Warming up
1．What kind of entertainment did they have?
entertainment作為名詞，有以下含義:
1.表示“娛樂，游藝，技術(shù)表演”。
e.g.Jenny is interested in the news of entertainment.詹妮對娛樂新聞感興趣。
2.表示“招待，款待”。
e.g.1.This hotel is famous for its entertainment.這家旅館因為殷勤待客而出名。
e.g.2.He gives numerous entertainments to his friends.他常常宴請很多客人。
entertainment的動詞形式是entertain，它作為及物動詞，表示以下含義：
1.使娛樂，助興e.g.We were all entertained by his tricks.大家對他的把戲都很感興趣。
2.款待，招待e.g.He plans to entertain his friends to dinner.他計劃設(shè)晚宴招待他的朋友們。
3.心存，考慮 e.g.1.to entertain an idea/to entertain a hope 懷有一個主意/懷有一個希望
e.g.2.I refused to entertain such a foolish idea.我拒絕考慮這樣愚蠢的主意。
entertain作為不及物動詞，表示的意思是“招待客人”。
e.g.She loves to talk,dance and entertain.她喜歡說話，跳舞和招待客人。
entertainer作名詞，含義是“招待人，款待人；表演娛樂的人”。
entertaining 是形容詞，意思是“娛樂的，有趣的”。
e.g.We spent an entertaining evening at the theatre.我們在這家劇院度過了一個有趣的夜晚。
entertainingly 是副詞。
2. decoration [U] 裝飾，裝潢 home decoration 家居裝飾
decorate v. 裝飾；點綴。例如：decorate a Christmas tree 裝飾圣誕樹
3. artefact [C] 人工制品（尤指有考古價值的工具或武器）
prehistoric artefacts made of bone and pottery 史前的骨制及陶制器具
4. unearth vt.（從地下）發(fā)掘；揭露。
例如：unearth buried treasure 發(fā)掘埋在地下的寶藏
unearth new facts about Shakespeare 發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)莎士比亞的新資料 unearth a plot 揭露一個陰謀
unearth 由un-加上名詞 earth構(gòu)成，類似的詞語主要有以下幾個。
unhand 意思是“放手，松手”。e.g.Please unhand me!別拉著我。
unglove 的含義是“脫下的手套”。 e.g.Her hand,when ungloved,glitters with heavy rings.
她脫下手套的時候，許多戒指在她手上閃爍。
unhair 的意思是“拔掉頭發(fā)”。unmask 的意思是“揭除面具或者偽裝”。
unglue 的意思是“取掉（粘著之物），剝”。
e.g.1.to unglue a stamp from an envelope by steaming 借著蒸氣來取掉信封上的郵票
e.g.2.to unglue the children from a TV set使孩子們離開電視機
Listening
5. else adv. 此外，另外（與不定代詞、疑問代詞或否定副詞連用）。例如：
Do you want anything else? Where else can I get it?
構(gòu)成所有格時，’s加在else之后。例如： Who else’s fault could it be then?
Speaking
6.I’d like to know more about life as it was two hundred years ago.
as conj. 像……一樣的；如……的。例如： I’d like to go abroad as you do.我想跟你一樣出國。
as用作“雖然，盡管”時，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，需提前名詞、形容詞、副詞或動詞。例如：
Object as you may, I’ll go. 縱使你反對，我也要去
He was late, as usual. 他如往常一樣遲到了。
7.be curious to… 極想……
be curious about… 對……有興趣
curious adj. 奇異的，奇怪的，好奇心強烈的，渴望知道的，愛探究的。例如：
curious eyes 好奇的眼神 curious behaviour 奇怪的舉止
I’m curious to know what is written in his letter. 我極想知道他在信中寫什么。
Children are naturally curious about everything around them. 小孩子對周圍的每件事感到好奇。
curiosity n. 好奇（心）；古玩；珍品。例如：
arouse curiosity 引起好奇心 a curiosity shop 古董店
8. What I’d really like to find out is whether people would sometimes want to go on a holiday, as we do. That sort of thing 我真正想發(fā)現(xiàn)的是人們是否有時候會和我們一樣想去度假那一類事情。
as在這里是連詞，引導(dǎo)一個方式狀語從句。 請看以下由as 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句的例子：
e.g.1.You’d better do as I did.你最好按照我做的去做。
e.g.2.As what she said before,it was really difficult to persuade him to go with us.
正如她過去所說的，說服他和我們一塊走是一件很困難的事情。
作為連詞，as還可以引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。
e.g.1.Twelve days later,millions more Indians lined the railway tracks as a slow train took the jar containing his ashes 584 kilometers to a place by the river.
十二天后，當一列慢車將盛有甘地骨灰的壇子駛向584千米外，靠近恒河的一個地方時，又有數(shù)百萬人排列在鐵路兩旁，夾道送行。
e.g.2.Three million people watched as the ashes of this great man were gently poured into the brown waters of the river that would carry them to the ocean.
還有300萬人守望著這位偉人的骨灰緩緩撒入褐色的恒河，河水把他的骨灰送向大海。
辨析:as,when 和while
這三個連詞都可以連接時間狀語從句，但有差別:如果主句和從句的時間相同，以選用as較宜，表示隨著……；而when只有一般時間意義，還可以表示at that time的含義；while是個連詞，它所表達的時間通常是指整個一段時間或過程，相當于during which time的用法。從句中常常使用進行時，還可以表示主從句的對比。
e.g.1.They came up stair as we went down.他們上樓，我們下樓。
e.g.2.As one grows older，one becomes more experienced.人長大了，經(jīng)驗就更豐富了。
e.g.3.When one man is in difficulty，the thousands come to his aid.
一人有難眾人幫。
e.g.4.The weather was fine while we were in Shanghai.我們在上海的日子里，天氣晴朗。
e.g.5.We were watching TV while they were playing chess.我們在看電視，而他們在下棋。
作為連詞，as還可以引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句,表示以下含義。
1.表示“（用于比較）與……一樣”的意思。
e.g.1.She works in the same building as my sister.她和我的妹妹在同一棟大樓上班。
e.g.2.This is the same as it was before.這個與以前一樣。
2.表示“諸如”的意思。
e.g.such animals as cats and dogs 諸如貓、狗之類的動物
作為連詞，as還可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。
e.g.As the weather is fine,let’s go fishing.既然天氣變得好起來了，咱們?nèi)メ烎~吧。
辨析:because,since,as 和for
because，since，as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句:
because 引導(dǎo)的從句表示直接的、根本的原因，用來回答why 提出的問題，為全句重心所在。since引導(dǎo)的從句表示顯然的或已知的理由、原因，相當于漢語的“既然”。主句是全句意思的重心，從句次之。as 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，與since沒多大區(qū)別。它們引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，其原因已很明顯，不必加以強調(diào)。由as表示的原因，語氣最弱，往往譯成漢語的“由于”。
for 是個并列連詞，引導(dǎo)并列句，是對前句內(nèi)容的補充說明。
as還可以用作關(guān)系代詞，其含義是“正如”請看以下例子。
e.g.As you know，we have the right to vote.正如你知道的，我們有權(quán)選舉。
辨析:as和which
首先，這兩個詞意義不同。前者表示正如，后者沒有意義，只起連接作用。
其次，前者構(gòu)成的從句既可以前置又可以后置，而由后者構(gòu)成的從句則只能后置，不能前置。
再次，當從句中有the same,such,so 時，只能用as。
比較:It is no use arguing with them,as we all see.和他們爭論是沒有用的，正如我們所看到的。（既可后置）
As we all see，it is no use arguing with them.（又可前置）正如我們都看到的,和他們爭論是沒有用的。
It is no use arguing with them,which we all see.
我們都看到了，和他們爭論是沒有用的。（只能后置）
as還可以用作介詞，其含義是“作為”。指處于某種狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、情況、工作等之中。請看以下例子。
e.g.1.He works as a driver.他以開汽車為業(yè)。e.g.2.The kitten uses that box as a bed.小貓把那盒子當作床。
辨析:as和like
當作介詞的時候，as只用于以下情況：
1.用作“作為”講的時候。
2.用來舉例，比如用來代替for example的時候；
3.用來引導(dǎo)某些動詞，如:look upon，regard，consider，treat，think of等的賓語的補語的時候。
e.g.1.As a writer，he has no equal.作為一個作家，他是首屈一指的。
e.g.2.Languages（such）as English，German，Dutch belong to the same family.
像英語、德語、荷蘭語等語言都屬于同一個語系。
e.g.3.The teacher considered your son as being too small.
老師認為你的兒子太小了。
比較:The prisoner was hanged like a murderer.這個囚徒像殺人犯那樣被處以絞刑（=…as if he were a murderer）。
e.g.4.The prisoner was hanged as a murderer.這個犯人作為殺人犯被處以絞刑。（這個犯人就是殺人犯）
1.I didn’t feel just you. A.as B.like C.such D.so
2. a teacher,I have to set a good example for my students.
A.Like B.Be C.As D.Have
3.It must have rained yesterday the ground is wet.
A.as B.since C.because D.for答案：1.A 2.C 3.D
Reading
9. date back to: = date from 始自某時期, 追溯到，上溯到(無被動語態(tài))
Our school dates back to 1953. Our friendship dates from childhood.
out of date過時的;舊式的 up to date時新的;新式的
10. bury vt. 埋葬
Many men were buried underground when there was an accident at the mine.
礦上發(fā)生意外事故時,許多礦工都被埋在地下
bury oneself in 專心致志于, 埋頭于(in)
be buried in thought 沉思 He buried himself in his work.
Buried in his book, he didn’t notice me entering the room.
11.Some of the objects found in the grave give us an idea of how he was dressed when he was buried
墓穴里發(fā)現(xiàn)的部分物品讓我們對于他當時的穿著有了一個了解
(1)give sb an idea of 使某人明白
The book will give you an idea of what everyday life of ordinary Americans is like.
(2).dress作為及物動詞，后面只能夠接人或者是反身代詞，而不能接物或者是衣服作為賓語。
dress v. 穿衣。例如：
be dressed in （表狀態(tài)）穿著 dress sb. 給某人穿衣服
dress oneself in… 穿著……（表動作） dress up 盛裝，打扮
dress well 穿著得體
dress [C] 連衣裙；女裝 in formal (evening) dress 著禮服（晚禮服）
a silk dress 一件絲綢的禮服
12. clothing n.衣服(集合名詞,無復(fù)數(shù)形式) an article of clothing 不能講a suit of clothing
clothes n.（復(fù)）衣服,服裝指具體的衣服;無單數(shù)形式,不與數(shù)詞連用但可和many ,a few等表示
不確定的數(shù)詞連用many clothes, a piece of clothes ,a suit of clothes一件衣服不能講an article of clothes
Cloth做衣服用的材料,不可數(shù)名詞, 當作為臺布抹布時是可數(shù)名詞.
13. find [C] 發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)物。例如：
Our new gardener was a marvellous find. 我們新找到了一個很出色的花匠。
finding [C] & [U] 發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)物
14. dozen n. 一打,十二個 (與數(shù)詞或many, several等連用時,復(fù)數(shù)不加s )
two (many, several) dozen pencils 兩(好多,幾)打鉛筆
dozens of 幾十,許多 for dozens of years 好幾十年以來
pack in dozens 成打地包裝 sell by the dozen 論打出售
15. spare adj. 備用的；額外的；多余的；剩下的。例如：
a spare room 預(yù)備的房間 a spare tire 備用輪胎 In one’s spare time 在某人閑暇的時候
I have little spare time. 我沒有什么余暇。
spare vt. 勻出，分出，省下 例如：Can you spare me just a few minutes? 你能騰出幾分鐘時間給我嗎？
There’s no time to spare. 沒有多余的時間了 spare no efforts 不遺余力
Spare the rod and spoil the child. [諺]孩子不打不成器，嬌養(yǎng)忤逆兒。（省了棍子壞了孩子。）
16. a variety of / varieties of形形色色的，種種的。例如：
a collection of a variety of butterflies 收集各式各樣的蝴蝶
There are a wide variety of people on the earth. 地球上有各種不同的人。
17.The biggest stones weigh 20 tons and came from a place not very far
最大的石頭重約20噸，它們來自于一個不遠的地方
weigh作為動詞，主要表達以下幾種含義：
1.表示“稱（重量）”。
e.g.1.Let me weigh it.It’s quite a bit overweight.讓我來稱稱它。超重還不少呢。
e.g.2.The goods were carefully weighed at the time of shipment.貨物在裝運的時候都是仔細稱過的。
2.表示“某物有（多少）重量”。
e.g.1.A giant panda can weigh as much as 150 kilos when fully grown.
一只大熊貓長大了，重量可以達到150千克。
e.g.2.Some of the fish already weigh ten kilograms.這些魚有的已經(jīng)有10千克重了。
3.表示“壓（在上面）”的含義。
e.g.1.The matter weighed heavily on my mind.這件事情沉重地壓在我的心上。
e.g.2.The decision has been weighing on my mind all the week.這項決定整整一個星期都壓在我的心上。
4.意思是“考慮”。
e.g.1.All the difficulties and risks had to be carefully weighed.所有的困難和風險都要仔細考慮。
e.g.2.They weighed the matter seriously.他們認真考慮了這件事情。
18. link vt., vi.（常與together, to, with連用）連接, 聯(lián)合
(1)The two towns are linked by a railway.
(2) The new bridge will link the island to the mainland. 新的橋梁將把該島與大陸連接在一起。
be linked to / have links with 與…有聯(lián)系
Sichuan have trade links with the Yangtze River. 四川和長江流域有商貿(mào)聯(lián)系。
19.It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he may have had a hand in planning the monument,or in helping transport and pull up the stones
巨石陣之王很有可能和石頭有聯(lián)系：他可能參與過巨石陣的設(shè)計，或者幫助過巨石的運輸
在英語中，may,might,can,could和must幾個情態(tài)動詞都可以用來表示對事情的猜測。must的意思是“肯定，一定”，語氣很有把握。may,might,和could的意思是“可能，也許”，語氣把握性不大。can的意思是“肯定，也許”，常常用在否定句和疑問句中。這幾個情態(tài)動詞用于表示猜測的時候，其后面可以跟三種不同的動詞形式。
1.跟動詞原形表示對現(xiàn)在事情的猜測。2.跟表示對現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事情的猜測。
3.跟表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的猜測。
e.g.1.You are Jack’s best friend.You must know where he is.你是杰克最好的朋友，你一定知道他在哪兒。
e.g.2.Can you hear the loud voice?They must be quarrelling.你能聽到那聲音嗎？他們在吵架。
e.g.3.If you had come earlier,you might have been told the good news.你早來一會兒，就會聽到那條好消息了。e.g.4.There is no light in the room.They might have gone out for a walk.屋里沒開燈，他們可能出去散步啦。
1.Jack yet,otherwise he would have telephoned me.
A.mustn’t have arrived B.shouldn’t have arrived C.can’t have arrived D.need not have arrived
2.-I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
-Oh,did you?You with Barbara.
A.could have stayed B.could stay C.would stay D.must have stayed
3.-There were already five people in the car,but they managed to take me as well.
-It a comfortable journey.
A.can’t be B.shouldn’t be C.mustn’t be D.couldn’t have been答案:1.C 2.A 3.D
20. have a hand in 參與，插手；對某事負部分責任。例如：
I bet he had a hand in it. 我敢說他一定參與了此事。
I can’t promise much. I’m not the only one that has a hand in this town.
我不能答應(yīng)太多。鎮(zhèn)里的事不是我一個人說了算。
關(guān)于hand 的詞組還有：
lend a hand 幫助
give sb. A hand 給予幫助
at hand 在手邊
by hand 用手
in hand 手頭上的，在進行中
hand in hand 手拉手，聯(lián)合
from hand to hand 從一人之手轉(zhuǎn)到之手
hand down/on 把…傳下來
hand in 交上
hand out 把…拿出來，分派
hand over 移交
join hands 攜手聯(lián)合
on one hand,…on the other hand
一方面 ， 另一方面
21. in terms of 用……的話；以……的觀點；就……而說。
例如：He thought of everything in terms of money. 他每件事都從錢的角度考慮。
bring a person to terms 使某人接受條件（就范）
come to terms=make terms 達成協(xié)議；和好
in the long term 就長期而言
on no terms 無論如何不，決不
on good terms with sb 和某人關(guān)系融洽
22. At first it was thought that it was through war and armed conflict,but it is now believed to have happened through trade and cultural links
點撥：1.through指從內(nèi)部通過。
e.g.1.The thief came in through the window.小偷從窗戶進來。
e.g.2.The troops marched through the town.軍隊從城中走過。
e.g.3.Fish swim through the water.魚游于水中。
e.g.4.The men cut a tunnel through the mountain.那些人穿山鑿了一條隧道。
2.表示“遍及，經(jīng)歷”的意思。
e.g.1.He traveled through Europe.他游遍歐洲。
e.g.2.Other birds and animals stay with you,but you will not see all the animals all through the winter.
另一些飛禽和動物留下來了，但是整個冬天你不會看到所有的這些動物。
3.表示“由于，因為”的含義。
e.g.1.It was all through your being late that we lost the train.我們沒有趕上火車，完全是因為你來晚了。
e.g.2.It happened,through no fault of mine.這件事情之所以發(fā)生，并非是我的過錯。
4.表示“藉，由”的含義。
e.g.1.He became rich through hard work.憑著努力的工作，他致富了。
e.g.2.I obtained my position through a friend.我靠一位朋友的幫忙而得到了這份工作。
5.表示“從頭到尾”
e.g.1.He worked from dawn through the day and into the night.他從天亮一直工作到晚上。
e.g.2.He read through the novel carefully.他細心地讀完了這本小說。
e.g.3.The rain lasted through the night.雨下了一夜。
比較：through和across的用法
through和across都作“穿過”講，across指的是從一個空間內(nèi)的一端到另一端或者是成十字交叉而過。through著重指從物體的中間或者是空間穿過。
e.g.1.Last week,we started our trip across this country.上個星期，我們開始了橫跨這個國家的旅行。
e.g.2.We can’t travel through the forest by road,because there aren’t any roads.
我們不能從陸路穿越森林，因為那里根本無路可走。
1.The boy is so good at swimming that he can swim the sea.
2.He walked the forest and disappeared into the valley.答案：1.across 2.through
23. in the eyes of sb. (=in sb.’s eyes): in the opinion of sb.在某人的心目中，在某人看來
In your father’s eyes you’re still a child.
相關(guān)詞組：keep an eye on sb. 留神，看守，看管
shut (close) one’s eyes to sth. 閉目不看…，裝著沒看到…，視而不見
Post-reading
1.base…on… 把……基礎(chǔ)放在……上；以……為基礎(chǔ)。例如：
You should base your conclusion on careful research.你應(yīng)該以審慎的研究為基礎(chǔ)。
This story is based on facts.這故事是有事實根據(jù)的。basic adj. 基礎(chǔ)的，基本的；根本的
basis [C] 基礎(chǔ)；根據(jù)
Language study
1.thanks to 多虧，幸虧。例如：
Thanks to modern technology, to find out more facts about the man buried in the grave is possible.
由于現(xiàn)代科技，找出更多的有關(guān)埋在墓地里人的材料成為可能
表示原因的結(jié)構(gòu)還有： because of as a result of owing to due to
Integrating skills
2.roots of Chinese culture 中國文化的根源
root [C] 根源，來源；根，根莖。例如：the root of the problem 問題的根源
The love of money is the root of all evil. 愛錢乃萬惡之源。（語出《圣經(jīng)》）
a plant with very long roots 根部很長的植物
Many Americans have roots in Europe. 許多美國人祖籍在歐洲。
get at/to the root of 追根究底
take/strike root 生根，扎根；定居
root and branch adv. 連根地，完全地，徹底地
3. serve as “擔當；充當”
4.dig up 挖出；掘起。例如：
We dug up the tree by its roots. 我們將樹連根挖起。
An old Greek statue was dug up here last month.
上個月在這兒挖出了一尊古希臘雕像。
dig at 譏諷，挖苦 dig for 挖尋 dig into 詳細調(diào)查，探求
5.cover作為動詞，有很多含義。
1.表示“覆蓋，鋪蓋”。
e.g.1.He covered himself with a blanket.他給自己蓋上一床毯子。
e.g.2.A rather cold north west airstream will cover our province.一股偏冷的西北氣流將覆蓋我省。
e.g.3.When he returned,his body was covered with bruises.他回來的時候全身都是傷痕。
2.表示“走完（一段路程），看完（若干頁書），夠付（費用）”。
e.g.1.They covered the distance to the place at a run.他們一路小跑，趕到了那個地方。
e.g.2.Here is ten dollars;the extra will cover the bus fares.這兒是10元錢，多余的可以用作坐公共汽車費用。
3.表示“涉及，談到”的意思。
e.g.1.What are the chief points you are to cover in your talk?你的報告主要有哪些內(nèi)容？
e.g.2.The discussion covered a wide range of subjects.這項決定涉及到很多別的問題。
4.意思是“有（多少面積），包括（多大的范圍）”。
e.g.1.The city covers ten square miles.這座城市的面積是10平方英里。
e.g.2.His burnt area covered 70 per cent of his body surface.他全身的燒傷面積達到了70%。
5.表示“掩護”。
e.g.He ordered us to cover the other people’s withdrawal.他下令讓我們掩護其他人撤退。
6.表示“采訪，報道”。
e.g.They sent a large number of reporters to cover the conference.他們派遣了大量的記者去報道大會的消息。
Our new school almost 54 square miles,making it the largest school in the province.
A.lies B.stands C.has D.covers答案:D
Grammar
復(fù)習(xí)代詞“it”的用法
It的用法主要有以下一些:
1.作無人稱動詞的主語，表示時間、氣候、距離、狀態(tài)等。
e.g.1.It’s ten o’clock.現(xiàn)在十點鐘了。
e.g.2.It is twenty miles to London.到倫敦有二十英里。
e.g.3.She couldn’t stand it.她真是無法忍受。
2.指代前面出現(xiàn)的事物或者是現(xiàn)象。
e.g.1.Where is my book?Have you seen it？我的書在哪兒?你看見我的書了嗎?
e.g.2.He pretended to study,for he thought it would please his mother.
他假裝讀書,因為他認為那樣做可以取悅他的母親。
3.在特殊情況下指代人。
e.g.1.She got a baby and it was ten-pound.她生了個十磅重的嬰兒.
e.g.2.A tall man stood up and shook hands with her.It was the general manager.
一個高個子男子站了起來同她握手,他就是總經(jīng)理。
4.可以用作形式主語。
e.g.1.It is certain that we shall succeed.我們一定會成功的。
e.g.2.It is necessary for older people to understand what the young think and feel.
年長的人有必要了解年輕人在想些什么,他們有什么感覺。
5.用作形式賓語。
e.g.1.You’ll find it difficult to learn Japanese.你將發(fā)現(xiàn)日語很難學(xué)。
e.g.2.I make it a rule to take a walk in the morning.我規(guī)定自己每天早上散步。
6.用于強調(diào)句型。
e.g.1.It is I who am fortunate.幸運的是我。
e.g.2.It was three weeks later that he learnt the news.三個星期以后他得知了這個消息。
◇It is+被強調(diào)部分+that…
該句型是強調(diào)句型。例如：
It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
=Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.
◇ It is clear (obvious, true, possible, certain…) that…
該句型中it是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。例如：
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. =That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.
It is important that we (should) learn English well
It is necessary that he (should) remember these words.
◇ It is said (reported, learned…) that…
該句型中的it仍是形式主語，真正主語是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。該結(jié)構(gòu)常譯為“據(jù)說（據(jù)報道，據(jù)悉……）”。例如：
It is said that he has come to Beijing.
It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
◇ It is time (about time, high time) that…
該句型中that后的從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣。例如：
It is time that children should go to bed. =It is time that children went to bed.
◇ It is the first (second…) time that…
主句如果是一般現(xiàn)在時，后面從句用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)；如果是一般過去時，后面從句則用過去完成時態(tài)。
該句型中的that從句用完成時態(tài)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中that可以省去；it有時用this替換。常譯為“是第一（二、三……）次……”。例如：
It is the first time I have been here. =This is the first time I have been here.
It is…since…
該句型主要用作處理瞬間動詞的完成時和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用的問題。例如：
It is (has been) 5 years since his father died.
It is 5 years since he joined the army.自從他參軍5年了。
▲ It is 5 years since he was in the army.自從他退伍已經(jīng)5年了。
◇It be…before…
該句型主句中的it指時間，主句中的時態(tài)常是一般將來時或過去時兩種時態(tài)。例如：
It was 3 days before he went to Beijing.
It will be not long before he finishes his job.
◇It happens (seems, looks, appears) that…
該句型中it是形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的是主語從句，主句中的happen, seem等詞是不及物動詞。例如：
It happened (so happened) that he met his teacher in the street.
It seems that he will be back in a few days.
◇It is no good (use) doing sth.
主句中的表語可以是no good, (not any good), no use (not any use)。例如：
It is no good learning English without speaking English.
◇It doesn’t matter whether (if)…
該句型中whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的從句是真正主語，該句型常譯為“不論（是否）……沒關(guān)系……”。例如：
It doesn’t matter if they are old.
◇ It is kind (of sb.) to do sth.
常見的這類形容詞有：bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, lazy, nice, polite, rude, wise, wrong等。
該句型中的不定式短語是真正主語，如果不定式的邏輯主語是由of引起，主句中的形容詞必須是能表示邏輯主語特征的形容詞。這個句型可以改寫為：sb. is kind to do sth.例如：
It is kind of you to say so.=You are kind to say so.
◇ It is necessary (for sb.) to do sth.
常見的這類形容詞有：important, necessary, natural, easy, safe, common, normal, hard, difficult, dangerous, impossible, pleasant等。
該句型與上一個同屬一種句型。如果不定式的邏輯主語是由for引起，主句中的形容詞通常是表示重要性、緊迫性、頻繁程度、難易、安全等情況的形容詞。例如：
It is important for her to come to the party. =It is important that she (should) come to the party.
◇ We think it important to learn a foreign language.
主句中常用的動詞：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel
作真正賓語的三種形式：不定式短語、動名詞短語或that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
該句型中的it作形式賓語。例如：
We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. He felt it important learning English well.
They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.