在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中，掌握好動(dòng)詞的用法是最重要的，而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞又是動(dòng)詞中非常重要的一部分，由于它們內(nèi)容多，有些用法相似，所以不好掌握，經(jīng)常被混淆用錯(cuò)，下面通過(guò)列表比較的方式，分析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主要用法。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的相對(duì)時(shí)間關(guān)系
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 相對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間意義 例句
一般式不定式 說(shuō)明行為在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的行為之后，多數(shù)是那些表愿望的詞：want; hope; expect; wish等。 I want to go home.
I hope to see you.
說(shuō)明行為與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的行為同時(shí)發(fā)生，多數(shù)是那些省略不定式符號(hào)的詞，一般是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。 I saw him come in.
He helped him (to) carry things.
一般式動(dòng)名詞 表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)出。 We enjoyed seeing the film.
I am thinking of taking over the job.
在動(dòng)詞insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等后表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。 He insisted on doing that work
在有些明確表示時(shí)間先后的動(dòng)詞和介詞on; upon after代替完成動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生。 I remember seeing him before.
On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend.
一般式分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 說(shuō)明分詞表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 He stood there speaking.
Holding a book under his arm, he entered the room.
終止性動(dòng)詞 說(shuō)明分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之后，句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作立刻發(fā)生。 Entering the room, I found nobody in.
Turning to the right, you will find the post office.
過(guò)去分詞 持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
通常說(shuō)明分詞表示的動(dòng)作，此句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生。 Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.
I can't find my lost pen.
說(shuō)明分詞表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作并無(wú)先后。 He is a person well-known in this country.
代替完成式現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 Educated by the party, he became a brave fighter.
完成式不定式 說(shuō)明行為動(dòng)詞在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的行為動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生。 I'm sorry to have troubled you.
He is said to have come here.
He is thought to have done it.
He is believed to have done it.
He seemed to have known it.
在wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)后，說(shuō)明行為動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。 We wished to have done this.
I expected to have left by then.
(=I had expected to heave by then.)
完成式動(dòng)名詞 說(shuō)明動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作，此句中動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生。 We regret having told you the news.
After having finished his work, he went home.
He denied having broke the glasses.
完成式分詞 說(shuō)明分詞表示的動(dòng)作，此句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生。多數(shù)表示一些瞬時(shí)間動(dòng)詞。如果是hear; see或表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成時(shí) Having finished his work, he went home.
Sitting down with him, we begun to discuss it.
Hearing this, he rose and went to the door.
二．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
1. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的意義
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 意義和用法 例句
不定式 表示被動(dòng)的意義 The meeting is to be held next week.
He wanted to be sent to the hard area.
有時(shí)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的意義，同被動(dòng)沒(méi)什么區(qū)別，具有“應(yīng)該”．“值的”的意思。不定式是主語(yǔ)的承受者，但有時(shí)作某些形容詞的賓語(yǔ)， 如：nice, easy, hard, difficult, fit, suitable, good, heavy, comfortable, cheap等。 The box is not strong enough to stand this.
It's too small to see.
There is a lot of work to do
The house is to let at low rent.
I am not to blame.
Houses are still to seek.
Much remains to do.
The text is hard to learn.
動(dòng)名詞 表示被動(dòng)的意義 He insisted on being sent to the hard area.
在動(dòng)詞need, require等的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和形容詞worth后, 表示被動(dòng)的意義 My watch needs repairing.
The book is worth reading.
分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 表示被動(dòng)的意義 The building being built is a school.
Not having been told, he didn't know where to start.
過(guò)去分詞 表示被動(dòng)的意義 Heated, the metal expands.
2. 一般現(xiàn)在分詞，完成的現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義的區(qū)別
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 意義和用法 例句
一般式現(xiàn)在分詞 含有具體的意義，說(shuō)明和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，一般是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 The person being criticized is our monitor.
完成式分詞 表示動(dòng)作狀態(tài)比句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，一般是瞬間動(dòng)詞 Not having been told about it, I don't know how to do it.
過(guò)去分詞 具有一船的意義，強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)，說(shuō)明比句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，有時(shí)同完成式的被動(dòng)詞態(tài)可互換。 Given more time, (=Having been given) I can do it much better.
三．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法作用
1. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法作用一覽表
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
句子成分 不定式 動(dòng)名詞 分詞
主語(yǔ) √ √
賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ) √ √
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ) √ √
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ) √ √ √
介詞賓語(yǔ) √
形容詞賓語(yǔ) √ √
表語(yǔ) √ √ √
定語(yǔ) √ √ √
狀語(yǔ) √ √
同謂語(yǔ) √ √
插入語(yǔ) √ √
2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 意義和用法 例句
不定式 動(dòng)詞不定式表示比較具體的意義，經(jīng)常和特定的動(dòng)作和執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系起來(lái)，經(jīng)常帶時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 To master a foreign language is no easy job.
To do it well is my earnest desire
To see this film is to waste time.
To solve this problem is out of the question
動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的另一種形式是在句首用先行代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）移到謂語(yǔ)之后作真正主語(yǔ)。用于這種形式是一些特定形容詞，動(dòng)詞和名詞 1)形容詞作表語(yǔ)（常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：important, difficult, easy hard possible）
It is foolish to act in this way.
It sounds reasonable to do it this way.
It appears likely for them to arrive.
2) 動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)（常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：require, cost, amuse, delight, irritate, annoy
It took much time to do this.
It makes us excited to think about that.
It needed hard work to finish the job.
It does no good to say like that.
It didn't occur to me to ask him to help me.
3)名詞作表語(yǔ)
It seems a pity to waste them.
It is a great pleasure to do this
It is a good idea to think this way.
動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞表求比較抽象（一般）和經(jīng)常性的意義，有時(shí)可同不定式互換 Collecting stamps is a good hobby.
Swimming is a best sport in summer.
There is no telling what will happen.
There is no denying the fact.
There is no need informing him of it.
動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的另一種形式是在句首用先行代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)面將動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)移至謂語(yǔ)之后作真實(shí)主語(yǔ)。用于這種形式是一些特定形容詞和名詞 1)形容詞作表語(yǔ)(常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：enjoyable, good, hard, worthwhile)
It is nice talking to you.
It's foolish behaving like that.
It is useless doing that
2)名詞作表語(yǔ)
It's waste of time doing this. It's no good (use) doing that.
It's an awful job doing this. It's fun doing this
It is not an easy task doing this work.
3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)
成分 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 意義和用法 例句
直接賓語(yǔ) 不定式 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)一致 I want to read a novel.
用于該形式的常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear, threaten, wish.
有時(shí)賓語(yǔ)省略不定式符號(hào)(常見(jiàn)的有：let fall, let pass, let go, let slip, 'd better, 'd rather, 'd soon,
He made believe he was correct.
動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如其后有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則可以用先行語(yǔ)it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）后移作直接賓語(yǔ) He found it necessary to work hard at English.
用于該形式的常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：acknowledge, believe, consider, count, declare, deem, deny, esteem, fancy, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, suspect, take(think), understand, think.
動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)有時(shí)同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)不一致 Do you mind my smoking?
動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如其后有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)則可以用先行詞it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)后移作直接賓語(yǔ) We found it troublesome solving this problem.
We consider it worthwhile spending some time on this.
有一類動(dòng)詞后面必須跟動(dòng)名詞 We enjoyed staying there.
常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：admit, abhor, acknowledge, advise, advocate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, excuse, evade, fancy, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep(on), mind, necessitate, pardon, postpone, practise, renounce, resent, facilitate, favor, miss, resist.
有一類動(dòng)詞后面可跟動(dòng)名詞也可以跟不定式 1) 意義區(qū)別不大。
He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five. 常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：start, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, commence, attempt, intend, propose, decline, endure, neglect, omit, recollect, recall, bear.
2) 意義有區(qū)別
a) remember doing sth 記住做過(guò)某事。remember to do sth 記住要做某事。
b) forget doing sth 忘記做過(guò)某事。forget to do sth 記住要做某事。
c) regret doing sth 遺憾做過(guò)某事。regret to do sth 遺憾要做某事。
d) try doing sth 試著做某事。try to do sth 努力做某事。
e) mean doing sth 意旨做某事。mean to do sth 打算做某事。
f) stop doing sth 停止做某事。stop to do sth 停下來(lái)做某事。
g) can't help doing sth 忍不住做某事。 can't help to do sth 不能幫做某事。
h) go on doing sth 繼續(xù)做某事。 go on to do sth 接著做另一事。
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞 這一類多是動(dòng)詞和小品詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ) He insisted on doing that.
常見(jiàn)的短語(yǔ)有：stand up, leave off, put off, give up, can't help(stand)
不定式 這一類多數(shù)是一些特定的用法。 He is about to leave. He did nothing but play.
'd rather do sth, 'd better do sth, 'd like/love to do sth,
賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ) 不定式 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的事實(shí)、將要和應(yīng)該做的事 We saw him come in. I asked him to help me.
I helped him (to) learn English.
He arranged for me to stay there.
常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：
1)省略不定式符號(hào)的動(dòng)詞：make, let, have, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at
2)表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞：advice, cause, allow, ask, beg, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn
3)表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：consider, declare find, prove, think, know, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, suppose, understand.
4)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 arrange for, prepare for, provide for, ask for, care for, long for, wait for, vote for, call on, rely on, depend on, count on
動(dòng)名詞 說(shuō)明實(shí)際的情況，這種形式數(shù)量不多。 We call this process testing.
We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet.
分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞
強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作進(jìn)行的過(guò)程 I found him coming in.
He kept him waiting outside.
如謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式，這時(shí)分詞成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，分詞形式不變。
He was seen coming in
過(guò)去分詞 表示動(dòng)作已完成，同賓語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
have (get) 表示的動(dòng)作往往表示別人完成，有時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能由主語(yǔ)完成 We found him tied to the tree.
I had my hair cut.
I can't get this motor started.
如謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式，這時(shí)分詞成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，分詞形式不變。
He was found tied to the tree.
介詞賓語(yǔ) 不定式 這一類多是一些特定的形式， I hardly remember what I did besides read.
He had nothing in mind except to work hard.
It is better to do some work than to spend the time idly.
There is no way out than climb the cliff.
動(dòng)名詞 這一類數(shù)量較多。 I'm afraid of making mistakes while speaking English.
He enjoys doing nothing but talking with her.
On (as soon as he arrived) arriving, he came to see his friend.
In (while) doing this, he learned a lot.
常見(jiàn)的短語(yǔ)：look forward to, be used to, object to, prefer doing sth to doing sth
形容詞賓 不定式 這一類有些語(yǔ)法家也認(rèn)為是這些形容詞的原因狀語(yǔ)。
I am glad to see you.
常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：cross, angry, context, furious, happy, impatient, curious, proud, sorry, thankful, free, grateful, keen, anxio7us, eager, pone, ready, reluctant, willing, humble, jealous, miserable, (un)able, lucky，sad
這一類有些語(yǔ)法家也認(rèn)為是這些形容詞的原因狀語(yǔ)。
I am surprised to see you.
常見(jiàn)的過(guò)去分詞有：annoyed, ashamed, astonished, bored, concerned, amazed, confused delighted, determined, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, distressed, embarrassed, excited, fascinated, inclined, overjoyed, overwhelmed, pleased, prepared, puzzled, qualified, worried, offended, scared, thrilled, vexed
動(dòng)名詞 這一類多是一些特定的用法。 The tree seems like trembling.
The book is worth reading.
He is busy working.
4. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 意義和用法 連系動(dòng)詞 例句
不定式 表示具體的動(dòng)作，表示打算、計(jì)劃、命令和要求等意義 有時(shí)可用appear, seem, happen等作連系動(dòng)詞 To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.(一般同主語(yǔ)的形式一直)
What I wanted to do is write it down.
The only thing you can do is wait and see.
How am I to pay such a debt?
Such questions are to be avoided.
He was never to see his friend again.
What he said proved to be true.
He seems to be ill.
常作主語(yǔ)的名詞有：aim, ambition, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistakes, plan, purpose, suggestion.
動(dòng)名詞 相當(dāng)于名詞，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的情況和狀態(tài)。 一般是be What like best is swimming in the sea.
My job is teaching English
(My job is to teach them to learn English.)
Seeing is believing.
有時(shí)同不定式可以互換
Our duty is serving the people.
Our duty is to serve the people.
分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 相當(dāng)于形容詞，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)動(dòng)作性質(zhì)的。一般分詞后不再接任何成份 有時(shí)可用become ; get等 It is annoying that the meeting should be put off.
常見(jiàn)作表語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞有：amusing, boring, charming, comforting, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, disturbing, embarrassing, exciting, pleasing, fascinating, interesting, inviting, missing, obliging, promising, puzzling, shocking, striking, surprising.
過(guò)去分詞 相當(dāng)于形容詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)，一般后面帶介詞短語(yǔ)，有些形容詞化的過(guò)去分詞前可加very. 有時(shí)可用become ; get ;remain ; appear ; seem; fell; go; look等動(dòng)詞 He remained puzzled. He appeared satisfied with that.
My work is finished. My watch is gone.
常見(jiàn)的過(guò)去分詞有：1)常見(jiàn)帶介詞about分詞： annoyed, concerned, excited, pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried 2) 常見(jiàn)帶介詞at分詞： amazed, amused, annoyed, astonished, delighted, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, excited, offended, overjoyed, pleased, shocked, surprised, 3) 常見(jiàn)帶介詞against分詞： arranged, prepared, irritated, arranged 4) 常見(jiàn)帶介詞for分詞： celebrated, concerned, destined, disqualified, noted, prepared, pressed, qualified. 5) 常見(jiàn)帶介詞in分詞： absorbed, celebrated, concerned, disappointed, delighted, dressed, embarrassed, engaged, entangled, experienced, interested lost, 6) 常見(jiàn)帶介詞on分詞： founded, based, bent, set 7) 常見(jiàn)帶介詞to分詞： abandoned, accustomed, acquainted, addicted, adapted, committed, dedicated, destined, devoted, doomed, engaged, entitled, exposed, known, lost, opposed, related, inclined, married 8) 常見(jiàn)帶介詞with分詞：annoyed, bored, concerned, delighted, disappointed, discontented, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, equipped, excited, occupied, obsessed, pleased, pressed, satisfied, socked, stunned, surrounded loaded, tormented, torture
5. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 位置 意義和用法 例句
不定式 動(dòng)詞不定式必須放在所修飾詞（名或代）后 表示將要發(fā)生，應(yīng)該做的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作之后，具有形容詞性質(zhì)。 I have much work to do.
He has no place to live in.
有時(shí)根據(jù)意思的需要加介詞，這時(shí)介詞不能省略，因被修飾的名詞是它的賓語(yǔ)。
動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞放在在所修飾的詞前 說(shuō)明所修飾詞的性質(zhì)，具有名詞的性質(zhì)，它同所修飾的名詞間不存在什么主謂關(guān)系 He looked me with questioning eyes.
a living room.
一般形式 分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 在所修飾詞前，有些放在所修飾詞后 說(shuō)明正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，同它所修飾的動(dòng)作存在著邏輯主謂關(guān)系 a sleeping boy, on the day following, for years running
過(guò)去分詞 在所修飾詞前，有些放在所修飾詞后 表示被動(dòng)的意思，多數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不能用作定語(yǔ)，只有少數(shù)表示動(dòng)作改變的動(dòng)詞表示在謂詞動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前完成 a lost child, a fallen leaf, retired workers, faded flowers
We have no time left.
Fill the blanks with the words given.
短語(yǔ) 不定式 放在所修飾詞后 一般表示要做和應(yīng)該做的動(dòng)作。 1.He is the first one to come this morning. 2.I have a lot of housework to do at home. 3.There is a lot of work to do in the company. 4.He didn't have the chance to go to school in the past.
1)一般所修飾詞是抽象名詞agreement, attempt, claim, decision, decisive, determination, failure, hope, intention, need, plan, promise, refused, resolution, tendency, threat, wish
2)說(shuō)明被修飾詞內(nèi)容的名詞
campaign, chance, courage, efforts, evidence, fight, news, measures, move, movement, opportunity, position, power, reason, right, skill, strength, struggle, means
3)跟不定式作狀語(yǔ)的形容詞生成轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的抽象名
ability, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, eagerness, impatience, reluctance, willingness
分詞 放在所修飾詞后 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有動(dòng)作進(jìn)行之意。
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)有被動(dòng)之意。 The bird singing in the tree is very beautiful.
This is the bird shot by the boy.
My brother, working in the south will be coming in a few days.
6. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 意義和用法 例句
不定式 表示目的，很常用。 He went home to see his mother.
He came to ask a question.
He got up early in order to (so as to) have time to study.
表示結(jié)果，很常用。 She says so well as to bring down the house.
Will you be so good as to tell him this?
He is not old enough to do this.
He is too excited to speak anything.
表示原因， He laughed to see them fall down.
He wept to hear the news.
表示選擇和比較 She opened her lips as through to speak
He would die rather than give in.
表示條件 To hear him talk, you would think he was tiring.
分詞 表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句when, while。 He went through the papers while having breakfast.
Since leaving school, I met him only once.
常用于這些連詞后when, before, while, after, since
表示原因，有時(shí)同用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的分詞難以分清，相當(dāng)于原因狀語(yǔ)從句because, since, for 和 as。 Being ill, he didn't come.
Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it.
表示條件，相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句if。 Given more time, I can finish the work.
We'll not attack unless attacked.
Working hard, you'll succeed.
表示讓步，相當(dāng)于讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 though, although。 Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
表示結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，這種分詞前通常有thus 或thereby。 Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.
表示方式或伴隨情況，分詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有相當(dāng)?shù)臓钫Z(yǔ)從句，漢譯時(shí)一般譯成并列復(fù)合句 They shook hands, smiling at each other.
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
He lay on his back, his legs drawn up.
He made the boy sit there, promising they would not hurt him.
表示方式 He sat there, as though waiting.
7. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作同謂語(yǔ)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 意義和用法 例句
不定式 不很常用
He has written two articles for the journal, one to be published in this issue, the other to come out in the next.
動(dòng)名詞 不很常用 I saw many people in the room, some talking, some listening.
His chief hobby, sailing a boat, cost him most of his salary.
8. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作插入語(yǔ)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 意義和用法 例句
不定式 多是一些特定的短語(yǔ) To tell you the truth, to be fair, to be frank, to be short, to be sure, to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to be exact, so to speak
To tell you the truth, I don' t know computers very well.
動(dòng)名詞 多是一些特定的短語(yǔ) Generally speaking, frankly speaking, strictly speaking.
Generally speaking, his work is successful.
四. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式
形式 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 意義和用法 例句
復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 不定式 for sb to do sth這種結(jié)構(gòu)可用先行代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)面將該結(jié)構(gòu)后移作真正主語(yǔ)。 It is impossible for me to do this.
It is for you to decide.
It is time for us to do this.
There is a lot of work for us to do.
I'd like you to do it.
常引導(dǎo)該形式的形容詞有：dangerous, easy, useful, hard, difficult, strange, astonishing, pleasant, fortunate lucky, necessary, reasonable, right, wrong, natural, interesting.
with+名詞或代詞 to do sth的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 I feel quite easy, with her to help me.
It (That) is +形容詞 of to do sth. 表示性格特征，行為表現(xiàn)。 It kind of you to help me.
常引導(dǎo)該形式的形容詞有：absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, cruel, considerate, clever, cunning, clumsy, decent, foolish, good, honest, impudent, naughty, nice, polite, right, rude, silly, splendid, wise, wrong, wonderful, thoughtful.
send, bring, take 等動(dòng)詞表目的時(shí)，可帶出自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 The king sent the official to have a look.
動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞之前的名詞，如果是有生命的，通常用所屬格表示，如果是無(wú)生命的，則用通格表示，現(xiàn)在有一種趨勢(shì)用名詞和代詞代替所有格。 His coming won't help much.
I don't mind your (you) smoking.
They insisted on our staying there.
We are happy about his coming to see us.
Do you remember Mary coming to see you?
I objected to you smoking here.
分詞
分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一船沒(méi)有自己的主語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)分詞短語(yǔ)可以有自己的主語(yǔ)，由名詞和代詞表示放在分詞短語(yǔ)之前，它們存在著邏輯主謂關(guān)系 He stood there with his hand rising (raised).
We walked in, he leading the way.
Greeting being over, they got down to business.
He cried suddenly, tears rolling down his checks.
His leg being badly hurt, he had to sty in bed.
There being nobody in the room, we didn't go in.
無(wú)主語(yǔ)句子 不定式 多用于否定形式。 Why stay in the room? Why not ask the teacher?
動(dòng)名詞 征求別人意見(jiàn)。 What about playing basketball?
How about going to see a film?
感嘆句 不定式 多表示要發(fā)生的事。 To think how I started!
To invite him! You are asking for trouble.
分詞 表示的意義根據(jù)句子而定。 Going to Beijing! What for?
Finished my book! I have just started.
其它形式 不定式 相當(dāng)語(yǔ)這些疑問(wèn)代詞和副詞引導(dǎo)的從句。 What to do next has not been decided.
What worries me most is how to do it
I don't know how to leave.
We are seeking the way in which to make the work easy.
It is not yet decided whether to discuss this.
常見(jiàn)引導(dǎo)該形式的動(dòng)詞有：decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, think, understand, wonder
分裂式不定式，被副詞分開(kāi)。 He wants to really know this.
動(dòng)名詞 用do和go構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)。 Go shopping, (hunting, fishing, swimming, walking, dancing, skating, skiing)
Do some reading (shopping, sewing, washing)
分詞 懸浮式分詞, 可以和主句的主語(yǔ)不一致。 1) admitting that…, supposing that…, provided (that)…, regarding, seeing that…, concerning that…, granted…, owing to dangle
2) talking about…, judging from..
Judging from his clothes, he is a doctor.
五. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式
形式 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 位置 例句
一般形式 不定式 放在不定式符號(hào)前，如果是省略不定式形式放在動(dòng)詞前 I want not to go home. I let him not go home.
He promises never to go there again.
He got up early so as not to (in order not to) miss the train.
動(dòng)名詞 放在動(dòng)名詞前 Excuse me for not coming earlier.
分詞 放在分詞前 Not knowing this, he didn't come.
Not having told when to start, he came late.
特殊形式 不定式 主動(dòng)形式否定意義 He was too excited to speak.
動(dòng)名詞 no和without引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ) No smoking. He left without saying good-bye
英語(yǔ)中將來(lái)時(shí)的表示形式
表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中用將來(lái)時(shí)，將來(lái)時(shí)在英語(yǔ)中有多種表達(dá)形式，為了掌握它們的區(qū)別和用法，下面筆者對(duì)它們進(jìn)行分類總結(jié)。
形式 動(dòng)作行為 時(shí)間發(fā)生 語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài) 意義和用法 例句
will/shall +v 主觀或客觀 近期或遠(yuǎn)期 含有情態(tài)的色彩（意想，決心）， 表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。可用于表示不以人們的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的事。 Tomorrow will be Sunday.
Tom will be 20 next year.
Will you go to the party tonight?
to be going to +v 主觀 近期 主語(yǔ)的意圖 表示即將發(fā)生的事或最近打算進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。多用于口語(yǔ)中，表示說(shuō)話者的意圖，推測(cè)和打算，可表示自然和生理現(xiàn)象。 I think it is going to rain.
She is going to have a baby.
They are going to get married next week.
The bridge is going to collapse.
be +ving 客觀 近期 較婉轉(zhuǎn) 表示按計(jì)劃和安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)詞多是一些“來(lái)去”移動(dòng)詞，如：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, stop, return, stay, drive, travel, remain, land等。 President is speaking on the air tonight.
He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
The plane is landing soon..
to be to +v 客觀或主觀 近期或遠(yuǎn)期 職責(zé)和義務(wù) 表示按計(jì)劃，安排即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作， 或征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或表示命令。受人們的意志所支配。比較正式。 Am I to go on with the work？
We are to turn out 10000 cars next year.
You are to take the trip.
v 客觀 近期 表示根據(jù)規(guī)定或時(shí)刻預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。一般有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)， 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作是不可改變的，動(dòng)詞多是那些表“來(lái)去”“起止”的動(dòng)詞，如：arrive, begin, close, come, depart, dine, end, go, leave, meet, open, part, stat, sail, stay, stop, return等，可用表狀態(tài)的"be"，表示年齡和日期。一般用于肯定句。 The plane leaves at six.
This term starts on 1st September.
Tomorrow is Saturday.
I am fifty in May.
will/shall be+ving 客觀或主觀 近期或遠(yuǎn)期 語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，沒(méi)有情態(tài)的色彩 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，有弦外之意，表示事情的正常進(jìn)程，在計(jì)劃之中。 I will be seeing him this morning.（Do you want me to do something for you.）
I don't think I will be using that book next week.
When will you be seeing the president？
to be about to+v 主觀或客觀 近期 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。一般不帶表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 They are about to leave.
Autumn harvest is about to start.