態和語態的變化，不定式在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語，不作謂語。如：
Lucy asked him to turn up the radio.
To make a plan first is a good idea.
1. 動詞不定式不失動詞的特點，有時態和語態的變化，不定式有六種形式，以write為例：
主動態 被動態
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have
been written
進行式 to be writing
完成進行式 to have
been writing
(1)不定式的時態：
①不定式所表達的動作與謂語動詞同時發生或是在謂語動詞之后發生，不定式用一般式，如：
It seems that he knows this.
鯤e seems to know this.
I hope that I'll see you again.
鯥 hope to see you again.
②不定式所表達的動作與謂語動詞同時發生，并強調動作正在進行的情景，或持續性，不定式用進行式，如：
He pretended that he was listening to English course when I came in.
鯤e pretended to be listening to English course when I came in.
I am very glad that I am working with you.
鯥 am very glad to be working with you.
③不定式的動作發生在謂語動詞之前，不定式用完成式，如：
I am sorry that I have put you so much trouble.
鯥 am sorry to have put you so much trouble.
It seems that I have met you somewhere before.
鯥 seem to have met you somewhere before.
④如果強調不定式所表示的動作從過去某一時刻起一直持續到某一時刻，不定式用完成進行時，強調動作的持續性，不強調結果。如：
She seems to have been reading the novel for three hours.
The rain was said to have been falling for a week.
(2)不定式的語態：當不定式的邏輯主語與不定式是被動關系時，不定式一般用被動式。如：
This is the plan to be discussed at today's meeting.
The novel is said to have been translated into several languages.
Whether most countries can use natural energy in future remains to be seen.
2. 不定式的作用
(1)不定式作主語：
To say is one thing; to do is another.
To read novels is my hobby.
it形式主語常常代替作主語的不定式，而將不定式或不定式短語放在后面。
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
鯥t is great pleasure to talk with him.
To make electricity by building a dam across the sea is possible.
鯥t is possible to make electricity by building a dam across the sea.
注意：①To see is to believe. 主語和表語都是不定式，不能用it代替：It is to believe to see是錯誤的。
②To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly. 而finish與finishing放在than后面都是不合適的，因為前面句子的主語是to answer，后面的主語也要是to finish, 保持than前后句子結構平行。
(2)不定式作表語：不定式在系詞后面作表語。
At that time his job was to write reports for the newspaper.
This suit doesn't seem to fit me.
The problems remain to be unsettled.
(3)不定式作賓語：在下列及物動詞后，常跟不定式作賓語：want, need, hope, wish, expect, like, hate, try, manage, forget, remember, know, begin, start, intend, plan, mean, pretend, prefer, agree, refuse, learn等。
To keep the water clean, you need to get some under water plants.
I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.
They have decided to visit the nature park for the milu deer.
注意：不定式作賓語時，有時用“it”替換，it為形式賓語，而將真正的不定式作賓語后置，如：
I found to learn English well not easy.
鯥 found it not easy to learn English well.
I feel to help others my duty.
鯥 feel it my duty to help others.
(4)不定式作賓語補足語和主語補足語：通常用于及物動詞或動詞短語之后，如：
Jim told me to give his best wishes to everyone here.
What caused you to change your mind?
在被動語態was considered后面，不定式為主語補足語接不定式作賓補和主補的動詞常有:
ask, beg, cause, call n, help, force, allow, permit, advise, order, get, want, wish, tell
等。
(其中沒有hope sb. to do, suggest sb. to do和agree sb. to do)
注意：①不定式作賓語補足語，在部分感官及使役動詞后，用不帶to的不定式作賓語，常用的動詞有：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, feel等，help有無to都可以，如：
The teacher had us recite the text every day.
The boss made his men work all the night.
把上面句子變成被動語態后，不定式成為句子的主語補足語，需帶to，即在被動語態中不定式一律帶to，不存在省略問題。
注意：②在謂語動詞think, consider, suppose, believe, imagine, prove, find等后面跟to be作賓補，不跟to do，但其中有些可跟to have done作賓補。如：
imagine…to be
Imagine yourself(to be)in his place.
find…to be
We found him(to be)honest.
suppose…to be/suppose…to have done.
I suppose him to be about fifty.
We suppose him to have stolen it.
(5)不定式作定語：不定式作定語，有時與前面被修飾的名詞邏輯上有動賓關系，如果不定式是不及物動詞或所修飾的名詞是不定式的地點，工具等，不定式后面須有相應的介詞，如：
I have a meeting to attend. (attend the meeting)
及物動詞+ 賓語
Pass me a piece of paper to write on. (write on the paper)
不及物動詞+ 介詞+ 賓語
在time, place, way后面的不定式省略介詞，如：
He had no money and no place to live.
其他不定式作定語情況，如：
I have no chance to go abroad.
They had never moment to rest.
注意：there be句型中的不定式作定語用主動或被動都可以
There is a lot of work to do.
=There is a lot of work to be done.
There is no time to lose.
=There is no time to be lost.
但是在下列句子中，不定式主動與被動形式意義不同：
--Have you anything to wash?
--No, nothing. I plan to go shopping.
不定式動作的執行者是you. you wash something
--Have you anything to be washed?
--No, Thank you.
不定式動作的執行者不是you. 是省略了的(…to be washed)by me或by someone else.
不定式作狀語：
①作目的狀語：
I got up early in order to catch the 6∶30 train.
The boy ran all the way so as not to be late.
注意：so as to不能置于句首，in order to可以。
②作原因狀語：
He smiled to think of his clever plan.
③在某些形容詞后面作狀語：
I am glad to see you.
You are sure to succeed.
④作結果狀語：
第一, I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed. (出乎意料的結果)
第二，too…to…“太……以至于不……”(to后面譯作否定)
He is too old to read.
The boy is too young to dress himself.
當不定式前的形容詞為nervous, pleased, willing, delighted, happy, glad等時，too…to，“to…”可譯作肯定，
They are too nervous to leave. 他們急于離開
當too前有only, 即only too…to譯作肯定
I am only too pleased to help you.
當不定式前有否定意義的詞時譯作肯定
We are never too old to learn. 活到老，學到老。
第三，形容詞/副詞enough to do sth.
He was quick enough to catch the ball.
The girl is old enough to go to school.
第四，so…as to/such…as to如此……以致于……
He was so angry that he was unable to speak.
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
He was such a fool that he believed the cheat.
He was such a fool as to believe the cheat.
⑤不定式作方面狀語，不定式作方面狀語與句子的主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系，不定式多用主動結構，如果不定式為及物動詞，后面不必再跟賓語，如果不定式為不及物動詞，要用相應的介詞，如：
The mountain is difficult to climb. (動賓關系：climb the mountain)
不定式不說to climb it或to be climbed
Lesson Two is easy to learn. (動賓關系：learn Lesson Two)
有時由形容詞+ to do結構一起做賓語補足語
3. 不定式的邏輯主語：不定式的邏輯主語一般是句子的主語，如He seemed to be reading something, 當需要明確指出不定式動作的執行者時，用for/of sb. (sth. )to do sth. 表示，如：
(1)當作表語的形容詞表達不定式的邏輯主語的品行，性格，性質時，要用of，常見的這類形容詞有:
brave, careful, careless, kind, nice, good, honest, clever, wise, unwise, stupid, foolish, rude, cruel, silly, thoughtful, impolite, polite, right, wrong, 等。這時It+ be+ 形容詞+ of sb. /sth. to do sth. 句型，等于sb. /sth. + be+ 形容詞to do sth. , 如：
It is very kind of you to say so.
相當于You are very kind to say so.
It is clever of him to win the competition.
鯤e is clever to win the competition.
It+ be+ 形容詞+ for sb. /sth. to do sth. 這一句型中的形容詞大多為：
easy, important, usual, difficult, hard, possible, impossible, necessary等。這些詞只能說明不定式行為的是與非，不能說明不定式的執行者，所以不等于sb. + be+ 形容詞+ to do sth. ，如：
1)It is difficult for beginners to read the book.
不能說：Beginners are difficult to read.
但是第一類，即It+ be+ 形容詞+ of sb. to do sth. 句型中的形容詞，如right, impolite…等如果強調評論人用of，強調評論行為也可用for，應用情況如下：
(1)當sb. 為泛指時，形容詞著重評論不定式行為本身，如：
It was not right for the south to break away from the Union.
(2)當不定式為被動語態時，不定式的執行者常常省略，因此形容詞只用來評論不定式行為了。
It was unkind for you to be laughed at.
總之for sb. to do sth. 強調不定式行為
of sb. to do sth. 強調不定式執行者
4. 帶疑問詞的不定式：動詞不定式可以和疑問詞what, which, how, where, when, whether等連用，構成不定式短語，如：
The question is when to start.
They haven't ageed on whether to build a factory here or not.
what to say.
I don't know what to write about.
how to do it.
注意：沒有if to do和why to do.
I don't know why to do it. (誤)
I don't know why I should do it. (正)
5. 不定式省略“to”的情況：
(1)當and或or連接同一概念的不定式時，或者當它們之間的關系并列一致時，可將and或or后面的to省去，如：
I'd like to go and see a film.
He had to have a job or go hungry.
但是，有時為了表示對照，或加強語氣，則不可以省去to，如：
It is easier to say than to do.
(2)不定式在一部分感官或使役動詞后面作賓補省略to。
(3)不定式在but(除了……以外)，except后面的使用，如果but, except前有行為動詞do, but, except后省去to，如：
They had nothing to do but wait for the doctor.
The whole night he did nothing except watch TV.
(4)在固定句型中：would rather do…than do…/prefer to do rather than do:
1)The bus was so crowded that I'd rather walk home than take a bus.
2)I prefer to play tennis rather than(play)basketball.
6. “to”代表整個不定式：有時為了避免重復，省去不定式后面的內容，保留到不定式符號to, 如果是to be，保留到be，如：
--Will you please give him a message when you see him?
--I'll be glad to.
--Would you like to go shopping with me?
--I'd like to. (或I'd love to)
有時為了強調，也可以不省略。
Do what he or she tell you to do.
(二)動詞-ing形式
動詞-ing形式由動詞原形+ ing構成。動詞-ing形式起到名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、狀語和賓語補足語，但不能單獨構成謂語，其構成形式如下，以do為例：
主動 被動
一般時態 doing being done
完成時態 having done having been done
否定式：not+ 動詞-ing.
Learning English is very important to me.
Having been widened, the road took on a different look.
隨著-ing在句子中所做的成分不同，所用的時態和語態有不同的要求，關于-ing的時態和語態的詳細使用，在下面ing所作的句子成分中講述。
1. 動詞-ing形式作主語：
Seeing is believing.
有時主語太長，可用it作形式主語，將真正主語放在后面。如：
It is fun swimming in a river or lake in summer.
注意：動詞-ing與不定式作主語的區別：
①一般情況下可以換用：
It is dangerous playing/to play with fire.
但在口語中用動詞-ing形式放在句首比不定式多。
Going shopping is a pleasant thing.
②在下列句型中習慣用-ing作主語，不用不定式：
It is no use
It is no good doing.
It is useless
It is useless only learning English grammar.
It is no good cutting down the forest.
③在there+ be+ no+ 主語結構中，必須用動詞-ing作主語：
There is no telling what will happen in the future.
④主語和表語結構相同，對等。
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
2. 動詞-ing作賓語：
(1)在及物動詞后：
Would you mind my sitting here?
We suggest going out for a picnic on Sunday.
(2)在介詞后：
We look forward to seeing you again.
(3)在worth, busy, feel like, look like等形容詞后面：
China Daily is well worth reading.
The firefighters were busy putting out the big fire.
They look like winning the relay race.
Suddenly I feel like eating something.
動詞-ing做主語或賓語時，一般情況下其邏輯主語為句子的主語，如果需要自己的邏輯主語時，要用物主代詞或名詞所有格+ 動詞-ing，如：
His/Li Ping's coming late, made the teacher unhappy.
Would you mind my/me smoking here?
當動詞-ing不在句首時，可用人稱代詞賓格，名詞普通格代替，但邏輯主語為無生命的名詞，或泛指時，用普通格，如：
We heard the noise of desks being opened and closed.
3. 不定式與動詞-ing作賓語的比較：
(1)在下列一些動詞后面常跟動詞-ing作賓語，而不跟不定式：
admit, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape,
excuse, face, feel like, finish, fancy, forbid, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention,
mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest等。如：
He practices speaking English every day.
He admitted having broken the window.
I much appreciate your giving me the chance.
She dislikes doing housework.
He enjoys nothing but playing the computer.
(2)在下列一些動詞后只跟不定式，不跟動詞-ing作賓語：
want(想要)，hope, expect, wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand,
offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend…等，如：
I am expecting to get a letter from my parents.
We are planning to build another research center.
I'd like to buy a new car made in the U. S. A.
(3)在下列一些動詞后面跟不定式或動詞-ing形式作賓語，意義不同，如：
I remember doing this exercise before.
我記得以前做過這個練習。
Remember to post the book for me.
記住幫我把那本書寄走。
歸納：remember doing記得(做過的事，某事已做過)
remember to do記住(去做某事，某事還沒做)
We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.
我們忘不了聽杰克遜唱歌的情景。
Don't forget to give my regards to them.
別忘了代我向他們問好
歸納：forget doing忘了(做過的事，某事已做過)
forget to do忘了(去做某事，某事還沒做)
I'll try to improve my pronunciation.
我要努力去糾正，提高我的發音。
Since no one answered the front door, why not try knocking at the back door?
既然前門沒人答應，為什么不試試后門呢?
歸納：try to do. 盡力去做某事
try doing(用另外一種方法)試一試，試試看
I suggest we stop working and have a rest.
我建議我們停下干活，休息一會兒。
They stopped to listen, but there was no more sound.
他們停下來，聽一聽，再沒什么聲音。
歸納：stop to do停下(某事)去做某事，(表目的)
stop doing把某事停下來，(賓語)
What do you mean to do with your old bicycle?
你打算如何處理你那輛舊自行車?
I won't wait if it means delaying a week or so.
如果這意味著要推遲一星期左右，那我就不等了。
歸納：mean to do打算做某事
mean doing意味著做某事
(4)在love, like, hate, prefer后面跟不定式和動詞-ing形式無多大區別，如：
Do you like to eat ice-cream?
I like traveling very much.
I like driving(do drive)fast cars.
(5)在start, begin后面，一般接不定式和動詞-ing形式無多大區別，在下列情況下，多用不定式：
①自然界變化：
It started to rain.
Snow started to melt as spring came.
②心理活動，在understand, know, realize等詞前面：
I began to understand my mother's feelings.
③begin, start本身為進行時：
Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.
(6)在allow, advise, permit, forbid等動詞后面，有名詞或代詞作賓語，用不定式做賓語補足語，如果沒有賓語，直接用-ing形式，如：
1)We don't allow parking here.
2)The police don't allow people to park here.
3)He advised me to get an English pen friend.
4)I advise seeing more English films.
(7)need, require, want譯作“需要”時，跟動詞-ing作賓語，主動表示被動，相當于to be done，如：
The windows require cleaning.
The windows require to be cleaned.
The patient needs operating on at once.
The patient needs to be operated on.
The flowers want watering.
The flowers want to be watered.
(8)在一些固定表達中用動詞-ing形式，不用不定式：
can't help doing, be worth doing, devote…to doing, look forward to doing, be/get/become used to doing, object to doing, thank…for doing, excuse…for doing等。
Einstein devoted his life to making a research in science.
I'm looking forward to getting your letter.
We are used to living in the countryside.
4. 動詞-ing在句中作表語：
Our plan is setting up a new car factory.
My job is teaching/driving.
這類詞作表語，起解釋說明主語的作用，主表可顛倒：Teaching is my job. 轉換成問句，用what提問：
--What's your job?
--My job is teaching.
這類詞作表語，起描繪作用，主表不顛倒，轉換成問句，用how提問
--How is your job?
--It is interesting.
--How was your trip?
--It is tiring, but interesting.
5. 動詞-ing作定語：
(1)表示被修飾名詞的用途：
There are two reading rooms in our school library.
a reading room其含義是A room is used for reading.
The swimming pool in our school is nearly completed.
the swimming pool其含義是The pool is used for swimming.
(2)如果動詞-ing形式作定語表示被修飾的名詞發出的一個正在進行的動作或某種特征行為，這時被修飾的名詞與動詞-ing邏輯上有主謂關系，如果是主動關系用doing, 被動關系用done, 或being done表達，另外有時間要求：
第一種情況：主動關系，-ing形式與謂語動詞同時進行，或經常發生，用doing，如：
Look at the dancing girl. She is one of my classmates.
Look at the girl who is dancing. ….
China is a developing country.
China is a country that is developing.
注意：①如果動詞-ing形式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前，一般不用having done作定語，而用定語從句表達，如：
The teacher criticized the boy having broken the window. (誤)
The teacher criticized the boy who had broken the window. (正)
注意：②如果表達的是未來發生的動作，或含有情態概念，用不定式表達，如：
I have a meeting to attend today.
鯥 have a meeting that I will attend today.
Mary is the proper worker to do the job.
鯩ary is the proper worker who can do the job.
第二種情況：被動關系：動詞-ing表達的動作與謂語動詞同時發生，正在進行，用being done; 發生在謂語動詞之前，完成了的動作用done；發生在謂語動詞之后，未來的動作，用to be done. 如：
The bridge being built now is two kilometers long.
鯰he bridge that is being built now is two kilometers long.
The bridge built last year is two kilometers long.
鯰he bridge that was built last year is two kilometers long.
The bridge to be built next year will be two kilometers long.
鯰he bridge that will be built next year will be two kilometers long.
6. 動詞-ing作賓語補足語和主語補足語：經常在see, hear, feel, watch, notice,
observe, find, get, look at, listen to, keep, leave, send, set, catch等一些動詞后面用動詞-ing作補語，其中賓語和賓語補足語在邏輯上有主謂關系，如果主謂關系是主動的，又表示動作在進行，或狀態的持續，用doing; 如果主謂關系是被動的，又表示動作在進行，用being done，如：
I noticed them repairing the car.
鯳hen they were repairing the car, I noticed.
I noticed the car being repaired.
鯳hen the car was being repaired, I noticed.
如果賓語和賓補是主動關系，又表示動作的全過程，即完成或一般時態，賓補用不定式to do表達(在某些動詞后面不定式不帶to)；如果是被動關系，又表示動作的全過程，即完成時態用done表達，如：
I often notice them repair the car.
I noticed the car repaired.
如果把上述句子變成被動語態，賓語補足語就變成主語補足語了。
7. 動詞-ing形式作狀語：動詞-ing形式作狀語時，要求其邏輯主語必須是句子的主語，句子的主語與動詞-ing形式邏輯上有主謂關系。如果主謂關系是主動的，用主動語態；-ing動作與謂語動詞同時發生用一般式doing, 如果-ing動作發生在謂語動詞之前，用完成式having done, 如：
Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.
相當于When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.
Having finished their work, they had a rest. 相當于After they had finished their work, they had a rest.
如果主謂關系是被動的，用被動語態；-ing動作與謂語動詞同時發生，用done；如果-ing動作發生在謂語動詞之前，已完成的動作，用被動語態的完成式having been done, 如：
Having been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.
相當于After our classroom had been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.
Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.
相當于As he is well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.
注意：-ing形式做狀語時，如果-ing形式需要自己的邏輯主語，人稱代詞用主格，名詞用普通格，如：
Mother/She being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.
It being Sunday, the shops are crowded.
(三)過去分詞
過去分詞由動詞+ ed構成，起到形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中可作狀語、表語、定語和賓語補足語。過去分詞的性質是被動，完成，但有時側重程度，有時側重被動，不及物動詞變成的過去分詞無被動的意義，過去分詞形式由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成，及部分不規則的詞如：done, played.
①側重程度：
boiling water 沸水 fallen leaves落葉
boiled water 涼開水 frozen chicken冷凍雞
developing country 發展中的國家
developed country 發達國家
②側重主、被動：
a broken glass, a dancing girl, a damaged house.
1. 過去分詞的作用：
(1)過去分詞作狀語：同動詞-ing形式作狀語一樣，過去分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語，如是被動關系，又與謂語動詞同時發生，或無一定時間對比，用過去分詞，如：
Seen from the top of the mountain, the lake looks like a mirror. (相當于The lake is seen)
相當于When the lake is seen from the top of the mountain it looks like a mirror.
Heated, water can turn into vapor.
相當于If it is heated, water can turn into vapor.
(2)過去分詞作表語：
We are interested in science.
(3)過去分詞作定語：過去分詞作定語，有時間要求，發生在謂語動詞之前，即完成的動作，用done，而不用having been done.
The bridge built last year is 2 kilometers long.
People invited to the party are most scientists.
(4)過去分詞作賓補：
I noticed the car repaired.
2. 過去分詞與動詞-ing形式的區別：
(1)作表語和定語的區別：動詞-ing形式表示事物對人造成的影響，事物是主動的，常譯成令人……，使人……；過去分詞表示人對事物的看法產生的心理反應，人是被動的，常譯作：感到……如：
The news is surprising.
We are surprised at the news.
這類詞很多，如：inspiring, inspired, astonishing, astonished, tiring, tired,
moving, moved, disappointing, disappointed, worrying, worried, encouraging, encouraged, …….
(2)作賓補的區別：賓語與賓補邏輯上有主謂關系，主動用動詞-ing或不定式表達，被動用being done或done表達。
We found him standing outside the door.
He found the door locked.
(3)作狀語的區別：用作狀語的動詞，與句子的主語邏輯上有主謂關系、主動用-ing形式，被動用過去分詞。
The boy entered the room, followed by a dog.
相當于The boy entered the room and he was followed by a dog.
The boy entered the room, following his father.
相當于The boy entered the room and followed his father.
(4)-ing形式與ed分詞都可以作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨、結果、讓步、程度，如：
Having brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better. (時間)
After she had brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better.
Disturbed by the noise, we had to finish the meeting early. (原因)
We had to finish the meeting early because we were disturbed by the noise.
Born a free man, he was now in chains. (讓步)
Though he was born a free man, he was now in chains.
(If) bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk. (條件)
鯥f you are bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk.
The boy ran in, carrying a ball in his arm. (伴隨)
鯰he boy ran in and carried a ball in his arm.
He dropped the plate, breaking it into pieces. (結果)
鯤e dropped the plate and broke it into pieces.
(5)-ing形式與ed分詞的否定式，由not+ -ing構成：
Not knowing how to do it, I asked him for help.
責任編輯：李芳芳