Units 1-3
argue vt.&&vi. 爭論、辯論、說服。
1)用作不及物動詞時,構成的搭配是:argue about(on/over), "為……而爭論";argue against"為反對……而爭論";argue for "為贊成……而爭論";argue with"與……爭論"。
2) argue用作及物動詞時,后面常接the matter, the point, the question之類的名詞作賓語,還可以跟that引導的賓語從句。
quarrel 既是名詞也是動詞,表示"爭吵"、"吵架"。常用于: quarrel with sb.和;quarrel about sth.為……而吵架;quarrel with sb. about/ over sth./ have a quarrel with sb. over / about sth.因某事和某人吵架。
2. realize vt. 認識;明白;實現。例:
①I didn't realize this until you told me. 直到你告訴了我才認識到這一點。
②Finally I realized what he meant.最后我明白了他的意思。
③In the end he realized his hope for being an artist. 最后他實現了當藝術家的意愿。
come true也可以表示"實現",但它是一個不及物動詞短語,而realize是及物動詞。
④To his joy, his dream of being/ becoming a soldier will come true/ will be realized. 使他高興的是,他成為一名士兵的愿望將要實現。
3. share vt.&&vi.分擔;分享;共同具有/使用。
1)share 用作及物動詞時后常跟名詞作賓語,構成的搭配有:share sth. with sb.與某人共享。例:
①They share all housework, including washing, cooking and looking after their child.他們分擔所有家務,包括洗衣,做飯,看孩子。
2)share作不及物動詞時的搭配是: share in...共享……。例:
②She shares in my troubles as well as my joys. 她與我同甘共苦。
3)share 有時還作名詞講,是"一份","份額"。例:
③We must do our share for our country. 我們必須為國家做出一份貢獻。
4. admit vt. "允許進入(地區或場地)"、"可容納"、"容許"以及"承認"等意思。作"允許,進入"用時,其句型搭配是: admit sb./sth. into/ to。例:
①He opened the door and admitted me into his house. 他開門讓我進屋。
admit還有"可容納"之意時,可以跟數詞、引申為"容許"、"有……余地",后常跟of引起的介詞短語。例:
②This work admits of no delay. 這項工作不允許拖延。
admit作"承認"解時,后面可以跟名詞、動名詞、名詞性從句以及由"to be +adj."作補足語的復合賓語。例:
③Finally they had to admit defeat. 最后他們不得不承認失敗。
④She admitted having done wrong.她承認做錯了事。
5. majority n. 大多數;大部分。
當the majority作主語時,謂語動詞可以是單數,也可以是復數。但當"the majority of + n. "做主語時,謂語動詞由后面的名詞來決定。例:
①The majority were/ was against the plan.大多數人反對這個計劃。
②The majority of the books are kept upstairs.大多數書籍放在樓上。
③The majority of the money is spent on books. 大多錢都花在了書上。
6. but 與however
but與however都可以作"但是、可是"講。但but是并列連詞,在結構上將兩個分句連接起來,上句與下句在意義上構成對比,but后的分句常常是上句意思的轉折。however是一個副詞,在句中位置靈活,在句中常用逗號與其它部分分開,可置于句首、句中和句末。例:
①It is not in July but in June that the national examination takes place. 全國統考不在七月而在六月舉行。
②He knocked and knocked, but no one came to answer the door. 他敲了又敲,但沒人來開門。
③It was very cold. However, he went swimming. 天很冷但他還是去游泳了。
④It was raining hard. However, I should go to work. 雖然天正下雨,可是我應該去工作。
⑤I hate concerts. I will go to this one, however. 我不喜歡音樂會。可是我要去參加這場音樂會。
7. trip , journey, voyage, tour
1) trip多指"包括回程"的短距離的旅行。可陸路,可水路。make a trip=make a journey表示"作旅行"。have a trip也是"作旅行",be on a trip表示"在旅行",go on a trip表示"去旅行"。
2) journey多指遠距離陸上旅行。
a journey for three days=a three days' journey 三天的行程。come/go/send sb.on a journey 去/來旅行/送某人旅行。
3) voyage(長途的)航行、航海,make a voyage作航行。
4) travel 作名詞,表示旅行(用單數形式,不加不定冠詞)。例:
Travel is valuable because it gives us a knowledge of foreign people. 游歷是有價值的,因為它使得我們了解國外人民的情況。
△指游歷、游記常用復數,但前不加many或數字修飾(類似的詞語有clothes)。travels尤指國外的旅游,游歷到遠方的旅行。例:
Do you like books of travels(books of travel)?
5) tour周游,指周游若干地方,有一定的旅行路線,最后又回到起程地點。
8. difficulty n. 困難,艱難。可用作可數和不可數名詞,作"具體困難"時,是可數名詞。例:
①In face of so many difficulties, he never appeared to be afraid. 面對如此多的困難,他毫不害怕。在下列句型中,總作不可數名詞用。have difficulty in / there be difficulty (trouble / problem) in doing sth. / find difficulty in, in可以省略。例:
②Unless you work hard, you'll have much difficulty passing the maths test. 除非你努力學習,你將很難通過數學考試。
9. consider的用法
10. prefer 的用法
11. nature n.
1)自然(界);本質,天性
提示:nature(自然)前不加冠詞,類似的還有room(空間), space (太空), trade (商業,貿易)等。例:
①You must know the laws of nature.你必須了解自然界的法則。
②Habit is second nature. 習慣成自然。
2)固定搭配:in nature在自然界against nature違背自然 (規律)
12. mean. v.
1)含有"意指,意欲"之意,后跟名詞,短語或句子。注意,mean to do "打算做";而mean doing意為"意味著"。例:
①What do you mean by saying so?你這么說是什么意思?
②He had always meant to get it mended.他總是想讓人把它修一下。
2)means是"方式,方法"之意。當作主語時,其謂語動詞的單復數形式要根據句子的具體含義而定。by means of "用某辦法;借助于某事物"。例:
①He does well in exams by means of practice. 他通過練習考試考得很好。
②By no means will he give up the chance. 無論如何他也不會放棄這個機會。
【句型精析】
1. I am not sure if ... 我不確定是否……。
1) be sure后常跟that / if / whether 等引起的從句,表示某人"確信/肯定某事"。例:
①Jack was not sure if / whether they could come. 杰克不能肯定他們是否能來。
2) be sure后還可以跟介詞of / about,意思是"確信,有把握", 后跟名詞、代詞或V+ing形式,表示某人對客觀事物有肯定的認識與判斷。例:
② I'm sure of his success.我相信他會成功。
3) 若用否定式,則句式為:sb. be not sure。例:
③ I think so but I'm not quite sure.我想是這樣,但不十分確定。
2. so... that 和 such... that 句型
adj. /adv.
(1)so + adj.+a+n. +that...
many / much / few / little +n.
adj.+可數名詞復數
(2)such+ adj.+不可數名詞 +that...
a(an)+adj. + n.
① He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him. 他跑得如此快,我趕不上他。
② This is such an interesting book(so interesting a book) that I have read it twice. 這是如此有趣的一本書,我把它看了兩遍。
③ It was such fine weather that they went out for a picnic. 天氣這么好,他們都出去野餐了。
④ They are such good teachers that all of the students love them. 他們是如此好的老師,全體學生都喜歡他們。
3. However, ... do not have any difficulty in understanding each other. 然而,……互相理解毫不費勁。
句型have / there be difficulty / trouble (in) doing sth. 意為"做……費事",difficulty 之前可用much、little、some、any、no 等修飾。例:
① Do you have any difficulty (in) finding the post office? 找到郵局有困難嗎?
② We had no trouble (in) finding his house. 我們毫不費事地找到了他家。
4. That's why the words colour, center and traveler are spelt... 那就是colour, center 和 traveler這樣拼寫的原因……。
由疑問詞why引導的名詞性從句在句中作表語。why作"為什么"、"……的原因"解。例:
① That's why he was punished.那就是他受到懲罰的原因。
其他疑問詞如what, when, where等也可以引導名詞性從句,在句中作表語。
② That's what he wants to know. 那就是他所想要知道的事情。
③ That's where he was born.那就是他出生的地方。
5. You should not go rafting unless you know how to swim... 除非你會游泳,否則別去漂流……。
unless 做"除非……, 否則……"講。但語氣比if...not重。在unless引導的從句中,動詞一般用一般現在時,而不用一般將來時。例:
① I'll be back tomorrow unless there is heavy snow.除非下大雪,否則我明天會來的。(=如果明天不下大雪,我就回來。)
② Stay at home unless I phone.除非我打電話,否則你就呆在家里。(=如果我不打電話,你就呆在家里。)
6. ... adventure travel is becoming more and more popular. ……冒險旅游變得越來越受歡迎。
more and more 是"越來越……",可修飾名詞或形容詞、副詞等。例:
Nowadays more and more people pay attention to their health and get more exercise.當今越來越多的人重視健康,加強鍛煉。
另外, 還有句型 :" the +比較級+句子,the +比較級+句子",表示"越……,越……"。例:
① The more you read English, the better you'll understand the culture of English-speaking countries. 你讀英語越多,你就會越好地了解英語國家的文化。
② The sooner you do it,the better it will be. 你越早做,它就越好。
7. Hiking is easy to do and... 徒步旅行很容易而且……。
這樣的句子中要注意兩個關系:
① 不定式動詞和句子的主語具有邏輯上的動賓關系。 ② 不定式前的形容詞表示了產生不定式動作時主語的特性或情況。這兩種關系決定了不定式動詞只能用主動語態而不能用被動語態。這一句型中的形容詞常見的有:easy, hard, difficult, heavy, light, fit, cheap, important, interesting, pleasant以及這些詞的反義詞。但如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,則必須加上必要的介詞或副詞。這種結構常可以改為形式主語It+be+形容詞+不定式短語(即邏輯主語)這一句型。例:
This question is easy to answer.= It's easy to answer this question. 這個問題很好回答。
The house is hard to live in.這房子很難住。
【短語精選】
1. 例如for example / instance, such as
2. 為了in order to ; so as to :in order to可用于句首、句中,但so as to不可用于句首。
3. 關心care about
4. 登機 / 上船 on board
5. 喜歡,愛好be fond of, 后跟名詞、代詞或V+ing 形式。
6. 搜索,追尋,尋找hunt for
7. 給某人寫信write to
[搭配] write sb. a letter, write (a letter) to sb.
[比較]收到某人的來信: hear from sb. / get (receive) a letter from sb.
8. 別客氣 make yourself at home
9. 總共in all / in total
10. 除了……之外 except; except for; besides
11. 不睡,熬夜 stay up
12. 發生come about, 相當于happen, take place, 三者均無被動語態。
13. 以…告終end up with
14. 引進,引來bring in
15. 許許多多,極多 a great / good many, 可以直接修飾名詞復數,但當有一定范圍時,可以在a great / good many后加of。
16.第一次for the first time;第二次for the second time, 最后一次for the last time。如果用在it is ...that句型中, that 后的謂語動詞用完成時態。如:It is for the first time that she has talked with an Englishman.這是她首次同英國人談話。
17. 在某人看來in one's opinion / in the opinion of sb.
18. 或多或少more or less
19. ……的數目the number of: the number of修飾名詞復數謂語動詞用單數,注意與a number of修飾名詞復數的區別: a number of修飾名詞復數時, 謂語動詞用復數形式。
20. 照顧,照料,照看 take care of / look after
21. 走開,離開,逃走,跑掉get away (from)
22. 代替,而不instead of ,后可跟名詞、代詞、V+ing形式,不跟動詞不定式。注意與instead的用法區別,instead可單獨使用,可放在句首、句中或句末。如:I won't go swimming. I'll stay at home watching TV.= I'll stay at home watching TV instead of going swimming. 我將呆在家里看電視而不去游泳。
23. 當心,提防watch out (for)
24.另一方面on the other hand,常與on the one hand連用,但有時也自己單獨使用。
25. 為某人送行see sb. off
26. 幾天之后in a few days' time
27. 保衛/護某人/某物protect sb. / sth. from
28. 也,還,同…一樣as well as
Units 4-6
1. advance v.
1) 有"向前進,往前走","有進展"的意思。如:
① They advanced 15 miles per day. 他們每天前進15英里。
② A month has passed and the work hasn't advanced. 一個月過去了,工作仍沒有進展。
2) 其形容詞形式為advanced, 意思是"先進的"、"高級的"。如:
③ The theory is too advanced for me. 這一理論對我來說太深奧了。
④ He has begun to study advanced English. 他已經開始學習高級英語了。
2. seize vt.
1) 抓住,強調突然地,有力地抓住。例:
① The bird seized an unusually big beetle and bore it off to its nest.那只鳥抓住一只特別大的甲蟲把它帶進窩。
2) 掌握,理解,思想上掌握;領悟。例:
② He seized the idea and developed it to the fullest limit. 他理解了這個主意,并把它發揮至極限。
3) 奪取;強占
③ The army seized the city. 軍隊占領了這座城市。
辨析: seize, catch, hold, catch hold of
catch是個最普通的詞,泛指抓住某物,又指捕捉等 。如:
④ She threw the ball to me and I caught it. 她將球拋給了我,我接住了。
⑤ We caught a lot of fish yesterday.昨天我們捕了很多魚。
seize指突然用力抓住,語氣比catch強。如:
⑥ They seized the thief and gave him to the police. 他們抓住了小偷,并把他交給了警察。
hold指手持,握住。如:
⑦ I held her by the hand. 我握住她的手。
⑧ He held a pen in his right hand. 他右手拿著一支鋼筆。
catch hold of 指捉住,抓住某物不放手。如:
⑨ The little boy caught hold of the tree when the flood came. 洪水來時,這小孩緊緊抓住樹不放。
3. shake vt.
1) 搖動,震動,動搖,握手。例:
① Let's shake on it. 讓我們為此握手。
② The floor shook when she walked across the room. 當她穿過房間時地板晃動。
③ His lying shook my belief in him. 他撒謊動搖了我對他的信任。
④ The man shook his fist angrily. 他憤怒地揮了揮拳頭。
4. strike v. && n.
1) v. 侵襲,打火,打,敲。例:
① On Friday, 16th October, 1987, a hurricane struck the southeast of England. 1987年10月16日,星期五,颶風襲擊了英格蘭的東南部。
② The damp match won't strike. 這潮濕的火柴劃不著。
③ She struck against the stove as she fell. 她倒下時撞到爐子上。
④ The clock is striking four. 鐘在敲四點。
2) n. "打擊,罷工", 短語on strike"在罷工"
They have been on strike for three weeks. 他們已罷工三周了。
5. struggle vi.
1) 掙扎,奮力,作努力。例:
① The human race struggles with his environment. 人類與環境作斗爭。
② They struggled for freedom. 他們為自由而奮斗。
2) 掙扎著走,費力地走
struggle through the snowstorm冒著暴風雪前進
6. book vt.
1) 預定(票、房間、座位等)。例:
① We booked two tickets on a plane. 我們預定了兩張飛機票。
② book a double room預定雙人間
③ They have booked two train tickets to Beijing. 他們預定了兩張去北京的火車票。
④ booking office售票處
2) n.書
⑤ The number of books for students hasn't been decided yet. 學生課本的數目還沒定下來。
7. award, prize與medal
1) award n. 獎勵,獎品。例:
①He got the second award in saving the flooded people. 他在搶救災民中榮獲二等獎。
② vt. 頒獎,授獎。例:
The school awarded Merry a prize for her good work. 學校因為她工作好而獎勵了梅麗。
2) prize n. 獎賞,獎品,獎金。例:
③ The headmaster will present the prizes after the sports meeting. 運動會后校長將發獎。
④ The Nobel Prize for Physics this year was given to two scientists from America. 今年的諾貝爾物理獎頒發給了美國的兩名科學家。
⑤ He once won the first prize in the school English speaking contest.他曾獲得學校英語演講比賽第一名。
3) medal n.獎章;獎牌;勛章;紀念章。例:
⑥ The Chinese Team won altogether 32 gold medals in the 28th Olympic Games. 中國隊在第28屆奧運會上榮獲32枚金牌。
⑦ The old soldier was given a medal of honor. 這位士兵被授予一枚榮譽獎章。
8. manner 的單、復數
1) 用作單數有"方式、方法、態度"之意。如:in a friendly manner 以友好的方式;a pleasant manner親切可人的態度
2)用作復數表示"禮貌,規矩"。如:have(no)manners有(沒有)禮貌 good manners 有禮貌 bad manners沒有禮貌It's good manners to do sth. 做某事有禮貌。
注意: well-mannered有禮貌的; ill-mannered無禮貌的;rough-mannered粗魯的
① Manners are important to happy relations among people. 禮貌對于人們之間的關系融洽是很重要的。
② It's bad manners to talk with a full mouth. 嘴里吃著東西說話是不禮貌的。
9. advice n. 忠告,勸告,建議(不可數名詞)。
其動詞形式為advise,用法有advise sb. to do sth./into doing sth.
用下列方式表示數量:
① a piece of advice一條建議
② two pieces of advice兩條建議
[常用搭配] give sb. some advice on (how to do) sth.
10. determine與decide
1) decide vt. && vi.決定,其后可跟名詞或代詞、不定式、從句。例:
① It's the people who decide the fate of mankind. 是人決定人類的命運。
② They decided not to accept the invitation. 他們先決定不接受邀請。
③ Let's first decide where we should go. 讓我們決定到什么地方去。
decision n. 決定、決心。常用于make/come to/arrive at/reach a decision結構中。
④ I have made a decision to go with you. 我決定跟你一起去。
2) determine vt.&& vi.決心;決意。例:
⑤ He determined(= decided) to go. 他決意要去。
⑥ I am determined to do better than Mike. 我決心比邁克做得更好。
11. follow vt.
1) 跟隨。例:
① We followed the teacher into the hall. 我們跟隨老師進了大廳。
2) 遵從。例:
② We should follow the instructions on the bottle when taking the medicine. 服藥時我們應按瓶子上的說明來服。
3) 聽清。例:
③ I can't quite follow you. Will you speak slowly?我不太明白你的話,請說慢一點好嗎?
4) 向……學習 follow the example of。例:
④ We must follow the example of heroes. 我們必須向英雄學習。
搭配:as follows...如下
12. attend vt. & vi. 出席、參加、到場。例:
① Why didn't he attend school yesterday? 為什么昨天他沒來上學?
② More than 10,000 people attend the lecture given by the writer.一萬多人參加了這位作家所作的講演。
【句型精析】
1. hear sb. doing sth. 聽見某人正在干某事
除了hear,還有以下單詞有這樣用法,如:see, feel, listen to, notice, look at, watch, observe等。此句式中動詞-ing形式表示動作正在進行,若接動詞原形則表示動作的全過程。請看例題:
① The missing boy was last seen near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing
C. play D. to play
答案是A。表示當時的動作正在進行。
② I saw them teaching him how to do the work this morning.我今天早上看見他們正在教他怎樣做此工作。
2. before... 未等……就……
下列句中的before不譯作"在……之前",請對比:
① Three weeks went by before she realized her mistakes. 三周的時間過去了,她才意識到自己的錯誤。
②The struggle lasted four years before the North won in the end. 戰爭持續了四年,最后北方獲勝。
③ It was long before she returned from England. 過了很久她才從英國回來。
④ I will do it now before I forget.趁我還未忘記現在就做。
⑤ We had not gone for a mile before I felt tired. 走了不到一英里我就感到累了。
⑥ Read the whole passage before you answer the questions. 讀完全文之后再回答問題。
⑦ It won't be long before we take another examination. 過不了多久我們就進行另一次考試。
3. When she hears that Huike has gone to town, she becomes very worried and determines to bring Huike back safely. 聽說惠科已去了城里的時候,她非常擔心,決定將惠科安全地帶回學校。
make+賓語+賓語補足語(可以和have / let / get的用法作一比較)有時用it做形式賓語代替真正的賓語。
在這一結構中,賓語補足語可以是不帶to的動詞不定式、過去分詞或形容詞形式。
1) make+賓語+不帶to的不定式。
這一結構表示的意思是"使某人做某事"。例如:
① Taking some medicine made me feel much better. 服了一些藥使我感到好多了。
② They made the boy stand under a tree.他們讓那個男孩站在樹下。
[注意] 若此結構變為被動語態,補語要用帶to的動詞不定式。例如:
③ He was made to take the medicine.
④ The boy was made to stand under a tree.
2) make +賓語+過去分詞。
這一結構表示的意思是"使某人/某事被……"。例如:
⑤ The speaker raised his voice in order to make himself heard.發言人提高了嗓音以便別人聽到他說的話。
⑥ Can you make yourself understood at the beginning? 你一開始就能讓別人明白你的意思嗎?
⑦ We should not make our plan known to everybody. 我們不應該使每個人都知道我們的計劃。
3) make +賓語+形容詞。
這一結構表示的意思是"使某人/某事(變得)……"。例如:
⑧ The interesting story made him very happy.這個有趣的故事使他很高興。
⑨ They have made the house clean and tidy. 他們把房子收拾得干凈而整潔。
4. Many people like this film not just because the story itself is moving, but also because most of the people in the film use their real names and play themselves. 許多人都喜歡這部電影,不僅因為故事本身感人,而且因為影片中的大部分人物都使用了自己真實的姓名并扮演了自己。
句中原因狀語是由not just...but also...(=not only ...but also)連接的兩個并列句,意思是"不僅……而且……"。如:
① The singers of country music do not just come from the States but from all over the world. 鄉村音樂歌手不僅僅來自美國,而且來自世界各地。
② She is not just a student but a singer. 她不僅是一個學生而且是一個歌手。
③ You should not just practice reading but also writing. 你不僅要練習閱讀,而且要練習寫作。
5. It's time for you to study hard. 是你努力學習的時候了。
1) It's time for sb. to do sth. 到了某人干某事的時候了。如:
It's time for us to have class.到我們上課的時候了。(我們該上課了。)
2)另外,還有句型:It's time sb. did sth.意為"是某人做某事的時候了"。
這個句型中的謂語動詞用過去式,是虛擬語氣的一種用法。例如:
① It's time we had our lessons. 是我們上課的時候了。
② It's about time you had dinner. 是你吃飯的時候了。
③ It's high time we had supper.我們該吃晚飯了。
6. Don't talk loudly while eating. 吃飯時不要高聲喧嘩。
句中的while為連詞,其后跟V+ing形式作時間狀語,是while引導的狀語從句的省略形式。例:
① You don't need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with friends or family. 同朋友或家人進餐時你沒必要擔心這些規則。
② He looked into the distance while listening to the pop music. 他邊聽流行音樂邊向遠方看。
為了使句子的邏輯性更加明顯,有很多分詞前可以保留引導詞。例:
③ Though invited twice, he decided not to go to her party. 盡管兩次被邀,但他決定不赴她的宴會。
④ When doing her homework, she was interrupted by her little brother. 做作業時, 她受到弟弟的打擾。
7. Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small. 上下看看那巨大的頭和腳會讓你覺得自己太渺小。
此句型中使用了動名詞短語作主語。動名詞作主語往往表示抽象的或習慣性的行為。如:
① Taking good care of the children is her full-time job. 照看孩子是她的專職工作。
② Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
【短語精選】
1. on fire / catch fire著火。
on fire是介詞短語,指的是"在燃燒著"這樣的狀態,是可持續的,常用來作表語。on fire中的on 意為"處在某種狀態下"。與此相同的還有on business 出差on holiday度假;on leave 休假;on duty值班;on strike罷工等。
catch fire也有"著火"的意思,但指的是"著火"的動作,表示由不燃燒到燃燒這一短暫過程,是動詞短語。
2. be caught in遇到,碰上,陷入困境。
① On the way back they were caught in a heavy rain. 回來的路上他們遇上了大雨。
② He was caught in a traffic jam and was late.他遇上了交通阻塞,來晚了。
3. look around環顧,四下里看,四處尋找。相當于look about /look round 既可作及物動詞短語又可作不及物動詞短語。如:
① We found time to look around the city.我們抽空在城里逛了逛。
② We are going to look around before deciding where to buy a house. 我們先到各處看了看,再決定買哪里的房子。
around / about / round 還可以與其他動詞連用,表示"四處,四下",如:walk around, travel around, go around, drive around, show sb. around等。
4. look into看,望,調查
① He looked into the hole but saw nothing.他向洞里看了看但什么也沒看見。
② The police are looking into the matter.警察正在調查此事。
5. get on one's feet(=be on one's feet) 站著,站起來
① He tried to get on his feet but failed. 他努力想站起來,但沒成功。
② The little deer managed to get on its feet at last. 那頭小鹿終于站起來了。
6. up and down 上上下下,來來回回
7. a mass of(=masses of )一大堆,大團,大塊
8. go on a trip to進行一次去……的旅行
9. in a second / in a minute馬上,很快
10. fight for 為……而戰
11. take off 成功, 成名,脫衣,(飛機)起飛
12. go wrong走錯路,誤入歧途,不對頭,出毛病
go是連系動詞,意為"變得",通常指由好變壞的情況。常用的搭配有:go bad / red / pale / sour / deaf / lame / blind等。如:
① Father went red with anger when he heard John broke his glasses.聽說約翰把他的眼鏡打了,父親氣得臉都紅了。
② She went mad as she had lost her child. 她由于失去孩子而發瘋。
13. owe sth. to sb. 把……歸功于某人
14. in all總計,總之
15. stay away 不在家,外出
16. lock sb. up將某人鎖于某處不得進出,將某人監禁起來
17. run after 追趕
18. bring sb. back 送回某人
19. on the air 正在播出的
20. think highly of 對……高度評價
21. leave out 省去,遺漏,不考慮
22. stare at 盯著
23. begin with 以……開始
24. apologize(to sb.) for sth./ doing sth.因……而向……道歉
25. at table在吃飯。如:
① Children must learn to behave at table.小孩吃飯時必須有規矩。
② They were at table when we called. 我們去拜訪時他們正在吃飯。
at a / the table 意為"在桌邊"。如:
③ They were sitting at the table, discussing an important problem. 他們正在桌邊討論一個重要問題。
26. for a moment片刻,瞬間
at the / this moment 現在,此刻
for the moment / present暫時,目前。如:
① She thought for a moment (for a minute / for a short while )and then spoke. 她想了片刻,然后才說。
② The line is busy at the moment. Try again in five minutes. 現在占線,五分鐘后再試試吧。
③ Stop discussing for the moment please. 請暫時停止討論。
④ A fire may happen at any moment. 火災隨時都可能發生。
⑤ I'll come in a moment. 我一會兒就來。
27. lay the table將餐具等擺在桌子上準備開飯
28. play a role/ part扮演一個角色,起……作用
29. in the beginning (=at first)起初(表示起初這樣,后來不這樣) in the beginning一般不與of連用。at the (very) beginning多與of連用,表示"在……之初"或"在……開始的時候"。如:
①In the beginning I always made mistakes whenever I spoke English, but now I speak English very well. 起初, 每當我說英語時就出錯,可現在,我的英語講得好多了。
② At the beginning of the class, the English teacher told us a joke. 在上課開始的時候,英語老師給我們講了一個笑話。
30. get married結婚
Units 7-9
1. burn v.
可作及物或不及物動詞,意思是"曬黑;燙著;燃燒,燒毀"。例:
① She got burnt while cooking. 做飯時她燙著了。
② The tea is very hot. Be careful not to burn your mouth. 茶很熱,小心別燙著嘴。
③ I can smell something burning. 我能聞到什么東西燒焦的味道。
2. prepare v.
"準備,預備,籌備",常用于下列結構:prepare (for) sth. 為……做準備;prepare ... for ... 為……準備…… prepare to do 準備做……; sb. be prepared to do樂意做……。例:
It's time to prepare the fields for the next harvest. 是為下年收成準備土地的時候了。
3. agree
1) agree with 意為"同意……;贊成……",后接人或表示"意見、觀點、看法"的詞。例如:
① The enemy generals could not agree with one another; they quarreled the whole night. 敵軍將領意見不一,他們爭吵了一整夜。
注意:agree with 還可表示"與……一致、(氣候,食物等)適合"。例如:
② The verb must agree with the subject in person and number. 動詞在人稱和數上必須與主語一致。
2) agree to 意為"同意……;贊成……",后面接表示提議、安排、計劃等的詞。例如:
③ Our manager didn't agree to this arrangement. 我們經理不同意這種安排。
3) agree on /about 表示"就…… 取得一致意見;在……方面同意或意見一致"。其后常跟表示具體的協議的文件、計劃、行動等的名詞。例如:
④ Both parties agreed on the terms of the contract.雙方就合同中的條款達成了一致意見。
4) agree to do sth. 意為"同意做某事"。例如:
⑤ They agreed to start at once. 他們同意立即開始。
5)agree + that 從句,表示"一致認為,同意"。例如:
⑥ Finally they agreed that Mary should do the work. 最后他們同意由瑪麗來做這項工作。
4. remind vt.
1) remind sb. of 使(人)想起,提醒
① This reminds me of his father. 這使我想起他的父親。
2) remind sb. +(that)賓語從句
② Please remind me that I must call her up before nine. 請提醒我九點前給她打個電話。
3) remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事,使某人想起
③ Please remind me to leave her this note. 請提醒我留給她這張紙條。
5. create vt.
創作;創造;制造
① We've created a beautiful new house from an old ruin. 我們把舊破屋建成一棟美麗的新房子。
② He created a bad impression at the interview. 面試中他給人的印象不佳。
辨析:create指"有目的地把原材料制成新產品"; 也指" 創造出原來不存在或與眾不同的事物"。
invent指"通過想象、研究、勞動, 創造出前所未有的東西", 尤指"科技上的發明創造", 如:
③ Edison invented the light bulb. 愛迪生發明了電燈炮。
make是最常用詞, 指"通過勞動而制造、生產、形成或組成"。如:
④ All kinds of machines are made in this factory. 這家工廠制造各種機器。
produce指"通過勞動加工而生產產品", 尤指"工農業產品"。 如:
⑤ We must produce more food for ourselves and import less.我們必須增產食品, 減少進口。
6. need
在have a need to do sth. 以及in need of sth.結構中,need是名詞,作"缺乏、需要、必須"解時,是不可數名詞。作"需求,需求之物"解時,需用復數形式。need可用于there be句型中,構成:there is a (great) need for; there is a great need to do sth. 表示"急需……"。there's no need to do sth. 及there is no need for sth. 表示"不需要"。如:
There is no need for you to come by nine. 你不必在9:00之前來。
There is a growing need of English teachers in this area. 這一地區對英語老師的需求日益增長。
7. depend vi.
1) 依賴、依靠,常與on連用。例:
① Children must depend on their parents. 孩子們必須依賴父母。
2) 決定于、被……決定、以……為條件或視……而定。That (all) depends. 或It (all) depends. 表示"那得看情況。"例如下面的高考題:
② - How often do you eat out?
- , but usually once a week. [2004天津卷]
A. Have no idea B. It depends
C. As usual D. Generally speaking
答案:B。
③ - Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?
- It .[2002年上海卷]
A. all depend B. all depends
C. is all depended D. is all depending
答案:B。
【句型精析】
1. ... but it is true that many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river. ……但的確,世界上有許多最大的城市建在河邊。
本句中it作形式主語,可指代從句、不定式或doing等形式。
it 作形式主語的句型常見的有:
1) It +be動詞+過去分詞+ that 從句
① It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. 據說他們已發明了一種新型的計算機。
② It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world. 人們相信,中國將成為世界上最強大的國家之一。
本句型常用的動詞有say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide等。
2) It +be動詞+形容詞+that 從句
① It was really surprising that she married a man like that. 她嫁了那樣一個人,這真叫人吃驚。
② It is probable that she will be a little late. 她可能要遲到一會兒。
3) It+be動詞+名詞+that 從句
① It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film yesterday. 昨天你沒去看電影,真讓人惋惜。
②It is a truth that there would be no New China without the Communist Party. 沒有共產黨,就沒有新中國,這是一個真理。
4) It +seems / happens / appears等不及物動詞+that 從句。如:
①It seems that he enjoys pop music very much. 看來他非常喜歡流行音樂。
② It appears that Tom might change his mind.看來湯姆會改變主意。
5)如果句子是疑問形式,就只能用it作形式主語。如:
① Does it matter much that they won't come tomorrow? 他們明天不來要不要緊?
② Is it true that he will go abroad next week?他下周要出國,這是真的嗎?
2. the same (+名詞) +as句型
"the same(+名詞)+as"句型中的as是關系代詞,引導定語從句, as在從句中可以充當主語、表語或賓語。如:
① The house is just the same as it used to be. 這房子還和過去一樣。(as作表語)
② He is doing the same work as I am (doing). 他正在做著和我同樣的工作。(as作賓語)
注意:same總是和the連用。
3. How much does he / she weigh?他/她多重?
weigh 此處為不及物動詞,意為"某物重多少"。不能用于被動語態。作及物動詞時,意為"稱……重量",可以用于被動語態。如:
① She weighs 45 kilograms. 她體重45公斤。
② Cotton has been weighed. 棉花已被稱過了。
4. make+O+O.C.
make 后可跟adj.或n.構成復合結構。此時make意為"使成為……(或保持……狀態)"。如:
① The news made him sad. 這消息使他感到悲傷。
② They made him their team leader. 他們選他當了隊長。
另外,我們還學過make sb. do (使某人做某事)結構。 如:
③ The pain made him cry out. 疼痛使他喊出了聲。
④ John was made to wash the truck for a week as a punishment. 約翰被迫洗車一周作為懲罰。
5. Which do you prefer?你更喜歡哪一個?
prefer在此處為及物動詞,意為"寧愿"或"更喜歡"。這時要注意prefer與like...better在意思上比較接近,但在使用時有區別。prefer的后面可以跟名詞、不定式或V-ing形式作賓語。如:
① - Do you like swimming? 你喜歡游泳嗎?
- Yes,but I prefer playing football.是的,但我更喜歡踢足球。
② I prefer dogs to cats. 我喜歡狗而不喜歡貓。
③ I prefer you not to go there alone.我倒更愿意你不單獨前往。
④ I prefer to stay at home rather than go to see the film with you. 我寧愿呆在家里,而不愿和你一起去看電影。
【短語精選】
1. life 短語歸納
lead(live) a happy life 過著幸福的生活;in life一生中; all one's life終生; come back to life 復活;bring...to life使蘇醒; lose one's life 喪生; devote one's life to ……致力于,獻身于;give one's life for……為……而獻出生命
2. give in
1) 屈服,投降,作不及物動詞短語。例:
They were at last forced to give in.最終他們被迫投降。
2) 作及物動詞短語give...in = hand in 交上,呈上(文件),報上去,登記。例:
Names of competitors must be given in before the end of the month. 參賽者名單必須在月底前上交。
3. in ruins 成為廢墟,遭到嚴重破壞
4. pull down拆毀,推毀;推翻
5. set up 設立;創立
6. look like看起來像
7. be used to do被用來;be used to doing習慣于; used to do sth. 過去常常……,曾經……(暗含現在已經不是如此)。例:
① Wood is used to make fine paper.木頭被用來制造優質紙。
② He is used to living in the country now. 他現在習慣于住在鄉下了。
③ There used to be several trees in front of our house. 我們屋前曾經有幾棵樹。
8. stand for 代表;代替;象征;支持
9. because of 因為;由于
10. track and field田徑
11. take part in參加
12. in preparation for為……作準備
13. stay in touch with 與……保持聯系
14. would rather用法歸納
1) would rather do sth."寧愿做某事",如:
I would rather stay at home for a rest. 我寧愿呆在家里休息。
2) would rather not do sth."寧愿不做某事"。如:
He would rather not tell his mother the truth. 他寧可不告訴他媽媽事實的真相。
3) would rather... than "寧愿……也不",可替換成:would... rather than..., rather than... would,意義不變。如:
She would rather die than give in.=She would die rather than give in.=Rather than give in, she would die. 她寧死不屈服。
She would rather have some sweets than fruit.她寧吃糖不吃水果。
4) would rather that……"寧愿……",that從句中用過去時表示現在或將來要做的事;談到過去的動作要用過去完成時。如:
①She would rather that you posted the letter right away.她寧可你立刻把信寄走。
② I would rather that you had taken the doctor's advice last time.我寧愿你上次采納了醫生的建議。
15. call for要求;需要
call短語歸納
1)用作動詞
call (up) sb. 給某人打電話; call on sb.拜訪某人;call at到某地作短暫訪問;call for help呼救;call for sb.邀約某人;call for skill / money / patience要求 / 需要技術 / 錢 / 耐心;call in叫某人進入;call in a doctor請醫生;call out to sb.對某人大聲喊叫;call on sb. to do sth.號召某人做某事
2)用作名詞
give sb. a call打電話給某人;make a call打電話;get/receive a call from sb.接到某人的電話;pay a call on sb.拜訪某人;a long-distance call一次長途電話
16. in case (of) 假設;萬一
17. according to 按照;根據……所說
18. take over接收;接管
19. break down毀掉;壞掉; 中止
20. in modern times 在現在; in ancient times在古代
21. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵某人做某事
He encouraged me to have a try. 他鼓勵我試一試。
另:discourage sb. from doing. 打消某人做某事的念頭,(使)氣餒
22. more than 不僅僅
此時相當于not only,如:
① He is more than a professor. He is a writer. 他不僅是教授。也是一名作家。
② Bamboo (竹子) is used for more than building. People eat it. 竹子不僅僅用于建筑。也可被人們食用。
另: no more than 僅僅, 只有; not more than 不多于,不超過; less than 少于
23. live one's dream 實踐某人的夢想。live 此處為"實踐、實現"的意思。如:live one's belief 實踐自己的信仰
Units 10-12
1. measure
1)用作動詞,意為"測量,(大小尺寸)測量為……"。
measure the distance/the length測量距離/長度;measure them with a ruler 用尺子量;measure sb. for a new suit為某人量尺寸做衣服。如:
① The snake measures 10 metres. 這條蛇有10米長。
2)用作名詞:to one's own measure 根據某人自己的尺寸;take measures采取措施。如:
②I had a pair of trousers made to my own measure. 我按我的尺寸定做了一條褲子。
③The government has taken measures to control the prices. 政府已經采取措施控制物價。
2. 1) exciting adj. 令人激動的,使人興奮的。例:
①This is a piece of exciting news. 這是一條令人激動的消息。
2) excited adj. (感到)興奮的,激動的。例:
②They were excited to hear the exciting news.他們聽到那條令人激動的消息都很興奮。
3) excite vt. 使激動,使興奮,刺激。例:
③The good news excited everyone present. 這條好消息使在場的每個人都興奮不已。
4) get excited at /by/about/over 因……而激動起來。例:
④They all get excited at the good news that we won at last. 他們聽說我們最后贏了都高興極了。
3. cause
1) n. 原因,起因(指導致某事發生的事物、人等)。例:
①What was the cause of the fire? 這場火災的起因是什么?
②Smoking is one of the causes of heart disease.吸煙是導致心臟病的原因之一。
2) n. 事業,(奮斗的)目標。例:
③We are fighting for the great cause of socialism. 我們在為社會主義的偉大事業而奮斗。
3) v. 使產生;使發生;引起;使遭受;給……帶來。例:
④What caused the accident? 是什么引起這場事故的?
⑤I'm afraid that I'm causing you much trouble. 恐怕我給你增添了很多麻煩。
4. effect
n. 結果;效果;作用。come into effect 生效;實行;bring a plan into effect 實施計劃;have an effect on sth. 對……有效果,對……有影響。例:
①I tried to persuade him, but with little or no effect. 我試圖說服他,但幾乎沒有效果。
②The medicine has little effect on the terrible disease.對這種可怕的疾病,這藥幾乎無效。
5. spread (spread, spread)
1) vt.傳播;散布。例:
① Flies spread disease. 蒼蠅傳播疾病。
② The radio spread the news as soon as it happened. 事情一發生,收音機就把消息傳播開來。
2) vi. 傳開;蔓延;伸展;延伸。例:
③ The fire spreads quickly. 火勢迅速蔓延。
④ Word spread quickly about the accident. 關于事故的消息迅速傳開了。
⑤The red flag spreads in the wind. 紅旗迎風招展。
⑥The city spreads ten miles to the north. 城市向北延伸了10英里。
6. satisfy
1) vt. 使滿足,使滿意。例:
① This work doesn't satisfy me.這項工作我不滿意。
② In order to satisfy his need for knowledge, my brother went to that college to study .為了滿足對知識的需要,我兄弟去那所大學求學了。
2) satisfied adj. 滿意的。例:
③The teacher is very satisfied with the work the students did yesterday. 老師對學生們昨天干的工作感到十分滿意。
④I wasn't satisfied with the treatment at that hotel. 我不滿意在那家旅館受到的待遇。
3) satisfying adj. 令人滿意的。例:
⑤ This is a satisfying answer. 這是一個令人滿意的答案。
⑥ The result of the examination is very satisfying. 這次考試的結果非常令人滿意。
7. however
adv. 1) 可是,然而2) 無論如何,不管怎樣。例:
① I'd like to go with you; however, my hands are full. 我想和你一塊去,可是我忙不過來。
② The book is expensive; how-
ever, it's worth the price. 這本書很貴,卻很值這個價。
③The composition is all right; however, there is room for improvement. 這篇文章不錯,不過還有改進余地。
④However hard the work may be, we must finish it in time. 不管工作多么艱苦,我們必須及時完成。
⑤ However clever you are, you must study hard. 不管你多聰明,你都必須努力學習。
8. adventure
n. 1. 冒險 2. 奇異的事情
a story of adventure 冒險故事;be fond of adventure 愛好冒險;have a lot of adventures in the desert 在沙漠中經歷許多奇異的事情
adventurous adj. 喜歡冒險的;大膽的;冒險的
9. host
1) vt . 擔任……主人,主持
2) n. 主人,東道主,主持人(女主持hostess )。例:
① Which country is hosting the Games this year? 今年的運動會由哪國主辦?
② Hosting our show this evening is the lovely Cynthia. 我們今晚的演出由美麗的辛西亞主持。
③ act as host at the party 擔任聚會的主人
④ play host to a meeting 擔任會議的主持。
10. entertain
1) vt. 使快樂;使感興趣。如:
① We were all entertained by his tricks. 我們都對他的戲法感興趣。
2) entertainment n. 娛樂。如:
② A cinema is a place of enter-
tainment. 電影院是娛樂場所。
③ This is a serious novel, not an entertainment. 這是一本嚴肅的小說,不是供消遣的。
11. adapt
v. 使適應,使適合;修改,改編
adapt from 根據……改寫/改編
adapt (oneself) to (使自己)適應或習慣于。例:
① When we moved to Shanghai, the children adapted to the change very well. 我們搬到上海之后,孩子們很容易就適應了這個變化。
② The movie is adapted from a novel. 這部電影是根據小說改編成的。
12. compare
v. 比較,和……相比
compare ... with ... 把……和……作比較
compare ... to ... 把……比作……
compared with / to ... 與……比較起來。例:
① If you compare British English with American English, you will find many differences. 如果你把英式英語和美式英語作一比較,你會發現許多不同之處。
② We often compare time to gold. 我們經常把時間比作金子。
③ Compared to / with Jane, Mary is beautiful. 與珍妮相比,瑪麗更漂亮。(注意,此句型中的形容詞不用比較級。)
句型精析】
1. Why is it important to make sure that animals do not die out? 為什么確保動物不滅絕是非常重要的?
在這種句型中it是形式主語,真正的主語是后置的動詞不定式。在"It + be + 形容詞+for sb. to do"句型中,常用表示客觀情況的形容詞,如:dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible 等。例:
① It's quite impossible for us to finish the work on time with so little money. 用這么少的錢按時完成工作對我們來說是不可能的。
② It's quite necessary for middle school students to form a good living and learning habit. 對中學生來說,養成良好的生活和學習習慣是非常必要的。
③ It is easy to do, but difficult to understand. 做起來容易,理解起來卻很難。
2. People have been playing the blues for many years. 人們已經演奏布魯斯音樂很多年了。
have been playing 是現在完成進行時,由"have / has been+現在分詞"構成,表示該動作從過去開始一直持續到現在,并且有可能繼續延續下去。通常與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:
I've been sitting here all the afternoon. 我在這兒坐了一下午了。
How long has it been raining? 雨下了多久了?
Where have you been? What have you been doing? 你到哪兒去了?干什么去了?
3. Most pop singers make music their career.大部分的流行歌手把音樂當成自己的職業。
1) 此句型是:動詞+賓語+名詞作賓補
這類動詞有call, name, make, elect, find, consider, leave等。如:
① We made him monitor of our class. 我們選他當我們班的班長。
② We call him Xiao Wang. 我們稱他小王。
③ His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 他父母過世了,他成了一個孤兒。
2)另外還有句型:動詞+賓語+形容詞或形容詞短語作賓語補足語。這類動詞有keep, make, find, think, get, leave, consider, dye(blue), cut (short), paint (white)等。如:
④ I find it hard to learn idioms and some useful expressions.我們發現習語及一些有用的短語很難學。
⑤ What he said about Jack made us worried. 他講的關于杰克的事使我們很憂慮。
⑥ We must keep the room clean. 我們必須保持房間清潔。
【短語精選】
1. in danger與dangerous
in danger意思是"處在危險中", 指人和物的處境,相對的短語是 "out of danger",意思是說"脫離危險";dangerous 指"危險的",含有給別人帶來危害的意思。如:
① Tigers are in danger because of the forest fire.由于森林大火,老虎處在危險中。
② The tiger is dangerous, for it may hurt people.老虎很危險,因為它會傷人。
③ The patient now is out of danger. 病人現在已經脫離危險了。
2. die out
1)(指家族、物種等)死光,滅絕。如:
① These animals have already died out. 這些動物已經絕種。
2)(指習俗、做法等)消滅,消失。如:
② The old traditions are dying out. 舊傳統漸漸消失。
3. take measures 采取措施
4. devote oneself/ one's life (time, efforts...) to (doing)sth. 致力于,獻身于;be devoted to 專心致力于,獻身于,很喜歡
5. live(lead) a...life過著……的生活
6. take turns doing...=take turns to do... 輪流干某事。如:
Mary and Helen took turns looking after their sick mother . 瑪麗和海倫輪流照看她們生病的媽媽。
7. ask for advice 征求意見; give advice 提出勸告;follow /take sb.'s advice 接受某人的建議。如:
① When you have any difficulty, you can ask for the teachers' advice. 當你有困難的時候,你可以征詢老師們的意見。
② If you take my advice and work hard, you'll pass the examination. 如果你聽我的建議用心讀書,你就會通過考試的。
③ You won't get well unless you follow the doctor's advice. 如果你不聽從醫生的建議,你就不會痊愈。
8. in common 共同之處。如:
① They two have nothing in common. 他們倆沒有共同之處。
② They are twins, but they have little in common. 他倆是雙胞胎,但他倆幾乎沒有什么共同之處。
9. on the other hand 另一方面。如:
① I want to go to the party, but on the other hand I ought to be studying. 我想去參加聚會,但從另一方面來說,我應該留下來學習。
② I can't go to the United States now. On the one hand, I have no money; on the other hand, I have no time. 我現在不能去美國。一方面我沒錢,另一方面我也沒時間。
10. dance to ...伴隨……起舞。如:
① I like dancing to quiet music. 我喜歡和著恬靜的樂曲跳舞。
② She is singing to the piano. 她正伴著鋼琴唱歌。
11. be in trouble 處于困境(困難)中,有了問題(麻煩)。 如:
① She is in great trouble, so she needs your advice.她遇到很大的困難,所以需要你的建議。
② The little boy was in trouble so I swam over to save him. 那小孩出事了,因此我游過去救他。
12. come across (sth./sb.) (偶然)發現,碰到(無被動語態) 。如:
① I came across an old school friend in the street this morning.今天早上我在大街上碰到一位老校友。
② She came across some old photographs in a drawer. 她在抽屜里偶然發現一些舊照片。
13. fight against 與……戰斗;(與)……對抗。如:
① They fought against the enemies fiercely. 他們猛烈地對敵作戰。
② The U.S fought against Britain in the War of Independence. 美國在獨立戰爭中同英國作戰。
fight for 為……而戰。如:
③ They have to fight for freedom. 他們必須為自由而戰。
14. together with 與……一起,連同。如:
He sent her flowers together with a letter. 他送她一些鮮花,還附帶一封信。
15. believe in 信仰,信任,確信。如:
① We do not believe in the man. 我們不信任此人。
② Helen believes in jogging for her health.海倫確信慢跑對她的健康有益。