第九章 非謂語動詞
動詞除了在句子中充當謂語外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)動詞的非謂語形式，可在句中作主語、表語、賓語、定語、補語和狀語等，稱作非謂語動詞，包括動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞。
高考重點要求：
1、掌握不定式、分詞、動名詞在句子中的作用
2、區(qū)分不定式、分詞作定語和狀語的異同
3、掌握不定式、動名詞作賓語，不定式和分詞作賓補的慣用結(jié)構(gòu)
4、注意非謂語動詞與句子謂語動詞的時間關系，以確定非謂語動詞的時態(tài)形式
5、弄清非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關系，以確定非謂語動詞的語態(tài)形式
第一節(jié) 知識點概述
一、動詞不定式
動詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動詞原形”，有時可以不帶to。動詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語，但可以擔任主語、表語、賓語、狀語和賓語補足語。動詞不定式仍保留動詞的一些特點。
（一）動詞不定式的特征及用法
1.動詞不定式的構(gòu)成及特征
“to +動詞原形”構(gòu)成動詞不定式，是一種非謂語形式，在句子中不能作謂語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，它具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。
2.動詞不定式的用法
動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。
1. 作主語
例如：To learn English well is not easy.
或 It is not easy to learn English well.
動詞不定式作主語時，往往用it作形式主語，這種句型可歸納為下面的句型：
It is + adj.+ 動詞不定式
如果要說明不定式的動作執(zhí)行者，可以用for
It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.
2. 作表語
My wish is to become a teacher.
3. 作賓語
Most of us like to watch football matches.
4. 作賓語補足語
He told me to be here on time.
5. 作定語
I have nothing to say about that thing.
6. 作狀語
He stopped to have a look.
3.動詞不定式的否定形式
動詞不定式的否定形式not + to + 動詞原形
例如： He asked me not to make such a mistake.
4.動詞不定式與疑問詞連用
疑問代詞who, what, which和疑問副詞when, where, how, why等后面可以接動詞不定式，構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語，可以在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。
例如：(1) He doesn’t know how to use the machine.
（不定式作賓語）
(2) How to use the machine is a question.
（不定式作主語）
(3) The question is when to go there.
（不定式作表語）
（二）動詞不定式的時態(tài)和被動形式
動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種，由不定式符號(to)加動詞原形構(gòu)成。不定式的形式有五種：
1． 一般式to do
例如：I like to read English.
2． 進行式to be doing
例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time.
3． 完成式to have done
例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room.
4． 被動式to be done
例如：The work is to be done soon.
5． 完成被動式to have been done
例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.
二、分詞
分詞是動詞非謂語形式的一種，包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞表示：主動，動作正在進行。過去分詞表示：被動，動作已經(jīng)完成。
（一）分詞的作用
分詞在句中可以作定語、表語、狀語和賓語補足語。例如：
1．作定語
Do you know the boy standing at the gate?
Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？
2．作表語
We are excited at the news.
The news he told us is exciting.
3．作賓語補足語
I heard him singing a song in the classroom.
We found the ground covered with snow.
4．作狀語
While lying in bed, he listened to some music.
Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.
分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語，否則分詞前面必須有自己的主語。
（二）分詞的時態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞分一般式和完成式，而過去分詞則沒有時態(tài)形式的變化。
現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生。例如：
Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時，表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。常用作狀語。例如：
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
（三）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式
被動一般式 being done
被動完成式 having been done
This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city.
Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.
（四）分詞的否定形式
分詞的否定式，由not+分詞構(gòu)成，例如：
Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.
Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.
（五）分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時，帶邏輯主語的分詞短語成為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句法功能上起狀語作用。例如：
Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.
The meeting being over, they all left the room.
三、動名詞
動名詞是動詞非謂語形式的一種,由動詞加ing構(gòu)成。動名詞既有動詞特征，也有名詞特征。
動名詞在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語和定語。例如：
⑴ Smoking does great harm to people’s health.
（作主語）
⑵ My job is looking after children.
（作表語）
⑶ I have finished reading the novel.
（作賓語）
⑷ We have got a swimming pool in our school.
（做定語）
動名詞的否定形式由not +動名詞構(gòu)成。例如：
He made me angry by not taking the medicine.
動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞所有格或物主代詞加上動名詞構(gòu)成。例如：
Would you mind my opening the door?
動名詞的一般式，表示的動作可以與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或在前，或在后。
例如：
We all enjoy listening to music.(同時發(fā)生)
Do you remember meeting me there?（在謂語動詞前發(fā)生）
動名詞的完成式表示在謂語動詞之前完成的動作。例如：
I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child.
She attended the party without being invited.
第二節(jié) 實戰(zhàn)演練
一、復習時需注意的要點
1． 動詞不定式一般式表示的動作可能與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,也可能在其之后發(fā)生。
例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同時發(fā)生）
I hope to go there next time.（之后發(fā)生）
2．不定式完成式表示不定式的動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生。
例如：I’m sorry to have broken your glasses.
3．不定式進行式表示不定式的動作，與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生。
例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.
4．不定式的被動式有兩種形式：to be done表示將要被做，to have been done表示已被做。
例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.
The cinema is said to have been built last year.
5. 在表示情緒的動詞，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用動名詞作賓語表示一般傾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式
例如：I hate eating the same food every day.
Would you like to watch TV in the evening?
6. 在動詞need, want, require后用動名詞表示被動含義，相當于動詞不定式的被動式；而用動詞不定式的主動式表示主動含義。
例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned.
He needs to clean the house first.
7. 在介詞后一般用動名詞作賓語，但在少數(shù)介詞，如but, except后用動詞不定式作賓語，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”則省去“to”。
例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage.
I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.
8. 分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語，因此，要表示完成主動的意思常用定語從句。
例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.
9. 如果分詞短語的邏輯主語與句子不是相同的，則要用從句或分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表示。
例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.
10. 分詞作狀語時， 分詞的邏輯主語要與句子的主語相一致。若它們之間的關系是主謂關系，用現(xiàn)在分詞，而動賓關系則用過去分詞。如果分詞的動作先于謂語，分詞要用完成時。
例如：Having finished his composition, he went home.
While looking through the paper, he found some errors.
二、歷屆高考試題分析
例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _________.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
答案為C。
【解析】 lead to這個詞組中to是介詞，后面跟名詞，于是B被排除，the thief是動名詞邏輯上的主語，構(gòu)成動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)，與catch之間應是被動關系，故排除A。常見的帶介詞to的短語有：(get) be used to, look forward to，look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等。
例2、Though _______money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
答案為C。
【解析】 lack是及物動詞，后接賓語money。his parents與lack是邏輯上的主謂關系，要用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。譯文：雖然缺錢，他的父母親還是設法讓他上了大學。
例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
答案：B
【解析】 risk后面只能帶動名詞做賓語，含義為“冒……之險”。
例4、 _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
答案為C。
【解析】 在非謂語動詞中，用動名詞或不定式來作主語，而分詞和介詞短語不能作主語，因此A、D被排除。在這個句子中，will do是謂語，缺少主語，要用動名詞作主語。expose與one's skin是動賓關系，所以要用動名詞的被動式being exposed。譯文：在陽光下曬太長時間對人的皮膚有壞處。
例5、____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
答案：A
【解析】 put sth. into use “讓……投入使用”。顯然，put 和句子主語the hotline 構(gòu)成被動關系，所以用表示被動的過去分詞。
例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ____ a look at the sports stars.
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
答案：C
【解析】 動詞不定式充當目的狀語。
例7、With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
答案為C
【解析】動詞不定式to settle作為difficult problems的定語表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪鉀Q的難題；過去分詞settle作定語表示已經(jīng)解決的難題，現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式being settled作定語表示正在解決的難題。
例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken
答案：A
【解析】 take advantage of （利用）和句子主語More and more people 構(gòu)成主動關系，且和句子謂語sign up for (報名參加)同時發(fā)生，所以選擇A。
例9、 Sandy could do nothing but ________ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit
答案為A。
【解析】 該句中的but是介詞，后接動詞不定式。當謂語動詞是do，does或did時，后接不帶to的不定式；是其他動詞時，后接帶to的不定式。該句的謂語是could do nothing，要填動詞原形admit。譯文：山德不得不向老師承認自己錯了。
例10、 He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
答案為B。
【解析】 現(xiàn)在分詞hoping表示與send me an e-mail同時發(fā)生的動作。一些考生認為應該填不定式作目的狀語。不定式作目的狀語時，句子的正確形式是：He sent me an e-mail to get further information.不需要hope一詞，如果要選擇“hoped”時，句子的正確形式是：He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information。“hope”和“sent”作并列謂語。
第三節(jié) 鞏固練習
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. _____ anything about the accident ,he went to work as usual.
A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing
2. -Have you decided when_____?
-Yes, tomorrow morning.
A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving
3. I really enjoy_____ that kind of job.
A. do B. doing C. to do D. to be doing
4. -There’s a hole in your bag.
-l know. I am going to have it_____.
A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended
5. The next morning she found the man in bed, _____ dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
6. Tell him_____ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
7. The furniture ______on October 15 was seriously damaged because of a road accident .
A. being delivered B. having delivered
C. having been delivered D. delivered
8. He had his leg_____ in the match yesterday.
A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking
9. I can’t imagine_____ that with them.
A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing
10. Most of the people_____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
11. -Good morning. Can I help you?
-I’d like to have this package_____, madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
12. Slowly she opened the letter, _____.
A. her hands trembled slightly B. slightly her hands were trembled
C. her hands slightly trembling C. trembling her hands slightly
13. All ______will be present at the conference .
A. parties concerned B. parties concerning
C. concerned parties D. concerning parties
14. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
15. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
16. Last summer I took a course on_______.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
17. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
18. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
19. I can hardly imagine Peter_____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed
20. -The light in the office is still on.
-Oh, I forgot_____.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
21. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
22. Not having finished his homework, _____ to watch the game.
A. so he was forbidden B. he forbade
C. he was forbidden D. mother forbid him
23. The _____ world population is the result of recent advances in medical science.
A. increased B. increase C. being increasing D. Increasing
24. _____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
25. Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
26. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
27. Robert is said_____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
28. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
29. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, ______ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
30. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
31. It is impossible to avoid ______by advertisements in a modern society.
A. to be influenced B. being influenced C. to influence D. influenced
32. Some people believe that some numbers show the ______side of a person’s personality.
A. hiding B. hid C. hidden D. hide
33 -How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
-key ______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the customers.
A. to solving…making B. to solving…made C. to solve…making D. to solve…made
34. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they
will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
35. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows______.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
36. The research is so designed that once______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
37. The teacher asked us______ so much noise.
A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
38. ______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
39. Walking past the park, I couldn’t help ______some children flying kites.
A. stop to watch B. stopping watch
C. stopping to watch D. to stop to watch
40. Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
41. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered_______ clear warnings before firing any shots.
A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
42. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_______ road conditions need ______.
A. that…to be improved B. which…to be improved
C. where…improving D. when…improving
43. -What do you think made the woman so upset？
-_____ weight.
A. As she put on B. Put on C. Putting on D. Because of putting on
44. The manager,______ his factory’s products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training.
A. knowing B. known C. to know D. being known
45. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
46. Don’t be discouraged. ______ things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.
A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Taken
47. Friendship is like money, easier made than ____.
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
48. ______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
49. Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
50. Time should be made good use of ____ our lessons well.
A. learning B. learned C. to learn D. having learned
責任編輯：李芳芳