Ⅰ.Words and Phrases
store,fall ill,sickness,live(adj.) L.5 Four
skills
defend,set out L.6
raise,pass by,be worth doing L.7
seaman,fever,litre/liter L.5
Three
skills
merchant,exist,major,plain,biscuit,battle,defeat,seize,bake,
skilled L.6
in search of,astonish,astonishing,bear,thinking,celebrate,
sink,nowhere L.7
passage L.8
expedition,Endeavour,at sea L.5
Two
skills
chart,landowner,Quebec,St.Lawrence,warship,take…by surprise,planet, Venus,seamanship,in charge of,onion,take an interest in
L.6
Tahiti,strait,Tasmania,bay,botany,mainland,Great Barrier,disaster,crew,Java,New Zealand,coastline,set sail L.7
Aleutian Islands,Hawaii L.8
Ⅱ.Everyday English
I have decided to take live animals.
I insist on taking proper food for this expedition.
I shall insist that they do…
Have you decided which boat to take?
I suggest taking a lot of vinegar.
Ⅲ.Grammar
Further study the-ing Form used as Object,Subject and Predicative.
Ⅳ.Language Use
Using the learned language,teachers and students complete the tasks of listening,speaking and writing which the textbook and workbook provide.Reading material “Captain Cook” should be further understood.The exercises concerned should be completed and let the students learn about the contributions that Captain Cook made to exploring,sailing,charting and navigation hygience.
Ⅴ.Teaching Time:Five periods
合成法; 派生法; 轉化法
建議：圍繞單詞的詞根進行詞性轉化轉換。這是擴大詞匯量的捷徑。為英語閱讀奠定詞匯基礎。
(1)合成法：由兩個或更多的詞合成為一個詞。如：
sea+man-seaman(海員) sea+man+ship-seamanship(航海技術)
main+land-mainland(大陸) coast+line-coastline(海岸線)
(2)轉化法：一種詞類轉化為另一種詞類。如：
cook(n.)廚師-cook(v.)烹調 water(n.)水-water(v.)澆水
merchant(adj.)商人的-merchant(n.)商人 date(n.)日期-date(v.)約會
(3)派生法：通過在詞根上加前綴(prefixes)或后綴(suffixes)
skilled(adj.)熟練的［派生］unskilled(adj.)不熟練的［規則］un-構成否定前綴。如：
fair 公平的-unfair 不公平的 believable 可信的-unbelievable 不可信的
lucky 幸運的-unlucky 不幸運的 certain 確信的-uncertain 不確信的
Background Information
James Cook
James Cook was a great explorer, who was sent by England to explore the Pacific Ocean. Before he started exploring, maps of the Pacific Ocean were almost empty. He visited hundreds of islands across the Pacific Ocean and put them in the correct places on the map.He made maps of the coastlines of Australia and New Zealand.James Cook was born in England in 1728.His parents were poor farm workers.When James was 18,he found a job on a coast ship.He worked on the ship until he was 27 years old,and then he joined the navy.He fought in eastern coast of Canada in a war against France,and he mapped some of the eastern coast of Canada.In 1768 King George Ⅲ made him Captain of a ship and sent him to the Pacific.He was gone for nearly three years.When he returned,he was regarded as a national hero.
He started his third voyage in 1776.On this trip he visited Hawaii.He was the first European to set foot on this beautiful island.Then he mapped the western coast of North America.After that he returned to Hawaii.Unfortunately there was some trouble between the Hawaiians and the white men and they started fighting.In the end Captain Cook was killed in a clash with the locals.
異域風情
Columbus's Voyages
Columbus made four voyages to the west between 1492 and 1504 in his vain(徒勞的)search for a sea route to Asia.The mystery of why he failed to find it haunted（縈繞在心頭）him and filled him with sadness.
Wherever he went-to Cuba,Puerto,Rico,Jamaica,South America,Panama,down the coast of Central America-it was always the same story.Instead of golden palaces,there were grass huts and palm-leaf tents.Instead of silk-robed merchant princes,he found “Indians”who did not have so much as a shirt on their backs.
When Columbus explored the West Indies in 1493,he heard tales of a fierce Indian tribe（部落）who really devoured（吞噬）its defeated enemies after a battle.This people was called by many names in the area,including Calina,Canima,Carib,Cariba and Caniba.Columbus recorded the name of the American natives as Canibales in Spanish,a word which came to refer,within a few years,to any eater of human flesh.In the similar fashion,the word Caribbean, a title for the sea as well as for the region,came into English.
At times Columbus became reconciled（意見一致）to the truth that this new land was not China,not Japan,not the Spice Islands.He seemed to accept it as a part of the earth that the geographers to Europe had never heard of before.It was another world-and he called it exactly that-but Columbus also insisted until he died that the land he had reached was an unknown part of Asia.
2.發散思維法：輻射一詞多義或一詞多用，掌握詞中詞，提高閱讀能力。
建議：先學習語言結構，后結合例句加以領悟，再回到劃線部分加以應用，即運用意群記憶法。
astonishing(adj.) 令人驚訝的
astonished(adj.)感到吃驚的
(1) astonish(v.)使驚訝
astonishment(n.)驚訝
如：They found Australia to be an 0 land. 他們發現澳大利亞是一個令人驚奇的地方。
Did you notice his astonished face at that time? 你當時注意到他驚訝的面孔了嗎？
The bad news astonished all the listeners. 這令人吃驚的消息令所有的人驚訝。
All the listeners are astonished at the bad news.
小結：astonishing常用來修飾說明事; astonished常用來修飾說明人
(2)seize the city 占領這個城市
通過思維發散得到：seize
占領、奪取
掌握(意思)
抓住、利用(機會)
如：When he was about to run across the street,his mother seized him by the arm.
小孩剛要過馬路，他媽媽抓住了他的胳膊。
I didn't seize the meaning of his remark. 我不太明白他話中的意思。
He should seize the chance to go abroad for further study. 他應該抓住出國深造的機會。
切記：seize sb.by the arm抓住某人的胳膊
你來試試：
Seized ________________,the thief tried to break away from the policeman.
A.by his arm B.by the arm 答案：B
take the enemy by surprise 突襲敵人
(3) in surprise 吃驚地
to one's surprise 使某人吃驚的是
(sth.)surprise sb.(某事)使某人吃驚
如：He hid himself in surprise. 他驚慌中躲了起來。
To my surprise,she was the mother of two children. 令我吃驚的是，她是兩個孩子的媽媽。
The ring of the phone surprised the man sleeping during the working hours.
電話鈴驚醒了那個在工作時間睡覺的人。
切記：to one's+感情名詞=to the+感情名詞+of sb.
如：to the teacher's surprise=to the surprise of the teacher
take an interest in 對……感興趣，相當于have/show interest in
(4) be/become interested in 對……感興趣
(sth.)interest sb.(某事)使某人感興趣
如：Foreign stamps interest him-He is interested in foreign stamps. 他對外國集郵感興趣。
小結：“take an interest in”中“take”是及物動詞，“interest”是名詞，前可被形容詞修飾。“become/be interested in”
insist on leaving at 7 a.m. sharp 堅持在7：00整離開
(5) insist+that 從句，意為“堅持(應該)”，that從句用虛擬語氣公式
為：should do (should可省略)意為“堅持說”，that從句用所需時態
如：We insisted that he join the navy. 我們堅持他參加海軍。
She insisted that what she said was right. 她堅持說她的話是對的。
切記：insist on后接動詞作賓語用-ing形式;insist后接賓語從句可用虛擬語氣，條件是從句的動作尚未實現。
你來試試：
［改錯］The man insisted that he see the dog yesterday. (see→had seen)
in search of/in one's search for尋找
search sb./sp.搜某人身體/地方
(6) search for 尋找
search(through)sp.+for sth.搜遍……找……
如：He settled in America in search of a better job. 他在美國安頓下來為尋找更好的工作。
The police searched the house carefully to find the stolen jewelry.
警察仔細搜房子，尋找被偷的寶石。
I have been searching for the same kind of shoes as these.
我一直在尋找與這雙鞋同類的鞋子。
He searched through all the drawers for the keys. 他翻遍所有的抽屜找鑰匙。
切記：“search”為“搜”是及物動詞，后直接跟被搜的對象;“search for”譯為“尋找”。
你來試試：
［改錯］They started to search the missing boy immediately. (search后加for)
(7) What shoes do you want me to order?句中的“order”譯為“訂購”
order sb.to do 命令某人做……
order that sb.(should)do命令某人做……(賓語從句用虛擬語氣)
place an order for…訂購
如：The captain ordered the soldier to dive into the water to save the drowning child.
船長命令士兵潛入水中救溺水兒童。
Do you wish to place an order for the bicycles at present? 你愿意現在就訂自行車嗎？
切記：“order”后接賓語從句用虛擬語氣，公式為：should do(should可省略)
你來試試：
［改錯］I ordered the work must be finished in a week. (must→should)
(8)join the navy參加海軍
join+組織/團體
join in+活動/比賽
join…to… 把……連到……上
join up連接起來
如：My wish is to join the army after graduation. 我的愿望是畢業后參軍。
Why didn't you join in the talk last night? 你昨晚為什么不參加座談？
Can you join this wire to that wire? 你能把這條線接到那條線上嗎？
To keep the enemy out his empire,Qin Shihuang had all the walls joined up.
為了御敵于國門之外，秦始皇把所有的城墻連接起來。
切記：join in+活動
because of lack of fresh meat由于缺鮮肉類
(9) lack用作動詞、名詞，缺乏、缺少
詞組be lacking in“缺乏、缺少”
如：He lacks common sense.他缺乏常識。
He can't go abroad due to (a)lack of money. 由于缺錢他不能出國。
He is lacking in teaching experience. 他缺乏教學經驗。
3.辨析法：辨別相近易混詞組，學會它們的區別。
建議：先學習辨析結構，后結合例句加以領悟，再回到劃線部分分析利用，破解難點，即運用意群記憶法。并運用觀察分析法對比記憶。
如：John defeated/beat me at tennis just now. 在剛才的網球比賽中，約翰打敗了我。
Bill won the first prize for the composition. 比爾獲得作文一等獎。
Hard work won him the position of manager. 辛勤工作使他獲得經理職位。
小結：defeat/beat+sb.;不可說win sb.。
at sea 在航海中，全然不知所措。
(2)
at the sea 在海邊。
如：They spent half the year at sea.他們有半年的時間在海上渡過。
A lot of travellers are going on a picnic at the sea. 很多旅行者在海邊野餐。
你來試試：
［改錯］He was at the sea when he began his new job.(去掉the)
rise vi.上升、起身、起床、上漲
（3）
raise vt.舉起、抬高、飼養、撫育
如：The wounded man fell and was too weak to rise. 那個受傷的人跌倒了，無力爬起來。
The level of the scientific research has been raised. 我們的科研水平有所提高。
切記：“rise”不及物動詞，不能用于被動語態。
你來試試：
［改錯］The river has been risen two feet. (去掉been)
in charge 主管、負責，常用作表語或后置定語
(4) in charge of 管理、負責
in the charge of 由……主管(負責)也可用in one's charge
如：The doctor in charge graduated from a famous university. 主管醫生畢業于一所名校。
I'll be in charge of the whole factory next month when the manager is away.
下月廠長外出時，我將負責工廠的工作。
The house has been in my charge for more than a year. 這房子由我照管一年多了。
切記：“in charge of”主語是主管者，“of”后的賓語是被管理者。
“in the charge of”主語是被管理者，“of”后的賓語是管理者。
你來試試：
［改錯］The prisoner was in charge of the guard. (in后加the)
4.聯想歸納法：用已知語言結構進行廣義聯想、歸納總結，再回到意群中領悟。
set sail for… 啟航……
set about 著手……
set out 出發、著手……、陳述、宣布
（2） set off 動身、出發、引爆(炸彈)、燃放(煙火鞭炮)
set off for 動身去，相當于start for,leave for
set up 樹立、建立
set the watch 對鐘表
如：They got ready to set sail for Italy.他們準備起航到意大利。
The young worker found a lot of shortcomings in himself and he set about getting rid of it.
那位青年工人發現身上有不少缺點，就著手進行改正。
When everything was ready,the doctor set out to perform the operation.
一切準備就緒，醫生就開始動起手術來。
A new ship set off from England to America on its first trip.
一艘輪船從英國出發到美國，進行它的初航。
After setting off the fireworks in the street,the child set off for home.
放完鞭炮后，孩子們動身回家了。
切記：set about后接動詞作賓語，用-doing形式。即set about doing。
set out后接動詞作賓語，用to do形式。即set out to do。
(2)be worth“值得”后跟名詞、代詞、動名詞，即be worth doing/be worth sth.。如：
The fur coat is worth the money. 這件皮衣物有所值。
Her suggestion is worth considering. 她的建議值得考慮。
由此聯想到動名詞主動表被動的結構，還有：
want(need,require)+doing=want(need,require)to be done
如：The patient requires taking good care of.
= The patient requires to be taken good care of. 這位病人需要好好照顧。
聯想worth,得到它的同義詞：
be worthy of being done
worthy值得的 值得做某事
be worthy to be done
be worthwhile to do
worthwhile值得的 值得做某事
be worthwhile doing
［一句多譯］
這個問題值得考慮。
This question is worthy of consideration.
=This question is worthy of being considered.
=This question is worthy to be considered.
=This question is worthwhile to consider.
=This question is worthwhile considering.
=This question is worth considering.
切記：be worth doing是動名詞主動表被動結構，不可換成be worth to be done且注意be worth being done是錯誤結構。
(3)Why take vinegar?為什么帶醋呢？
why not do?表示建議，即提議某人去做某事。
由此聯想到
why do?表示疑問或持異議。
如：Why stay here since it is too hot at present?
既然現在太熱，為什么還呆在這里呢？(表疑問)
Why not go to Beijing for your holiday?It's too hot here.
為什么不去北京度假？這兒太熱。(表建議)
切記：why not do?/why do?是動詞不帶“to”結構
由此，又聯想動詞不帶“to”結構，如下：
make/let/have+…+do使/讓某人做某事
see/hear/listen to/feel/watch/look at/notice/observe/+…+do
had better do最好做某事
would rather do than do寧愿……而不愿
may/might as well do 不妨……無妨……(比had better委婉)
如：You may as well know the truth.你知道真實情形也無妨。
but,except,besides等前若有實義do,常省to
如：What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳，你還愛好什么？
cannot but do/cannot help but do/cannot choose but do只好做某事。
如：It is raining hard.I cannot help but stay at home. 天正下大雨， 我只好呆在家里。
切記：make/let/have及感官動詞在被動句中作謂語時，后面的不定式前加to。
如：He was made to work from morning till night. 他被迫從早干到晚。
不僅……而且……
(4)as well as
和……一樣好
not only…but also…不僅……而且
由此聯想
as well也。常用于句末
如：The girl is lively as well as healthy. 這女孩既健康又聰明。
The teacher as well as his students was praised. 學生和老師們都受到了表揚。
Not only I but also he takes(an)interest in English. 我和他都對英語感興趣。
He is a professor,and a writer as well.他是教授也是作家。
切記：as well as連接主語時，句子的謂語動詞應與前面的名詞、代詞的人稱和數一致。
not only…but also…連接主語時，句子的謂語動詞應采用就近一致的原則。
聯想as well as又得到：
和……一樣遠、遠到
as far as
到……程度，也可寫為so far as
如：My friends walked as far as the foot of the mountain. 我朋友散步遠到山腳下。
As/So far as I know,he hasn't been to England. 就我所知，他沒到過英國。
和……一樣長、長達
as long as
只要，也可寫為so long as
如：You can stay as long as you can. 你愿意留多久就留多久。
As/So long as you need me,I'll be at your service. 只要你需要我，我隨時為你服務。
和……一樣好
as good as
和……一樣
如：His composition is as good as hers. 他的作文與她的一樣好。
He is as good as dead. 他幾乎和死了一樣。
你來試試：
［改錯］Air as well as water are used people.(are→is)
GRAMMAR (GERUND) 動名詞
動名詞是一個動詞的 –ing 形式, 在句子中起名詞的作用, 例如, walking, playing, running 等等. 動名詞在句子中可以用作主語, 動詞賓語, 介詞賓語, 和表語等成分.
I. 動名詞在句子中作主語: Subject of a sentence:
Riding a horse is fun.騎馬非常有意思.
Mastering a second language takes time and patience.掌握一門外語需要時間和耐心.
Hearing the other side of the story is necessary.傾聽不同意見是很有必要的
Teaching is my full time joy.教書是我的全日工作.
II. 動名詞作部分動詞的賓語: Objects of certain verbs:
A. finish, appreciate, avoid, delay, enjoy, consider, miss, mind, keep, discuss, imagine, admit, escape, risk, resist, understand, stand, practise, complete, prevent, suggest, save, spend (time doing)
1. We finished eating at 7:30 last night. 我們昨晚7:30 吃完晚飯.
2. I don’t enjoy being laughed at by other people. 我不喜歡被其他人嘲笑.
3. It kept raining for three days. 雨持續下了三天.
4. We appreciate having had the opportunity to meet the king.
我們非常感激能得到面見國王的機會.
B. 英語中部分動詞可以由動名詞和不定式作賓語, 但意思有所不同.
remember, forget, stop, try, regret, help, need, prefer, mean, be sorry for –ing/be sorry to do
to do停下來去做別的事
stop
doing停止正在做的事
to do 記住要做
remember
doing記住做過某事
to do接著做另一件事
go on
doing繼續做同一件事
to do為將要講的事感到遺憾
regret
doing為已經發生的事感到遺憾
to do盡力做
try
doing試著
to do打算做某事
mean
doing意味著做某事
Do you mean to go without money?
如：
Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
切記：動名詞的動作已經發生;不定式動作尚未發生。
1. a. I remember driving along the river before the accident happened.
我記得事故發生前，我沿著河畔在開車．
b. He never remembers to water the plant. 他總也記不住給植物澆水．
2. a. I’ll never forget seeing the Alps for the first time.
我永遠也不會忘記第一次看見阿爾卑斯山的情景．
b. She forgot to buy some milk. 她忘記買牛奶了．
3. a. The girl couldn’t help crying when she heard the sad story.
聽到這個凄慘的故事，女孩禁不住大哭起來．
b. Could you help me (to) paint the house? 你能幫助我粉刷房屋嗎？
4. a. He regretted saying that immediately. 他說完立刻就感到后悔了．
b. We regret to tell you that you have not been accepted on the MBA course.
我很遺憾地告訴你，你沒有被ＭＢＡ課程班錄取．
a. The classroom needs cleaning. It is too dirty. 教室需要打掃．太臟了．
b. I need to know your opinion. 我需要知道你的看法．
a. Try listening to some classical music --- it’s very relaxing.
試試聽點古典音樂， 很令人放松的．
b. She tried to catch up with her classmates. 她盡全力追趕她班上的同學們．
a. I won’t take English lessons if it means studying all the time.
如果，學習英語意味著全部的時間投入的話，那我就不選這門課了．
b. I mean to finish reading the book by Christmas. 我打算圣誕節前看完這本書．
a. I’m sorry for giving you so much trouble. 對不起，給您添了這么多的麻煩．
b. I’m sorry to hear that you won’t be able to come.聽說你不能來了，我感到很遺憾．
C. like, dislike, love, hate, prefer 在這些詞后面使用動名詞表示抽象或
泛指的動作，不定式表示比較具體的一次行為．
D. go + shopping / swimming / fishing / hunting / skiing / bowling / dancing /
hiking / mountain-climbing
III. 動名詞作介詞賓語: Object of a preposition
A. 1. I’m used to sleeping with the windows open. 我習慣開著窗子睡覺.
2. We are interested in learning more about your work.
我們對你的工作很感興趣, 想多了解點有關情況.
3. The Americans succeeded in landing on the moon. 美國人成功的登上了月球.
B. by + doing sth.
1. Pat turned off the tape recorder by pushing the stop button.
派特按下停止鍵, 關上了錄音機.
2. We show other people that we are happy by smiling. 我們通過微笑表示高興．
3. Wang improved his English by watching films.通過看電影，王提高了他的英語水平．
IV. 與動名詞連用的短語Special expressions with –ing form:
have fun doing sth.
have a good time doing sth.
have trouble (in) doing sth.
have difficulty (in) doing sth
have a hard time doing sth.
sit/ stand/ lie + place + doing
He sat at the desk reading.
He lay in bed thinking.
can’t help doing
can’t stand doing
be worth doing
be busy doing
it is no use doing
it is no good doing
feel like doing
be used to doing
look forward to doing
stick to (doing) sth.
object to doing
what about doing…
how about doing …
waste (money, time, etc) doing
(6)動名詞主動表被動結構
①need/want/require/deserve+doing=need/want/require/deserve+to be done
e.g.These flowers need/want/require watering.フ廡┗ㄐ枰澆水。
注意：此三個詞都表示“需要”接動名詞表被動意思，其主語往往是無生命的名詞或者代詞。若主語是有生命的名詞或代詞，其后接不定式的被動式。
e.g.I don't want to be examined.ノ也恍枰檢查。
②be worth doing
如：The patient needs looking after=The patient needs to be looked after.
The problem is worth discussing.
切記：be worth doing不可轉換為be worth to be done.
6.動名詞的一些習慣用法。
（1）It is no good doing sth. 做……沒好處
e.g.It is no good saying so.フ庋說沒好處。
（2）It is no use doing sth. 做……無用，無益
e.g.It is no use arguing with him.ズ退爭吵無用。
（3）There is no doing sth. 不能做某事，做某事是不可能的
e.g.There is no talking aloud in class.タ紊喜荒艽笊交談。
There is no knowing what will happen in the future.ゲ豢贍苤道將來發生什么事。
（4）No doing! 不準……，這種句型多用于公共場所的招牌上。
e.g.No smoking here!フ舛禁止吸煙。No parking!ソ止停車。
動名詞練習
A. 用正確的介詞和動詞形式填空:
1. Allison is not interested _____ ________ (look) for a new job.
2. Henry is excited _____ _______(leave) for China.
3. I have no excuse _____ _______ (be) late.
4. The rain prevented us _____ _______ (complete) the work on time.
5. Instead ____ _____(study), Margaret went to a ball game with her friends.
6. Thank you ____ _____( help) me carry the boxes to my office.
7. I’m looking forward ____ _____(see) my family back home.
8. He showed us how to get to his house ____ _____(draw) a map.
9. The weather is terrible tonight. I won’t blame you ____ ______(not want) to attend the meeting.
10. Who is responsible ____ ______(take ) care of the sick person?
11. The angry look on his face stopped me ____ _____(speak) my mind.
12. Alex caught his mother’s attention ____ ______ (break) the window.
B. 用動詞的正確形式填空：
13. Even though I asked the people sitting in front of me at the movie _____ (keep) quiet, they kept _____ (talk).
14. He prefers _____(watch) TV at home to _____(go ) to the cinema.
15. Did Carol agree ____ (go) _____ (shop) with you?
16. I can remember _____( feel) so proud and happy when I graduated from the high school.
17. --- Did you remember _____(give) Jack my message?
--- Yes, I did when I met him in the library.
18. I can’t ever forget _____(watch) our team score the winning goal in the last seconds of the game _____ (win) the national championship.
19. She is standing at the stop _____(wait) for the bus.
20. It was a beautiful spring day. Dorothy was lying on the grass _____(enjoy) the sunshine and _____(listen) to the birds ______(sing).
21. _____(walk) alone in that section of the city at night is very dangerous.
22. I hope _____ (see) you off yesterday, but I didn’t have time.
23. It is the greatest happiness on earth ____ ( love ) and _____(love).
24. We all think it most foolish of you _____ (make) the same mistake again.
25. It is important for parents and young people to learn how to get through to each other
and develop skills in __________ (understand) and _____ (understand).
Key A.
1. in, looking 2. about, leaving 3. for, being 4. from, completing
5. of, studying 6. for, helping 7. to, seeing 8. by, drawing
9. for, not wanting 10. for, taking 11. from, speaking 12. by breaking
B.
13. to keep, talking 14. watching, going 15. to go, shopping
16. feeling 17. to give 18. watching, to win
19. waiting 20. enjoying, listening, singing
21. Walking 22. to have seen 23. to love, to be loved
24. to make 25. understanding, being understood
三、詞語辨析
1.in charge of,in the charge of
(1)in charge of意思是“（主語）負責……”或“管理……”，其主語多是表示人的詞語，表示主動意義。
e.g.The nurse is in charge of the patients.
這位護士負責照顧這些病人。
Mr.Wang is in charge of this department.
王先生負責這個部門。
（2）in the charge of意思是“（主語）由……負責/管理”或“在……的掌管下”，其主語多是被管理的對象，表示被動意義。相當于in sb's charge。
e.g.All these children are in the charge of Miss Wang.
這些孩子們全是由王小姐負責的。
The department is in the charge of Mr.Wang.
這個部門由王先生負責。
2.set up,set out,set off,set about,set sail
（1）set up 建立“組織、國家、機構”等。
e.g.They set up a committee to investigate the matter.
他們成立了一個委員會來調查這件事。
（2)set out “出發，動身”相當于set off,start out/off，其后常跟介詞for,表示“動身去某處”。
e.g.They will set out for Beijing tomorrow.
明天他們要動身去北京。
另外，set out還可表示“開始……”或“著手……”，其后接動詞不定式，即set out to do sth.。
e.g.He set out to prepare for the final exam as soon as he was back at school.
他一回到學校就開始為期末考試做準備。
（3）set off “出發，動身”，其后常跟介詞for表示“出發去某處”。
e.g.The next day they set off early.
第二天他們早早出發了。
另外set off還可表示“使……爆炸”為及物動詞短語。
e.g.Do be careful with those fireworks;the slightest spark could set them off.
要格外小心這些煙火，稍有火星就會引起爆炸。
（4）set about“開始做某事”或“著手干某事”,其后接名詞或者動名詞。
e.g.He set about writing the report.
他開始寫報告。
I advise you to set about your work.
我建議你著手你的工作。
（5）set sail “啟航，揚帆”，常跟介詞for表示“啟航到某地”。
e.g.When did she set sail for England?
她何時啟航到英國去？
四、能力訓練
（一）單句改錯
1.The red army took the group of enemy in surprise.
簡析：in改為by，因in surprise 表示“驚訝地”，by surprise表示“出其不意地”的意思。 2.Remember not standing so close to the fire.
簡析：standing改為to stand。因“remember to do sth.”意思為“記住去做某事”，“remember doing sth.”意思為“記得做過某事”。
3.The captain got sick while at the sea.
簡析：把the去掉。因“at sea”為固定短語，意思是“在海上”。
4.In what purpose did they set off for Xi'an in a hurry.
簡析：把“In”改為“For”或“With”。因“for the purpose”意為“為了……的目的”，“with the purpose”意為“帶著……的目的”。二者區別不大。
5.Tell me why these eggs go badly.
簡析：把“badly”改為“bad”。因為本句意為“告訴我為什么這些雞蛋壞了”。表示“變壞”就用“go bad”。
（二）根據漢語完成句子
1.當他是個孩子的時候，他對歷史很感興趣。
When he was a boy,he ________ ________ ________ ________in history.
簡析：took a great interest。因為“take a great interest in”意為“對……很感興趣”。
2.這件事需要考慮再三。
The matter needs________ ________.
簡析：thinking over。因為“think over”為“再三/仔細考慮”，“need”接v.-ing形式表示被動意思。
3.老師提高了嗓門，以便我們能聽清楚些。
The teacher________ ________ ________ so that we could hear him clearly.
簡析：raised his voice。因為“raise one's voice”為固定短語，意思為“提高嗓音”。
4.他堅持說作業是他自己做的。
He insisted that he________ ________ ________ ________.
簡析：did his homework himself。因為“insist”當“堅持認為”或“堅持說”講時，賓語從句的動詞用陳述語氣。
5.使我們驚訝的是，他們突襲了敵人。
________ ________ ________,they________ the enemy________ ________.
簡析：To our surprise,attacked,by surprise。因為“to one's surprise”意思為“使某人吃驚的是”;“by surprise”意思為“出其不意地”。
五、高考真題
1.(1998上海)What worried the child most was________to visit his mother in the hospital.
A.his not allowing
B.his not being allowed
C.his being not allowed
D.having not been allowed
簡析：選B。動名詞復合結構的否定式應把否定詞not放在物主代詞之后、動名詞之前。child和allow之間為動賓關系，所以就用其被動式。
2.(2000上海)Tony was very unhappy for________to the party.
A.having not been invited
B.not having invited
C.having not invited
D.not having been invited
簡析：選D。動名詞的否定式作介詞的賓語。否定式應在動名詞前加not，而且Tony未被邀請在先，不高興在后，所以用完成時的形式。
3.（2002上海）Though ________money,his parents managed to send him to university.
A.lacked B.lacking of
C.lacking D.lacked in
簡析：選C。因為從句中的主語和主句中的主語一致，所以從句中的主語和be動詞可省去。從句中省去了they were,即Though (they were)lacking money,…。
4.(NMET 2002)Meeting my uncle after________all these years was an unforgettable moment,I will always treasure.
A.that B.one
C.it D.what
簡析：選B。“one”在此相當于“a moment”，作an unforgettable的同位語；one后又接了一個省去that的定語從句，補充說明這一難忘時刻。
5.(2003上海春)________the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A.The president will attend
B.The president to attend
C.The president attended
D.The president's attending
簡析：選D。動名詞的復合結構作主語。在正式文體中，動名詞的復合結構應為名詞所有格或者形容詞性物主代詞加上動名詞構成。
5.語法天地 動名詞專項輔導
(1)動名詞的形式
動名詞由動詞加ing構成，與現在分詞相同。動名詞時態和語態的變化列表說明如下：
語態
時態 主動 被動
一般時 doing being done
完成時 having done having been done
(2)動名詞的時態與語態
①動名詞的一般時通常表示一般性動作。
如：She dreams of becoming a teacher.
②動名詞完成時表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
如：I'm sorry for having kept you waiting for such a long time.
分析：having kept發生在am sorry之前。
說明：有時用動名詞的一般時代替完成時。如：
Excuse me for being late.
On hearing the news,they burst into tears.
Thank you for giving us so much good advice.
③動名詞的邏輯主語是動名詞所表示動作的承受者時，須用被動語態式。如：
You can't enter the office without being asked.
你來試試：
［改錯］Everybody dislikes laughing at.(laughing→being laughed)
(3)動名詞的句法功能。請看下表
作用
主語 表語 賓語 補足語 定語 狀語
動名詞 V V V V
(4)動名詞的句法功能的具體應用與不定式的區別
表示具體或將來某個動作多用不定式。
①主語
表示抽象、習慣性動作常用動名詞
To scold her would not be just.
如：
Reading aloud is important in learning a foreign language.
切記：“for sb.to do”構成動詞不定式的復合結構。
“of sb.to do”適用于某些反映人的品行、性格的形容詞作表語時。如：
kind,good,nice,rude,impolite,clever,silly,foolish,stupid,careless,wise等。如：
It's not an easy thing for us to master a language.
It is impolite of them to leave at once.
②表語
動名詞與不定式作表語的區別類同于它們作主語的區別。如：
My job is teaching English.
My job is to teach you how to swim.
說明：當表語是不定式時，主語也用不定式;當表語是動名詞時，主語也用動名詞。如：
To see is to believe.=Seeing is believing
你來試試：
［改錯］Saving time is to lengthen life.(Saving→To save)
③賓語
動名詞和不定式作賓語用途較廣，其區別分下列幾種情況比較。
A.有些動詞后既可用動名詞又可用不定式。動名詞表示經常性、習慣性;不定式表示某次具體的活動和行為。如like,love,dislike,hate等。如：
I like playing tennis,but I don't like to play it in such hot weather.
B.有些動詞或詞組后用動名詞。如admit, advise, can't help(禁不住)，
consider, delay, excuse, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, practise, suggest, understand, give up, feel like, appreciate, be busy等。
切記:feel like+doing;would like+to do
can't help doing(禁不住做)
can't help(to)do(不能幫助做)
consider doing(考慮)
你來試試：
［改錯］I can't help cry when I heard the news.(cry→crying)
C.有些動詞后用不定式。如wish, hope, manage, ask, offer, promise, pretend, decide, learn, agree, choose,determine,care,demand,expect,fail,plan,prepare,refuse,desire等。如：
He offered to help me with my housework.
下列動詞后接不定式或-doing形式皆可，但意義大不相同。
to do停下來去做別的事
stop
doing停止正在做的事
to do 記住要做
remember
doing記住做過某事
to do接著做另一件事
go on
doing繼續做同一件事
to do為將要講的事感到遺憾
regret
doing為已經發生的事感到遺憾
to do盡力做
try
doing試著
to do打算做某事
mean
doing意味著做某事
Do you mean to go without money?
如：
Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
切記：動名詞的動作已經發生;不定式動作尚未發生。
④作定語
動名詞作定語說明被修飾詞的性質或用途。如：
a writing table=a table for writing
不定式作定語一般僅可作后置定語，當不定式的動詞為不及物動詞時，應在動詞后加上適當的介詞。如：
You've given me much to think about.
你來試試：
［改錯］Here is a box to put things.(things后加in)
(5)動名詞的復合結構
物主代詞+doing
動名詞的復合結構的構成是：
名詞所有格+doing
這種結構通常在句中作主語、賓語、表語。如：
Their coming to help us was a great encouragement to us.(主語)
What's troubling them is their not having enough money.(表語)
Do you mind my reading your paper?(賓語)
說明：如果這個結構不在句子開頭可以用：
人稱代詞賓格+doing
名詞普通格+doing
如：The noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard in the street.
你來試試：
［改錯］Tom coming late made the teacher angry.(Tom→Tom's)
(6)動名詞主動表被動結構
①need/want/require/deserve+doing=need/want/require/deserve+to be done
②be worth doing
如：The patient needs looking after=The patient needs to be looked after.
The problem is worth discussing.
切記：be worth doing不可轉換為be worth to be done.
4.下列三個動詞跟動名詞一般形式作賓語，表示被動意義。
need,want,require（需要）
e.g.These flowers need/want/require watering.フ廡┗ㄐ枰澆水。
注意：此三個詞都表示“需要”接動名詞表被動意思，其主語往往是無生命的名詞或者代詞。若主語是有生命的名詞或代詞，其后接不定式的被動式。
e.g.I don't want to be examined.ノ也恍枰檢查。
5.下列動詞跟動名詞作賓語，不能接動詞不定式作賓語，但可以帶不定式的復合結構作賓語。
advise,allow,permit,forbid
e.g.He doesn't allow smoking here.ニ不允許在這兒抽煙。
He doesn't allow me to smoke here.ニ不允許我在這兒抽煙。
6.動名詞的一些習慣用法。
（1）It is no good doing sth. 做……沒好處
e.g.It is no good saying so.フ庋說沒好處。
（2）It is no use doing sth. 做……無用，無益
e.g.It is no use arguing with him.ズ退爭吵無用。
（3）There is no doing sth. 不能做某事，做某事是不可能的
e.g.There is no talking aloud in class.タ紊喜荒艽笊交談。
There is no knowing what will happen in the future.ゲ豢贍苤道將來發生什么事。
（4）No doing! 不準……，這種句型多用于公共場所的招牌上。
e.g.No smoking here!フ舛禁止吸煙。
No parking!ソ止停車。
（二）insist的用法
1.用作不及物動詞，意思是“堅持要求，堅持認為”常與介詞on或upon構成短語，接動詞-ing形式的復合結構作賓語，有時也可接名詞作賓語。
e.g.I insisted on going there with them.ノ壹峋鲆求跟他們去那兒。
They insisted on my phoning at once.ニ們建議我馬上打電話。
The teacher should insist on the students writing in the corrections.
老師應該堅持讓學生把錯字改正后寫上去。
They always insist on the boy's honesty.ニ們總是堅持認為這個男孩是誠實的。
We insist upon a definite answer.ノ頤且歡ㄒ得到一個肯定的答復。
2.用作及物動詞，接名詞性從句。
（1）如果表示“堅持做某事”時，從句的謂語動詞用虛擬語氣（should+動詞原形或只用動詞原形）來表示。
e.g.They insisted that we(should)carry out the plan.ニ們堅決要求我們實施這項計劃。
He insisted that the work(should)be started at once.ニ堅決主張立刻開始這項工作。
（2）如果表示“堅持認為……”或“堅持說……”，即堅持觀點、態度時，賓語從句謂語動詞用陳述形式，時態與主句形式一致。
e.g.He insisted that what he said was right.ニ堅持認為他講的是正確的。
He insisted that he hadn't stolen the bike.ニ堅持說他沒有偷自行車。