1.take place的用法
take place 意為“發(fā)生；舉行”，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
When and where will the wedding take place? 婚禮將于何時(shí)何地舉行？
Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
2.Hank was caught in the earthquake. 漢克被困于地透中。
be caught in (the rain, a trap)表示“遇（雨），陷入（圈套）”等。如：
Jeff was caught in the rain yesterday and had a cold. 昨天杰夫淋雨患了感冒。
I was caught in the traffic, otherwise I would have arrived on time .我遇到堵車了，要不我會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到的。
3.marry的用法
1)marry用作動(dòng)詞，意為“嫁；娶；結(jié)婚”等，表示“結(jié)婚”這一動(dòng)作。如：
I am going to marry John. 我要和約翰結(jié)婚了。 My uncle didn't marry until forty .我叔叔直到四十歲才結(jié)婚。
2)get married 表示“已結(jié)婚”這一狀態(tài)。接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，都要加to。如：When did you get married? 你們何時(shí)結(jié)的婚？
Steve got married to an actor last May. 史蒂夫去年五月和一位演員結(jié)婚了。Are you married or single? 你結(jié)婚了還是單身？
注意：漢語(yǔ)中說(shuō)“和（某人結(jié)婚）”，英語(yǔ)中不可用“with(sb)”，而要用“to(sb)”。
4.She looked round and saw )ett running. 她環(huán)顧四周，看見(jiàn)杰夫正在奔跑。
1)look round 意為“轉(zhuǎn)回頭看；環(huán)顧；到處尋找（for）”。如：Would you like to look round?你想各處看看嗎？
2)see sb. doing sth.意為“看見(jiàn)某人正在做某事”，現(xiàn)在分詞表示～個(gè)主動(dòng)的、正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
When I came in, I saw them reading China Daily .我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)看見(jiàn)他們正在看《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》。
I can't see myself allowing people to cheat me. 我無(wú)法想象會(huì)讓人騙了。
5. She was so surprised that she couldn't move.她大驚訝了以致于動(dòng)彈不得。
so...that...導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“如此……以致于…”，so是副詞，后接形容詞或副詞。如：
He is so tired that he does not want to go with us.他太疲勞所以他不想和我們一起去。
She walked so fast that I couldn' t follow her.她走得太快了以致于我跟不上她。
6. However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her. 然而，轉(zhuǎn)念之閻，洪水已近在眼前。
1)however用作副詞時(shí)，表示前后轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，多用逗號(hào)與句子隔開(kāi)，意為“不過(guò)；然而”。如：
I'd like to go with you; however, my hands are full. 我很想和你、塊）L去，可是我忙不過(guò)來(lái)。
We have not yet won; however, we shall try again.我們還沒(méi)有取勝，不過(guò)我們還要再試一下。
2)before用作連詞，后接從句時(shí)，表示“在……之前”。在不同語(yǔ)境中，before往往有比較靈活的譯法，如“趁…”、“還沒(méi)來(lái)得及…就…”、“過(guò)了…才”等。如：I must finish this letter before I go home. 我必須在回家以前寫(xiě)完這封信。
She had left before I could say a word.我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及說(shuō)話她就走開(kāi)了。
The fire lasted three hours before it was put out.大火燃燒了三個(gè)小時(shí)才被撲滅。
3)be upon sb.意為“逼近”、“臨近”。如：
The enemy was upon us.敵人逼近我們。 The Christmas holiday will soon be upon us.圣誕節(jié)馬上就要來(lái)到了。
7.Jeff dragged her towards the house.杰夫拉賽她跑向房子。
drag, pull, push這三個(gè)詞都有“拖，拉”之意，但有所不同。drag 的含義是“慢慢地而沉重的拽”，而且包含著被拖者進(jìn)行著積極的或消極的阻抗或阻力；pull為通用詞，常伴有狀語(yǔ)表示拖的方向；push則表示“推；推動(dòng)”。如：
They are dragging a net in fishing.他們正在拖網(wǎng)捕魚(yú)。He dragged behind the others. 他在別人后面慢吞吞地走著。
That tooth should be pulled out.那顆牙齒應(yīng)該拔掉。 They pushed the door open. 他們把門推開(kāi)。
8. looked into 的用法
look into 意為“向……的里面看；瀏覽；調(diào)查”。如：The police are looking into the accident. 警方正在調(diào)查這個(gè)事故。
The soldier looked into the house, but he found nothing. 那個(gè)士兵朝屋子里邊看，但什么也沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)。
9.Another wave struck the house.另一股洪流沖擊著房屋。
動(dòng)詞strike的含義較多，可以表示“撞擊；沖擊；罷工；打動(dòng)；劃燃；侵襲”等。其過(guò)去式是 struck，過(guò)去分詞是 struck/stricken。如：Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵，趁機(jī)行事。An idea suddenly struck me. 我心中忽然產(chǎn)生一個(gè)念頭。
SARS struck both China and some other counties in 2003 .2003年非典型肺炎襲擊了中國(guó)和其他幾個(gè)國(guó)家。
The workers were striking for more money. 工人們?cè)诹T工，要求增加工資。
10.There she stopped, listening to the strange sounds, 她在那兒停下來(lái)，聽(tīng)著奇怪的聲響。
1) stop doing sth. 是“停止做某事”；stop to do sth. 是“（把原來(lái)在做的事）停下來(lái)而做某事；stop sb. (from) doing sth.是“阻止某人做某事”。如：They stopped to have a drink.他們停下來(lái)喝點(diǎn)飲料。It stopped raining at dawn.黎明時(shí)分雨停了。
They stopped me going out of the door. 他們阻止我出門。
2)這里listening to the strange sounds是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞除了可以作伴隨狀語(yǔ)外，還可以作時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)等。如：The children ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 孩子們有說(shuō)有笑地從教室跑出來(lái)。（作伴隨狀語(yǔ)）
While waiting for a bus, I met a good friend.在等車時(shí)我遇見(jiàn)了一位好朋友。（作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out. 聽(tīng)到呼救聲，他們都沖了出去。（作原因狀語(yǔ)）
His parents died, leaving him a lot of money,他的父母親死了，給他留下很多錢。（作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）
11.Tree after tree went down.... which must have been... 樹(shù)一棵接一棵地倒下了 …，一定是…
這里的tree after tree 相當(dāng)于 one tree after another,意為“一顆接一顆”，名詞前省略冠詞。又如：
She did experiment after experiment. 她做了一次又一次的試驗(yàn)。
Year after year they work in the fields. 他們年復(fù)一年在田地里耕作。
2)must后接不定式的完成式表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的肯定推測(cè)，意為“肯定做了某事”。如：
The door is locked. They must have been out. 門鎖著，他們一定外出了。
She looks very happy today. She must have done well in the exam.她今天很高興。她一定考得很不錯(cuò)。
12. Can you work out what the underlined words refer to?你能弄明自下邊劃線的單詞指代的含義嗎？
1)work out是“動(dòng)詞＋副詞”短語(yǔ)，意為“計(jì)算”、“估計(jì)”、“想出（辦法）”、“制訂”、“進(jìn)展”等。如：
Together they worked out ways to solve the problem. 他們一起想出了解決問(wèn)題的辦法。
Has the plan been worked out? 計(jì)劃制訂好了嗎？
We were pleased to see that things had worked out all right.我們很高興地看到情況發(fā)展得不錯(cuò)。
2)refer to表示“查閱”、“提到”、“談到”、“指的是”等。如：
When you meet a new word, you can refer to the dictionary. 遇到生詞時(shí)，你可以查閱詞典。
The speaker referred to his notes several times during the speech. 那位演講者在演講過(guò)程中幾次參看講稿。
What I have to say refers to all of you.我要說(shuō)的話涉及到你們大家。
13. struggle with 與…斗爭(zhēng)
struggle 常用作不及物動(dòng)詞，與介詞 with, for或 against連用。如：
She struggled with/against the thief for a while.他與小偷搏斗了一會(huì)兒。
He has been struggling for success in his business. 為了事業(yè)成功，他一直努力奮斗著。
14.spends a lot of time watching TV. 花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間看電視
spend time/money on sth.表示“在某方面花費(fèi)時(shí)間/錢”，介詞 on后接名詞或代詞；
spend time/money (in) doing sth.表示“花費(fèi)時(shí)間/錢做某事”，介詞 in可以省略，后接動(dòng)名詞。如：
He doesn't spend much time on his homework. 他花在作業(yè)上的時(shí)間不多。
How much did you spend buying / in buying the new computer?買這臺(tái)新電腦花去你多少錢？
15.be far away from的用法
be far away(from...)意為“（距離……）遙遠(yuǎn)”，是模糊說(shuō)法。若 away前有表示具體距離的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，far必須去掉。試比較：
The school is far away (from here) .學(xué)校（離這兒）很遠(yuǎn)。
The airport is about 20 kilometres away from our company. 機(jī)場(chǎng)距離我們公司為 20公里。
16.Looking up at.. .makes you feel so small.抬頭仰望…使你感到自己很渺小。
look up意為“抬頭看；仰望；（在字典里）查閱”等。如：
He looked up and found many birds flying in the sky.他抬頭看，發(fā)現(xiàn)許多鳥(niǎo)兒在空中飛翔。
If you meet new words, look them up in the dictionary. 如果你遇到生詞，可以查閱詞典。
2)動(dòng)名詞可以在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。這里“Looking up at...”短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。再如：
I believe traveling in space will be easy then. 我相信到那時(shí)太空旅游會(huì)容易些。（作主語(yǔ)）
I'm 16 and I like dancing and computers.我16歲，喜歡跳舞和電腦。（作賓語(yǔ)）
My interests are reading novels, playing football and singing songs.我的興趣是看小說(shuō)，踢足球和唱歌。（作表語(yǔ)）
17. They are not at all afraid of people. 它們一點(diǎn)也不怕人。
1) not... at all意為“一點(diǎn)也不；根本不”，起加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的作用。如：He doesn't smoke at all. 他從來(lái)不吸煙。
I'm not at all sorry I came, I'm glad! 我來(lái)了一點(diǎn)也不遺憾，我很高興。
2) be afraid of 意為“害怕，擔(dān)心”，后接名詞、代詞或現(xiàn)在分詞；后接從句時(shí)，省略of。如:
He is afraid of his own shadow. 他連自己的影子都害怕。 I'm afraid that I don't understand you.抱歉，我不明白你的意思。
18.take a photo of 給…照相
take a photo of 還可以說(shuō) take photos ／picture of， of后接拍照的對(duì)象。如：
They had many photos taken on the Great Wall. 他們?cè)陂L(zhǎng)城上拍了很多照片。
Can I take a photo of you? 我可以給你照張相嗎？
19. on the way to + 名詞/代詞；on the way + 副詞“在去…途中”
on the way to. . .意為“在路上”、“在途中”，to后接名詞或代詞；后接副詞時(shí)，不可有to。如：On the way, a young man waved to me.路上，一個(gè)年輕人揮手招呼我。On the way home, he asked Jenny if she had enjoyed the speech. 在回家的路上，他問(wèn)詹妮是否喜歡這次講演 I fell on the way to school. 我在上學(xué)的路上跌倒了。
20. Don' t forget to bring your camera. 別忘記帶上相機(jī)。
forget 意為“忘記”，后可接名詞、代詞、不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞形式。注意：forget to do 表示“忘記去做（還沒(méi)有做）”， forget doing表示“忘記做了某事（已經(jīng)做過(guò)）”。如：I have forgotten her name.我忘記了她的名字。
She nearly forgot to give him a tip for his service. 她幾乎忘記給他的服務(wù)付小費(fèi)。
I shall never forget hearing her singing that song.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記聽(tīng)她唱那支歌時(shí)的情景。
【語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)評(píng)］ 定語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤例析
定語(yǔ)從句是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)中較難掌握的從句之一，其規(guī)則繁雜，難以記憶，因而同學(xué)們?cè)谶\(yùn)用過(guò)程中常出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。現(xiàn)歸類分析如下： 一、關(guān)系代詞錯(cuò)用 A) that和 which
1. 誤 : I' ve read all the books which you lent me. 正 : I' ve read all the books that you lent me.
析：定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞被all，some，any，no，little，few，much，very等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用 that。
2.誤: This is the last lesson which Mr Green taught us.正 : This is the last lesson that Mr Green taught us.
析：定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用that。
3. 誤: Is there anything else which I can do for you?正： Is there anything else that I can do for you?
析：定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是everything，anything，nothing等不定代詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要that.
4. 誤: They talked about the persons and things which they remembered in the old days.
正 : They talked about the persons and things that they remembered in the old days.
析：定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用that。
5. 誤 : My hometown is no longer the place which it used to be. 正: My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.
析：定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)，該關(guān)系代詞要用that。
6. 誤; Dinner starts with a small dish, that is often called a starter.正 : Dinner starts with a small dish, which is often called a starter.
析：關(guān)系代詞that不能用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，但which可以。
7. 誤: He lives in the room, the window of that faces the south.正 : He lives in the room, the window of which faces the south.
析：關(guān)系代詞that不能用于“介詞十關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，但which可以。
B) who 和 whom
8. 誤 : The man with who I worked has left.正: The man with whom I worked has left.
析：關(guān)系代詞 who指人，作主語(yǔ)； whom也指人，但作賓語(yǔ)。在“介詞十關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞是人，關(guān)系詞用whom；先行詞是物，關(guān)系詞用which
二、關(guān)系代詞漏用
9. 誤: The student is standing there is our monitor.
正: The student who/that is standing there is our monitor.正 : The student standing there is our monitor.
f 析：定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略。這里也可以把定語(yǔ)從句改為現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語(yǔ)。
三、關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞混淆
A) that/which 和 when
10. 誤: Do you still remember the day when we first spent together?
正 : Do you still remember the day (that/which) we first spent together?
析：先行詞是時(shí)間名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞“when”，取決于該先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)l賓語(yǔ)還是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。這里先行詞the day在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。
B) that/which 和 where
11. 誤 : I' ll never forget the school where we visited last Monday.
正 : I' ll never forget the school (that/which) we visited last Monday.
析：先行詞是地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞“where”，取決于該先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)l賓語(yǔ)還是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。這里先行詞 the school在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。
C) that/which 和 why
12.誤 :Is this the reason why he gives for being late?正: Is this the reason (that/which) he gives for being late?
析：先行詞是reason時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞“why”，取決于該先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)還是原因狀語(yǔ)。這里先行詞 the reason在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。
四、定語(yǔ)從句主謂不一致
13 誤 : This is one of the rooms that is free now.正 : This is one of the rooms that are free now.
析：當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是one of…結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，先行詞為of后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞，從句謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
14.誤: Professor Johnson is the only one of the experts who know a little Chinese.
正: Professor Johnson is the only one of the experts who knows a little Chinese.
析：當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是the （only／very） one of…結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，先行詞為 one，從句謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
五、定語(yǔ)從句重復(fù)用詞
A）關(guān)系詞與疑問(wèn)詞重復(fù)
15. 誤: Who is the man who shook hands with you just now?正 : Who is the man that shook hands with you just now?
析：若主句以疑問(wèn)詞who開(kāi)頭，為了避免重復(fù)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞要用that代替。
16.誤: Which is the book which you want to borrow from me?正: Which is the book that you want to borrow from me?
析：若主句以疑問(wèn)詞which開(kāi)頭，為了避免重復(fù)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞要用that代替。
B）關(guān)系詞與被替換詞重復(fù)
17. 誤: This is the jacket which I bought it last month.正 ; This is the jacket which I bought last month.
析：關(guān)系代詞Which已經(jīng)在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，it是多余的。
18. 誤: Is this the museum where Jane has worked there for twenty years?
正: Is this the museum where Jane has worked for twenty years?
析：關(guān)系副詞where已經(jīng)在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，there是多余的。
六、定語(yǔ)從句介詞錯(cuò)用
19.誤. :Is this the CD player in which you spent 500 yuan?正 : Is this the CD player on which you spent 500 yuan ?
析：有時(shí)，需要根據(jù)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配來(lái)判斷具體的介詞。這里是 spent...on+名詞”的搭配。
20. 誤 : The baby of whom she takes good care is ten months old.正 : The baby whom she takes good care of is ten months old.
析：含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開(kāi)使用。又如 look after， care for， refer to等。