語法系列復習專題十-----虛擬語氣、倒裝句型
虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣是通過特殊的謂語動詞形式來表達的愿望、假設、懷疑、猜測或建議等語氣，它不表示客觀存在。
一、 虛擬語氣在單句中的用法
常用來表示祝愿、采用固定的倒裝句式。例如：
Long live the Peoples Republic of China!中華人民共和國萬歲！
be happy! 快樂！
have a good time! 玩得愉快！
succeed! 成功！
make progress! 進步！
二、虛擬語氣在復合句中的用法：
1． 在非真實性條件句與主句中的用法
1） 表示與現在事實相反
條件從句 主句
一般過去時（be多用于were） would/should/could/might＋動詞原形
例如：If I were you,I should accept the invitation.
如果我是你，我會接受邀請的。
If I had time,I would go there.
如果我有空，我就去那兒。
2） 與過去事實相反
條件從句 主句
過去完成時 would/should/could/might＋have done
例如：If you had come earlier,you couldnt/wouldnt have missed the bus.
如果你早點來，你就不會錯過那輛公共汽車了。
If he had seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book.
如果他昨天見到了你，他就會還你的書的。
3） 與將來事實可能相反
條件從句 主句
一般過去時（be多用were）
should do,were to do would/should/could/might＋動詞原形
例如：If it should rain/were to rain/rained tomorrow,the sports meet would be
put off.萬一明天下雨，運動會就推遲。（事實上明天下雨的可能性不大。）
If you dropped/should drop/were to drop the glass,it would break.
萬一杯子掉下來會打碎的。
4） if的省略
如果條件句中有were,had,should 等助動詞，可將if省略，而把were,had或should
置于句首,來表達以if引導的條件句的相同意思。
例如：Should it rain/were it to rain tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off./Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book.
5)條件句或主句的省略
當有上下文或上下句中的語言環境暗示的時候，表示虛擬語氣的從句或主句往往可以省略，以避免重復。
例如：--Why didnt you attend the party yesterday?
--I would/should have,but I was too busy then.
I was surprised that you didnt like this job.You could have done it better.（后面省略了if you had liked it.）
6)混合時間條件句與主句
條件句與主句的動作發生的時間有先后之差，應按各自動作時間搭配好相應的結構形式。
例如：If the teacher hadnt been ill yesterday,who could give us a lecture now?/If you had reviewed the lesson,you would answer the question now.
7)含蓄條件句與主句
即用without(＝but for),or(else)代替if從句。
例如：Without/But for his help,we wouldnt have made such great progress.
＝If his help,we wouldnt have made such great progress.
2.在as if/as though引導的狀語從句中用法：
在as if/as though引導的狀語從句中，謂語動詞多用倒退一個時間段的方式來表達虛擬語氣。例如：
The man speaks as if he were a foreigner./The speaker told us a lot about that country as though he had been there many times./They talked as if they had been good friends for years.
注：as if/as though從句中不一定都要用虛擬語氣。如果情況真實性、可能性很大，就要用正常時態來描繪。例如：It looks as if it is going to rain.天看起來象要下雨。（下雨的可能性很大。）
3．在賓語從句、表語從句、主語從句中的用法：
1） 在wish后的賓語從句中的用法：
A．與過去事實相反的愿望：賓從謂語為“had done”形式。例如：I wish I had passed yesterdays exam.要是我昨天的考試及格了該多好。
B．與現在事實相反的愿望：賓從謂語為“did”形式。例如：He wishes he was as clever as you./I wish I had a large room to live in.
C．表示將來愿望：賓從謂語用“would/could do”形式。例如：How I wish I would go abroad next year!
2)在suggest,propose,demand,request,require,order,insist等動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語為“(should) do”形式。例如：I suggest/propose/demand/request/require/order/
insist that he(should) be sent to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.
3)在“It is (about/high) time＋that從句”結構中，that從句的謂語用一般過去
時或“should do”形式。例如：It is high time he 他該開始了。
4)在表語從句、同位語從句中的用法：在suggestion,proposal,request,requirement,
advice等名詞后的表語從句、同位語從句中，謂語用“(should) do”形式。例如：
My suggestion is that we (should) send a few comrades to help the other groups./He gave an order that the work be done at once.
虛擬語氣考點分析
1．--Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?
--I _____,but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET)
A.had B.would C.was going to D.did
析:此題A、D明顯不合上下文，因為乙方沒有去。B選項若為would have則成立，可以理解為I would have come if I hadnt had an unexpected visitor.的簡略式。但此處是would,故應排除。只有was going to可得體地表達“我原本打算去的，但是有不速之客造訪”這一意思。
2．If there were no subjunctive,English ______ much easier. (NMET)
A.will be B.would have been C.could have been D.would be
析：觀察題干，可知全句表達的是與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣。故答案為D。
3．The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ______ the rules. (NMET)
A.obeys B.obey C.will obey D.would obey
析：根據insist后的賓語從句謂語要用(should) do形式規律，可定正確答案是B。
4．I wish I _____ you yesterday.
A.seen B.did see C.had seen D.were to see
析：此題表與過去事實相反的原望，答案應為C。
5．-- If he _____ ,he _____ that food.
-- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. (NMET)
A.was warned;would not take B.had been warned;would not have taken
C.wuld be warned;had not taken D.would have been warned;had not taken
析：從對話看，是表達與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，故答案為B。
6.Without electricity human life _____ quite different today. (NMET)
A.is B.will be C.would have been D.would be
析：without引出一個含蓄條件句，主句表述的是與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣，故答案為D。
7．When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it look as if it _____. (NMET)
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
析；放入水中的鉛筆看上去是斷的，但實際上并非如此，因此是與現在的事實相反，這時as if從句謂語要用一般過去時，故答案為C。
8．You didnt let me drive.If we _____ in turn,you _____ so tired. (NMET)
A.drove;didnt get B.drove;wouldnt get
C.were driving;wouldnt get D.had driven;wouldnt have got
析：觀察題干，可知if從句表述與過去事實相反的假設，因此答案只能是D。
9．I didnt see your uncle at the party.If he _____ ,he would have said hello to
me.
A.would come B.had come C.came D.did come
析：觀察題目上下文，特別是第二句的主句謂語為 would have said，可知if從句表述的是與過去事實相反的愿望，因此答案為B。
10．_____ it _____ for your help,I couldnt have made any progress.
A.Had;not been B.Should;not be C.Did;not be D.Not;be
析：根據主句謂語形式，可知從句要用had done形式，故應選A，Had it not been for your help＝If it had not been for your help.（要不是你幫忙的話）
11．Mr Smith was badly ill,or he _____ our dinner party.
A.should come to B.would have attended
C.would come to D.should have attended
析：or可引導含蓄條件句，表達虛擬語氣。根據此題內容，可知是與過去事實相反的假設，故答案為B。
倒裝句型
英語的倒裝有兩大類型：
一、 全部倒裝：指謂語全部置于主語之前的倒裝，有下列幾種情況：
1． here,there,away,in,out,down,up,off,back,now,then等在句首時引起全部倒裝。
例如：
Here is a letter for you./There goes the last train./The door opened,and in came Mr Smith./Away went the boy./Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas./Back came the others./Out rushed the boy with an apple in his hand./Then came a noise like thunder./Now comes the bus.
2． 介詞短語或方位名詞詞組作地點狀語位于句首，引起全部倒裝。例如：
In the corner of the room stands a writing－table./South of the city lies a big factory./Under the bed lies a cat./In these oceans live huge numbers of a small fish 5cm long.
注：以上兩種完全倒裝主語必須是名詞，謂語常是表示方位或轉移的不及物動詞，如lie,live,sit,stand,be,come,go,rise,walk,run等，主語若是人稱代詞或謂語不屬上述動詞之列，則不用完全倒裝。例如：
Here it rains a lot every month of the year./Here we are!/Off you go!/Then she went to the shop.
3．在there be 結構中，采用全部倒裝語序。例如：
There is a book in the bag.
表 系 主語
4．代詞such作表語，意“這樣的人”“這樣的物”，應置于句首，其后全部倒裝。例如：
Such were the facts./Such would be our home in the future.
二、 部分倒裝：指部分謂語（如助動詞、情態動詞）位于主語之前的倒裝。有下列一些情況：
1．一般疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意問句要求部分倒裝。例如：Has he finished his work?/Its
a lovely day,isnt it?
2．特殊疑問詞不作主語或不作主語的定語的特殊疑問句要求部分倒裝。例如：
When did you go there?/Which do you like best?
3．only修飾動詞、介詞短語、狀語從句，并置于句首時，主句中要部分倒裝。例如：
Only when the rain stopped did the match start again.
注：“only＋名詞/代詞”置于句首不要倒裝。例如：
Only he can do it.(正) Only can he do it. (誤)
4．含有否定意義的副詞，如：not,never,neither,nor,seldom,hardly,little等置于句
首時，要求部分倒裝。例如：
Hardly can I believe that./Never has he been to the Great Wall./Seldom does she
write to me.
5．not only…but(also)…連接兩個分句，not only置于句首，它所引導的這部分要部
分倒裝，但but(also)部分不要倒裝。例如；
Not only should we study science,but also we should pay attention to politics.
注：若not only…but(also)…連接兩個主語，句子不要倒裝。
6．not until引起一個短語或引導一個從句置于句首時，主句中要求部分倒裝。例如：
Not until he was ten did he go to school./Not until yesterday did I realize what trouble he was in.
7．hardly…when…;no sooner…than…句型中，若hardly,no sooner位于句首時，主句
中要求部分倒裝。例如：
Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang./No sooner had he finished his talk than he was surrounded(包圍)by the workers.
8．so表“也”、“同樣”意，位于句首時，其后要部分倒裝。例如：
You can swim,so can I./If you go,so will I.
倒裝語序考點分析
1． Not only _____ polluted but _____ crowded. (上海高考)
A.was the city;were the streets B.the city was;the streets were
C.was the city;the streets were D.the city was;were the streets
析：not only部分要部分倒裝，可排除B、D。but(also)部分不要倒裝，故C為正確答案。
2． Little _____ about his own safety,though he was in great danger himself.
(上海高考)
A．does he care B.did he care C.he care D.he cared
析：否定意義的Little在句首，該句要倒裝，故答案在A、B之中選擇一個，因A的時
態不對，故答案為B。
3．Only in this way _____ progess in your English. (NMET)
A.you make B.can you make C.you be able to make D.will you able to come
析：Only 修飾in this way置于句首，句子要部分倒裝，故答案為B。
4．Not until all the fish died in the river _____ how serious the pollution was.(NMET)
A.did the villagers realize B.the villagers realized
C.the villagers did realize D.didnt the villagers realize
析：由于Not until在句首，主句要采用部分倒裝，這樣先可排除B、C，又由于D不
應該用didnt,故A為正確答案。
5．Be quick! _____
A.The bus comes here B.The bus here comes
C.Here the bus comes D.Here comes the bus
析：用一般現在時表示正在發生的動作出現在倒裝句中，所以此題答案為D。（＝The bus is coming here.）
6．On the wall _____ two large portraits. (NMET)
A.hangs B.hang C.hanged D.hanging
析：由于介詞短語on the wall位于句首，全句要采用完全倒裝式，因為主語是復數，所以正確答案為B。
虛擬語氣、倒裝句型專練
1. Little _____ about what others think.
A.he has cared B.he cares C.cared he D.does he care
2._____ got into the room _____ the telephone rang. (NMET)
A.He hardly had;then B.Hardly had he;when
C.He had not;than D.Not had he;when
3.Only by practising a few hours every day _____ be able to master the language.
(上海高考)
A．you can B.can you C.you will D.will you
4.If I _____ him yesterday I _____ him about it.
A.saw;would ask B.had seen;would have asked
C.had seen;would ask D.saw;would have asked
5.What do you think would happen if there _____ no light during the days?
A.is B.will be C.were D.would be
6._____ you succeed in everything and _____ you be healthy.
A.Hope;wish B.Wish;hope C.May;may D.Expect;hope
7.But for your help,I _____ the place.
A.cant find B.cant have found C.couldnt have found D.havent found
8.If her lawyer _____ here last Sunday,he _____ her from going.
A.had been;would have prevented B.had been;would prevent
C.were;would prevent D.were;would have prevented
9.If it had not been for the liberation,no changes _____ place in my hometown.
A.would have taken B.would have been taken C.will taken D.will be taken
10._____ late tommorrow,who would take her place?
A.Should Miss Green come B.If Miss Green would come
C.Miss Green should come D.If Miss Green comes
11._____ it _____,the crops _____ be saved.
A.Had;rained;could B.Should;rain;would
C.If;rains;should D.Would;rain;should
12.The actor is over fifty.But he acts as if he _____ a young man.
A.is B.will be C.should be D.were
13.It seems as if it ____ already summer now.
A.were B.be C.is D.had been
14.I wish I _____ him the day before yesterday.
A.saw B.could see C.had seen D.was seeing
15.I made the suggestion that they _____ the plan they had made.
A.stick to B.stuck to C.insist D.insisted on
16.It is suggested that a study plan _____ right now.
A.is made B.is to be made C.be made D.had been made
17.They required that we _____ them get in the crops.
A.help B.helped C.were helping D.would help
18.She should have attended the class,but she _____ .
A.hadnt B.hasnt C.didnt D.doesnt
19.It was ordered that no smoking _____ in the library,which made the smokers unhappy.
A.is forbidden B.would permit C.be allowed D.should not be allowed
20.Not once _____ his view of life.
A.did the gentleman mention B.the gentleman mentioned
C.mentioned the gentleman D.does the gentleman mention
21.In the sun _____ a group of young soldiers,gun in hand.
A.did stand B.had stood C.standing D.stood
22. --You forgot to hand in your homework yesterday.
--Good heavens! _____.Here you are.
A.So I did B.So did I C.I did,too D.So you have
23._____ with his slippers on when he heard the terrible noise.
A.Out did he rush B.Rushed he out C.Out rushed he D.Out he rushed
24.No sooner _____ finished the composition _____ the light went out.
A.I had;when B.I had;than C.had I;when D.had I;than
25.It was not until _____ to prepare his lessons.
A. did his father come in that the boy began
B. his father came in that the boy began
C. did his father come in did the boy begin
D. his father came in did the boy begin
26._____,so you are not a friend of mine.
A.I never saw you before B.Never before I have seen you
C.Never before have I seen you D.Never had I seen you before
27.--David has made great progress recently.
--_____,and _____. (上海高考)
A.So he has;so you have B.So he has;so have you
C.So has he;so have you D.So has he;so you have
28.Never _____ till tomorrow what may be done today.
A.put off B.do put off C.did you put off D.you will put off
29.--Have you written these letters?
--No,_____ time to do any other work yet.
A.hardly I have B.I have had hardly
C.I have hardly had D.I hardly have had
30._____ get such a pair of shoes for my son?
A.Where do you think can I B.Do you think where can I
C.Do you think where I can D.Where do you think I can
31.Then _____ that the enemy were gone.
A.the news came B.came the news C.did the news come D.did come the news
32.--What a beautiful bridge,_____?
--Yes,_____?
A.isnt it;isnt it B.is it;is it C.isnt it;it is D.is it;it isnt
33.Along the path _____,on which _____ “Keep off the Grass”.
A.stood some signs;were written B.stood some signs;wrote
C.some signs stood;were written D.some signs stood;wrote
34.He took a taxi so that he _____ there in time.
A.was able to be B.got C.could get D.should get
35.Id rather Tom _____ tomorrow.
A.come B.would come C.came D.will come
36.It is about time you ____ the medicine,sir.
A.will take B.should take C.must take D.are to take
37.If there _____ no electricity in the future,our life _____ change a lot.
A.will be;will B.is;will C.should be;would D.would be;would
38.Without the Communist Party there ____ New China.
A.hadnt been a B.is not a C.would be no D.was not a
39.There _____ a lot of deer in the forest.
A.have B.are C.is D.has
40.From space _____ like a huge water－covered globe(球體).
A.looks the earth B.does look the earth
C.the earth looks D.does the earth look
虛擬語氣、倒裝句型答案
1－5 D B D B C 6－10 C C A A A 11－15 B D A C A
16－20 C A C C A 21－25 D A D D B 26－30 C B A C D
31－35 B A A C C 36－40 B C C B C
責任編輯：李芳芳