1.economy : n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)
economic adj. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的，經(jīng)濟(jì)上的
These are the main economic plants of the region.
The railway service in the country is no longer economic.
economical adj. 節(jié)約的，節(jié)省的，不浪費的
The car is economical to run.
One should be economial of time and energy.
2.debate n.辯論，辯論會； vt / vi 辯論，爭論，討論
debate (about) sth. with sb. 與…辯論…
beyond debate 無可辯論
open a debate 展開辯論
hold a debate 舉行辯論會
a warm debate 激烈的辯論
辨析：debate / argue / discuss
debate: 正式的辯論，通常在一位仲裁人的主持下，按照一定的規(guī)則進(jìn)行，雙方各自申訴理由，“交鋒”意味較強。其后接名詞和連接代詞或副詞引起的不定式短語，不常接that 從句
argue: 指說理、論證，側(cè)重于擺事實，試圖說服對方，也可能是激烈的交換意見，以致爭吵。其后接名詞或that從句，不常接what when whether 等引導(dǎo)的從句和不定式。
discuss: 重在交換意見，進(jìn)行討論，不含有意說服對方的成分。其后接名詞，動名詞，不定式短語和when,whether, what等引導(dǎo)的從句，但不常接that從句。
The subject was hotly debated.
They were debating whether to go to the Mountain Puto or the Mountain Yandang just now.
I argued with him for a long time, but he refused to listen to reason.
I’ll discuss the problem with him later.
3. open the floor : 自由發(fā)言
the floor 發(fā)言權(quán)，議員席，議會會場 take the floor (在辯論中)發(fā)言，參加討論
ask for the floor 要求發(fā)言 get (have) the floor 有發(fā)言權(quán)
Now let’s open the floor.
The president then took the floor and answered the journalists’ questions.
4. voice: vt/ 表達(dá)，吐露，用言語說出
n. 呼聲，意見，聲音，發(fā)言權(quán)，投票權(quán)
vioice one’s deep feeling for 表達(dá)對…的深厚感情 voice one’s opinions 發(fā)表意見
give voice to sth. 表達(dá),表露 speek in a loud voice 大聲地說
with one voice 異口同聲的，一致地 lift one’s voice 高聲叫喊,大聲疾呼
A spokensman voiced the workers’ dissatisfaction.
With one voice, the workers voted to strike.
We have no voice on the matter.
Let’s go and enjoy the voice of the sea.
5. damage: / destory / ruin
damage: 用于無生命的東西,主要指對物造成損失, 如價值,效用,外觀等物質(zhì)上的損失.
destory: 用強力毀壞或毀滅某物,如建筑物,市街,城壁,王國,名譽,計劃,勢力,契約等.
ruin: 因暴力或疏忽的原因造成的損壞,有指房屋對待修理以致還常指天災(zāi)人禍等無形力量徹底摧毀一件事物,特別是摧毀美好珍貴的事物而無法修復(fù).
The bridge was badly damaged by the flood.
The fire desttoyed several stores in the business district.
Heavy somking ruined his health.
6.amount: 1). n.. 數(shù)量 Large amounts of money were spent on that library.
2). n.總額，總值 please give the manager the bill for the full amount.
3). vi. 總計，等于 His answer amounts to a refusal.
The cost amounts to 1,000 yuan.
聯(lián)想拓展：
a large amount of / large amounts of 大量（修飾不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)）,
much, a great (good) deal of, a little 后接不可數(shù)名詞；
many, dozens of, scores of, a great many, a number of, a few 后接可數(shù)名詞；
a large quantity of 后接可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。
7. flow 1). 流動；涌出；川流不息；（頭發(fā)，衣服等）飄揚
Rivers flow into the sea. The river flowed over the bank.
Ttucks and cars flowed along the highway.
Her long hair flows in the wind.
2). n. 流動（物）；流量；涌出；川流不息
People were happy because there was a steady flow of news of victories.
We will se a large instrument to measure the total flow of thw oil.
聯(lián)想拓展：float vi. 漂浮，飄，漂流，飄動 使（某物）漂浮； 使（某物）漂流或飄動
A balloon floated across the sky.
There wasn’t enough water to float the ship.
8. awful adj. 可怕的；非常壞的，極大的
an awful accident 一次可怕的事故
awful weather 惡劣的天氣
That is an awful book.
We had an awful earthquake here last year.
adv. 十分，極其
I am awful tired.
聯(lián)想拓展：awesome adj. 令人敬畏的
It’s awesomee!
9. addition 1). n. [U] 增加；加法，偶爾也可用不頂冠詞 [C] 增加物
in addition to sth. / doing sth == as well as; besides “除……之外（還有）”，后接名詞或詞組；
另外
Additions are made to the list from time to time.
In addition to giving a general introduction to computers, the course also provides practical experience.
In addition to the names on the list there are six other names.
2).addition 還可表示加“+”
My little sister is not good at addition.
3). in addition: 此外，還，可單獨用于句首（通常用逗號與句子分開），也可用于句末（可不用逗號與句子分開）。
10.lie / lay
lie vi. 躺；臥；；處于……狀態(tài)；存在；位于
lie on the grass 躺在草地上 lie on one’s back 仰臥
lie on one’s sode 側(cè)身睡 lie on one’s stomach 俯臥著
He is lying on the ground, looking at the sky.
A map of China lis on the table.
The answer lies in the research.
vt. 說謊 He lied to me that he had a stomachache.
lay: 放置，產(chǎn)卵，下蛋，設(shè)置，鋪設(shè)（與with 連用），指責(zé)（與on / upon 連用）砌磚，奠定基礎(chǔ)等
Snow laid thick on the ground.
Please lay the book on the desk.。
The hen lays an egg every other day.
By studying we are laying a foundation for the future.
注意：lie 與lay 的不同詞義，詞性及四種基本形式。
lie---lay---lain---lying vi. 躺，臥，位于
lay---laid---laid---laying vt. 放置，產(chǎn)卵
lie---lied---lied---lying vi. 撒謊
11.wipe 1). 擦，揩，抹
Wipe your hands with this handkerchief.
2). 把……擦掉，抹掉，揩掉，與away, off 連用
The girl wiped her tears away with a handkerchief.
3). 把……擦，抹干凈，干等，后接形容詞作賓補。
Wipe your hands clean.
wipe off 抹掉 wipe down 用濕抹布擦干凈
wipe out 徹底消滅 wipe up 用布把（水，灰等）擦，抹，揩掉或揩干
12. approch vt. / vi. 走進(jìn)，靠近，首次接洽，開始考慮，開始著手，接近，近似。
n. 走進(jìn)，事物處理的方式或方法
Approach to science. 走進(jìn)科學(xué).
We approached the museum.
Did he approach (首次接洽)you about a loan?
It is not allowed to approach the forbidden area.
The approach of the winter brings cold weather.
13.expand vt. / vi. 擴大， 擴張，使膨脹， 張開，發(fā)展， 詳述（常與on 連用）(指范圍體積的擴大，膨脹， 擴張)
The business has expanded from having one office to having twelve.
She expanded her store by adding a second room.
He will expand（闡述）his remarks afterawrd.
The Nokia company wants to expand its market in Asia.
辨析：enlarge v. 擴大，放大 （指尺寸或空間的擴大）enlarge the wedding photo
Good reading enlarges the mind.
spread v. 展（伸）開，散布， 傳謠，蔓延 指物體表面或地域上的擴展傳播
Spread the newspaper and you know the news.
14.arrest vt. 逮捕，阻止，抑制，吸引（注意）
n. 逮捕，阻止，一直，制動
under arrest 拘留
The criminal was arrested yesterday.
The police made three attests yesterday.
15.figure n. 體型，數(shù)字，計算（常用復(fù)數(shù)）圖形，人物像，雕像
v. 計算， 想像，認(rèn)為……是……
figure sb. to be 料想某人是… figure out （好好思考以）理解，計算出
figure in 把……列入考慮 foigure on 期待， 指望
have / keep a good figure 擁有 / 保持好身材
be good / poor at figures 擅長/ 不擅長計算
16.situation n. 狀況，處境，局勢，形式，事態(tài)，指一定時期內(nèi)總的情況，形勢。
state: 表示情況，狀況，常用單數(shù)，可與不定冠詞連用，表示人或物在外觀、心靈、健康、心理等方面的情形或狀況。常用于in a ……state 或 in a state of
condition 條件，情況，狀況，其單數(shù)形式指人或事物所處的狀態(tài)，這時與state 意思相近，可互換。但condition 還常著重漢語一定的原因或條件所造成的狀態(tài)，如人的健康狀況，物的完好程度，設(shè)備的可用性等。其復(fù)數(shù)指一般籠統(tǒng)的情況或環(huán)境。
The present situation calls for entirely new measures.(處施)
They were silent for a long time ,in a state of hesitation and doubt.
I’ve had no exercise for ages, I’m really out of condition.
17. see …… as …… 將……視為……
consider……as…… 把…… 看作…… ， 認(rèn)為……
regard…… as…… 把…… 當(dāng)作……
look upon …… as …… 把…… 看作/視為/當(dāng)作……
think of ……as…… 把…… 看作……，以為…… 是……
I simply can’t see him as a crook.(騙子)
I consider him as an expert.
They regarded him as the most promising(最有希望的)table-tennis players.
He alawys thinks of him as a great man.
18. spend / cost / take / pay / pay for
spend; 主語必須是夫人，賓語可以是錢，精力，時間等。
cost: 主語必須事物，表示費用，耗費，后接life, money, health, time等，側(cè)重于花費的代價。注意：cost 后不能與具體的時間長度連用，只能與表示抽象概念的時間短語連用，如：some time ,much timde, ten years of hard work.不可說：It cost him ten years to work. 常用結(jié)構(gòu)：It costs sb. some money to do sth.
take: 表示花費時，其主語一般一件事，有時主語也可以是人，它說明事情完成花費了……，句型為：It takes sb. some time to do sth.
It took me ten minutes to go to the post office.
注意：take …to do …側(cè)重于完成該動作花費的時間，而spend…doing sth. 有時并不說明動作的完成。
It took him an hour to read the book.
He spent an hour in reading the book.(是否讀完并未說明)
pay: 支付，作為及物動詞，賓語可以是人，錢。
pay for: 賓語是物，事，for 表示支付的原因。
Of course we have to pay for what we buy.
Don’t worry about money; I’ll pay for you.
19.key: n.答案，解決方法；鑰匙；要點；關(guān)鍵；秘訣；其后跟介詞to,接名詞、代詞或動名詞短語
adj. 重要的；基本的
turn the key in the lock 轉(zhuǎn)動鎖孔中的鑰匙
the key to the front door 前門的鑰匙
a key man 重要人物
Diet and exercise are the key to good health.
He seems to hold the key to the mystery.
20.allow vt. / vi. 允許，準(zhǔn)許，容許
allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做…
allow doing sth. 允許做…
allow for 考慮到
allow sb. in / out 允許…進(jìn)入/離開
allow of 容許，，對……留有余地
辨析:
allow permit 都有讓，允許的意思，很多情況下可以互用。allow 側(cè)重于默許，permit側(cè)重于正面允許，語氣較allow重，它們可以用于：
allow / permit sb. to do sth. allow / permit+v.―ing
let 也有讓，允許的意思，接不to 的不定式作賓補，不接動名詞，不用于被動語態(tài)。
Please allow me to congratulate you your success.
We don’t allow smoking in the waiting room.
Permit me to say a few words.
His father wouldn’t let him go alone.
It will take you half an hour to get to the station, allowing for traffic delay.
21.include / contain
include: 包括，包含，算在內(nèi)，列在里面 暗含里包含部分不是全部。including是一個獨立介詞。included 是一個沒有比較的形容詞，通常用于名詞或代詞的后面。
contain: 指某容器裝有某物或某東西內(nèi)含有某種成分。暗含了包含部分和全部。
Everyone laughed, me included.
The members were present at the meeting, including myself.
Sea water contains salt.
We have included in your bill the cost of the cup you broke.
The box contains soap.
22.What if …… ?倘使……將會怎么樣？
What if they do not come?
What if it rains when we can’t get under shelter?
23. a little / a bit
a little 23. a little / a bit
a little一點；少量 修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表示少許，具有肯定意義；如僅用little則具有否定意義，表示幾乎沒有。a little 作為副詞性詞組，可修飾形容詞、副詞的原級、比較級，表示有點兒。not a little == very much 很，非常
a bit 一點兒，相當(dāng) 它不能直接修飾名詞，修飾名詞要用a bit of . a bit of 須接不可數(shù)名詞。 a bit 作為副詞性詞組，也可修飾形容詞、諷刺的原級和比較級。表示有點兒，可與 a little 換用. not a bit == not at all 一點兒也不
There is a little wine in the glass.
She knows a bit of English.
After the P.E lesson, we were not a little tired.
―― Sorry to have bothered you.
―― Not a bit.
24.closely adv. 仔細(xì)地；認(rèn)真地； 密切地；接近地；嚴(yán)密地
listen closely 仔細(xì)地聽 follow an argument closely 密切注意議論的進(jìn)行
close adj. 仔細(xì)的；密切的；嚴(yán)密的；近的；接近的；adv. 緊緊地，接近v. 關(guān)閉；封閉；封鎖。close作為形容詞，副詞，表示空間，時間上密切接近，程度上比near強，后接to才能接賓語。close作定語，表示一種具有抽象意義的“緊密的，密切的”注：表示“關(guān)閉的”用closed,不用close.
near 既可用形容詞、副詞，又可用作介詞，可直接跟賓語，有“近，接近；在……附近”的意思。
next to 與……鄰接，緊挨著 to 為介詞
He is my close friend.
Most of the shops are closed on Thursday afternoon.
You might give close attention to the matter.
It’s four kilometres by the nearest road.
Th house next to ours is bookshop.
form n. 形式；形狀；格式；健康狀態(tài)
vt. / vi 形成，構(gòu)成，組織，成立，做成，養(yǎng)成，產(chǎn)生
in the form of 以…… 形式
an application form 申請表格
be in form 狀況良好
be out of form 狀況不好
take the form of 以……的形式呈現(xiàn)
form a company 成立公司
form into line 排成隊
form good health habits 養(yǎng)成良好的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣