New words:

1. genius n.1)天才 [u] 可加a

be a genius at sth. 做某事是天才

have a genius for (doing) sth.又(做)某事的天才

He had a wonderful genius for painting./mathematics.

2) 有天才的人 [c]

Shakespeare is a genius.

He is considered to be a genius at maths.

2. undertake (undertook, undertaken)

1)著手做；從事；承擔(責任)作某事start on work ;

take up a position

undertake n. /pron.

to do

We could undertake the job for the time being.

He undertook the leadership of the team.

We cannot undertake to do that.

2)同意，答應(yīng)（做謀事）

undertake to do

agree /promise to do

He undertook to finish the job by Friday.

He undertook to improve the working arrangements.

3)保證（跟從句）ensure

We cannot undertake that we shall finish it in time.

I can undertake that you will enjoy it.

3. obvious adj. 明顯，顯而易見easy to understand; clear

It is obvious that…

It was obvious that he was not going home.

It is obvious that he is lying.

obviously adv. 顯而易見地can be easily seen

Obviously you didn’t read it.

4. curious adj. 好奇的，好求知的，愛打聽隱私的

be curious about

to do

The boy was curious about everything he saw.

He was curious to know what was happening in the office.

curiously adv.好奇地，說也奇怪

Philip looked curiously at the people.

Obviously enough he had never seen the little girl.

5. debate n.辯論；爭論 [c]

a long debate

vi. 1) debate about sth.

argue with sb.

quarrel

I debated (about) the question with Mary.

考慮，討論（如何好）

debate whether to do

whether

I debate whether to accept the job.

We were debating where we should go.

I’m just debating whether to go or stay.

2)argue sb. into (out of ) doing說服某人做（不做）某事

He argued her into( out of ) going.

6. promising adj. 有希望的,有前途的

a promising leader

v.1)答應(yīng);許下諾言

promise sb. sth 接雙賓語

to do

that

He promised his daughter a present for her birthday.

You must promised me to take a thorough rest.

I had promised Mary to attend the show.

You must promise me that you won’t do that again.

比較: He promised me to go.

He permitted me to go.

2)有希望…,可能會(有)

It promises to be fine tomorrow.

This promises to be an interesting evening.

The clouds promise rain.

The sky promised a storm.

come true

continue fine

turn out to be

stay/keep/remain

7. research n. v.探索,調(diào)查,研究

do research in/into 對 進行研究

make on 在…方面進行研究

carry out

he has done a good deal of research on that subject.

research into/on

He is researching into the reading problems of young school children .

to research into (on ) the effects of cigarette smoking.

8. disable vt.使喪失能力

disabled adj. 有殘疾的

　the disabled 有殘疾的人

　disability n. 殘廢people with disability

He was disabled in the accident.

An accident disabled him from playing football.

The disabled are to receive more money.

9. seek (sought, sought) vt.i.尋找，探求，追求（多用書面語）

　seek opportunities/employment/advice

seek to do設(shè)法，企圖，試圖

I have never sought to hide my views.

We sought to change his mind.

search for/ look for/ hunt for

10. observe v.

1)注意到,觀察

observe n./ pron.

sb./sth. doing

sb. / sth. do/ to be

that　

They are observing stars.

They were observed entering the bank.　

They didn’t observe Peter come in and go upstairs.

The only thing that I have observed to be without limit is the businessman’s desire for profits.

We observed that it had turned cloudy.

2）遵守

The doctors observe this rule.

3)慶祝，過（某種節(jié)日）=celebrate

Do they observe/celebrate Christmas in that country?

11. match v.

1)和…較量,讓…和…比賽

He matched his brother against (with) the champion.

2)相配=go with

She matched the carpet with some very nice curtains.

These shoes do not match; one is large and the other is small.

相等，發(fā)現(xiàn)，（找到）相等物

鏈接：go with/suit/fit/agree with

12. patient adj. 耐心的

patiently adv. 耐心地

patience n. 耐心，忍耐力 [u]

1) be patient with sb. 對某人耐心

You are very patient with me.

Just be patient a while.

2)The girl waited patiently for his decision.

3) He had no patience with her.

He showed the greatest patience.

13. experiment n. v.

1)試驗，實驗[c]

carry out experiment in chemistry

perform

do

2)試驗(總稱)[u]嘗試

Some people learn by experiment and others by experience.

Making a difference有所作為

WARMING UP

1. Albert Einstein (1879-1955), was born in Ulm Germany, German-born American physicist and won the Nobel Prize. Best known for his theories of relativity. He is perhaps the most well-known scientist of the 20th century.

2. Marie Curie (1867-1934), Polish scientist, was born in Warsaw. She got married in 1895 with the French physicist, Pierre Curie. The Curies together with another scientist obtain the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. In 1911 she again got the Nobel Prize but for chemistry.

3. Thomas Alva Edison （1847-1931）was born in Ohio, a great American inventor. When he was a child, he was always asking questions and trying out new ideas. No matter how hard it was, he never gave up. He would keep trying out different ideas until he invented what he wanted. When he invented an electric light. He tried over two thousand materials before discovering one that would work. He had 1093 inventions.

4. Alfred North Whitehead (懷特黑得1861-1947)，British mathematician, logician and philosopher best known for his work in mathematical logic and the philosophy science and contributed to twentieth-century logic and metaphysics.

5. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was born in Pisa, Italy, famous astronomer and physicist. He is the first person to use a telescope to study the skies. At that time it had been taken foe granted that the earth was the center of the universe. His discoveries made sure that the earth goes round the sun.

Warming up

1.Nothing in life is to be feared…

a. be to do

1)安排好的將來

We are to hold sports meet next week.

2)必須must

You are to / must be back at six.

All these things are to be answered for.

b. be about to do最近的將來,不同時間狀語連用

I’m about to leave.

不說I’m about to leave in ten minutes.

用于下列句型:

be about to do…when…

I was about to leave when the telephone rang.

In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they ___. A. have survived A. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive

c. be going to

d. will

1)客觀事實

Tomorrow will be Sunday.

2)沒有準備的將來

---I forgot to post your letter.

---I’ll post it myself.

2. similar adj. like or alike, of the same kind類似,相似,差不多

be similar to …同…差不多

We have similar opinions; my opinions are similar to his.

His views are similar to mine.

alike adj. like one another m, the same(僅用作表語) adv.

The two brother are very much alike.

The two office buildings are alike in size and shape.

She treats all her children alike.

鏈接：be familiar to sb, / sth. 熟悉

be the same as 同…一樣

be the same to sb.對…來講一樣

It’s all the same to me. 對我來說無所謂,什么都可以.

be different from與…不同,

be different in 在…方面不同

similarity n.

1) [u]類似性，相似性

How much similarity is there between the two brothers?

There is not much similarity between two brothers.

2)相似之處 [c]

There are other similarities.

3.What’s the English word for this object?

What’s the word for “travel” in French ? “travel”這個詞法語怎么說？

4.doubt

1) v. be uncertain (about)懷疑，不相信

(同)question

I don’t doubt /question that he is telling the truth.

I doubt /question whether

if it is true.

that

I doubt that he will come.

疑問，否定用that

肯定用if/ whether / that

2) n. There is no doubt that …

There is some doubt whether…

There is no doubt that he is guilty.

There is some doubt whether he is guilty.

3)There is no doubt about/of

4)without doubt毫無疑問

in doubt不一定，不能肯定

The whole matter is still in doubt.

throw/cast doubt on使人對。。。產(chǎn)生懷疑

6. more than

1) more than one作主語時位于用單數(shù)

More than one was/ were killed in the accident.

2) one and a half + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 謂語用單數(shù)

One and a half dollars is / are the tip.

One and a half hours is / are enough.

3) more than = over超過（反）less than不到

He is more than/ over / less than fifteen.

4）more than不僅僅, 極其

Bamboo is used for more than building.

He is more than pleased.

5） no more than

a. only僅僅,只有

There are only /no more than five people in the bus.

b. 同…一樣都不

He is no richer / taller than his brother.

6） not more than

a. at the most指多,最多

There are not more than ten people in the bus.

b.一方不如一方

He is not richer than his brother. 他沒他哥富有.(他也富有)

7.Most of us would probably feel very sad…

would用法：

1)will的過去式,多用于二，三人稱

I knew you would agree.

I thought you would be sleeping.

2）提出請求，建議或看法使語氣更加委婉

Would you kindly send me his address? 勞駕把它的地址給我。（請求）

You’d like some tea, wouldn’t you?你喝點茶吧，好嗎？（請求）

Would you please lend me your pencil? （請求）

When would be convenient for you to come?你什么時候來方便？（請求）

I’m sure he wouldn’t mind your going.我相信你去他不會在意。(看法)

Wouldn’t be better to leave tomorrow?明天去是不是更好?（建議）

They wouldn’t have anything against it. 他們不會有什么反對意見。（看法）

3)在虛擬條件句中（主要用在主句中）

If I were you, I would go.

If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed.

4)表過去經(jīng)常性動作

would　　

used to 過去常常，而現(xiàn)在不．（可同be連用）

He would sit there for hours sometimes, doing nothing at all.

I used to get up at six.

There used to be a river in the village.

5)表過去的一種傾向（現(xiàn)在用will）

The window wouldn’t open.

The wound wouldn’t heal. 傷口老不愈合．

　6)表猜測(想必是…)

That would be his mother. 這大概是他媽.

I thought you have finished this by now.

8.would probably feel

1) possible只有可能性，不管大小

probable多指有較大的可能性

likely

a. It is possible (for sb.) to do

It is possible that (should) do

It is possible (for us) to study English well.

It is possible that we study English well.

b. It is probable that…

It is probable that it will rain today.

不能說: It is possible for him to come.

It’s possible that it will rain, but with such a blue sky it doesn’t seem probable.有可能下雨，但眼下晴空萬里不像是下雨的樣子。

c. sb./ sth. be likely to do

It is likely that

He is likely to come.

It is likely that he will come.

It is likely that it will rain.

It is likely to rain.

2) a) perhaps & maybe都當“也許”，“可能”解。但maybe一般用于非正式文體，而且主要用于美國英語。在表示“盡可能快地”時，只能使用短語

as soon as maybe=as soon as possible

不能說as soon as perhaps

b) perhaps一般用于句首,不與形式主語連用,后面不接從句,通常只接sb. 或sth.

Perhaps they will help us after all.

Perhaps the letter will come today.

maybe可放句首, 或后接從句

Maybe we’ll see you tomorrow.

I think maybe they don’t want him, he’s so cross.

c) perhaps表示 “或許”, “可能” 是一種推測,相當于maybe, 固不能與may連用,以避免語義重復(fù)

Perhaps they will help us.

3) probably不能用在not后

possibly 和can, could連用，起強調(diào)作用

---Could you ___ take care of my dog while I’m away? ---Sure. Leave it to me, please. A. perhaps B. possibly C. maybe D. probably (B) (could, can, may, might連用)

9. give up vt.

1) give up sth. 放棄

doing sth. 不再做某事

She gave up her rights .

This maths problem is too difficult. I’ll give it up.

Then he remembered he had given up smoking.

2）give up on sb. 對…不抱希望

I gave up on you; you’ll never know anything about dictionaries.

3)give up sth. to… 交出.讓給

We gave him up to the police.

連接: give in vi. 屈服, 讓步

give in to

He never gave in to difficulty.

10.There did not seem much point in working on…

There be的一些特殊用法:

1)There be ( live, stand, fly, come, lie) 表存在

Once upon a time, there lived a man known by the name of Joe.

One night there flew over the city a little swallow.

There came a knock at the door.

2)*There seems to be…好像又,似乎有

There seems to be no trouble.

There doesn’t seem to have been any difficulty over the money question.

*There used to be

There used to a cinema here before the war.

*There is sure to be 一定有

There is sure to be a place somewhere.

*There appears to be

There appear to be a war between his heart and his head.

*There have/has to be

Why do there have to be poor people like those?

3)There is no doing沒法做某事

There is no knowing/telling…沒法知道/說…

There was no knowing how long he might be away.

There was no arguing with Mary.

From now on, there was no looking back. 沒發(fā)向后看

4)There is no need to do沒必要

There is no need for you to worry.

5)There be在分詞中的用法

There being nothing else to do, we went home.

There being no buses, we had to walked home.

6)There be再不定式中的用法

I expected there to be no argument about this.

It is impossible for there to be any more.

You wouldn’t want there to be another war.

7)There is no( a lot of ) sense/point/good/ use in doing sth.做某事沒有道理(好處/用處)

There is no sense in worrying.

What’s the sense of doing that?

point:道理,作用,用處

There’s very little point in protesting.

There’s no point in arguing future.

11．that long

that用法：adv.那么，那樣，這么

I wasn’t that clever.

同so…that …但省略 that

I was that angry I could have struck him .

He was that weak he could hardly stand.

how/so/too/that +a/an +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

12. that much worse

修飾比較級的詞有: rather, much, still, even, far, any(用于否定和疑問)，no, a lot, a little, a great deal, by far, a bit, three times etc…

修飾最高級的有：序數(shù)詞，by far,

13. engage

marry

engage

vt. vi.

1)雇用，聘請，租用

They engaged a cook for the summer.

He engaged / rented a room in the hotel.

2)吸引, 引起

The new toy engaged the child’s attention.

engaged adj.

1)(指人)忙的;從事…的; 有事

(be) engaged in n. / doing = be busy in doing/ with n.

Can you come on Monday? No, I’m engaged.

be engaged in politics/ trade從事政治/ 忙于做買賣

2)有事占用;(電話)占線,有人占用

My time is fully engaged with my daily work.

Sorry! The line/number is engaged.

Is this seat engaged/ taken?

3)訂婚

be(get) engaged to sb.

John got engaged to her when traveling last winter.

He returned home to learn that his daughter had just got engaged.

marry vt.

1) marry sb.

2) be /get married ( to sb.)

Is he married?

He has been married to Jane for three years

3) marry sb. to sb.

He married his daughter to a doctor.

14.instead of 代替,而不(后接名,代,動名詞,介詞短語等)

in place of 代替in one’s place

rather than 而不是,與其…寧愿

instead adv.

take the place of

He gave me an English book instead of a Chinese book.

He walked home instead of taking a taxi.

I go to school by bike instead of on foot.

=I don’ t go to school on foot. Instead I go to school by bike.

Use water in place of/ instead of milk.

Will you go in my place / instead of me?

He ran rather than walked / instead of running.

Rather than cause trouble, he left.

Plastics have taken the place of wood.

15.繼續(xù)

1) go on with n.

doing

to do

keep on doing 反復(fù)做

2) continue to do

doing

n. He continued hi s walk.

with

He didn’t continue with his explanation.

To be continued.待續(xù)

*繼續(xù)(處于某種狀態(tài)) link-v.

The weather continued damp and wet.

He continued silent.

3) carry on doing She carried on talking.

n. They would carry on the struggle for freedom.

with 把…進行下去,繼續(xù)干

Carry on with your work.

carry on with your plan.

16.stop… from doing

prevent…from

keep …from

hold back… from

17.be /become famous for/as

be well known for / as

be famed for

be noted for a town noted for its beauty

a noted performer

18.make a discovery= discover

make a promise = promise

make a decision = decide

make a suggestion = suggest

make preparations for = prepare for

make repairs = repair

make an answer /reply = answer/ reply

19. since I. prep. 自從…以來

1)接名詞/動名詞/介詞短語（同完成時連用）

I haven’t been home since 1972.

She had been out only once since her illness.

Charles has worked hard since leaving school.

Since my coming to London I have not been well.

He had been there since before the war.

3) It is/has been +一段時間+ since + did

It was + 一段時間 + since + had done

It is / has been five years since I came here. 我來這五年了.（終止性動作表動作延續(xù)）

= I have been here for five years.

= I came here five years ago.

It is five years since I smoked. 我不吸煙五年了.（延續(xù)性動詞表該動作結(jié)束 ）

I have smoked for five years. 我吸煙五年。

It was five years since we had such a wonderful time.

*since then

* since when

*ever since從那以后（一直）

I’ve always been on my guard since then.

Since when have you been living in this country?

John caught cold Saturday and has been in bed ever since.

20. please vt. 使高興，

pleased adj. 高興（人作主語）

pleasing adj. 使人高興(物,人作主語)

pleasant adj. 使人高興，愉快的，招人喜歡，可愛

pleasure n.

1)It is hard to please all.

Do it to please me.

2) be pleased to do

with

that

Helen was pleased to see him.

I’m very much pleased with what he has done.

I’m glad you’ve decided to come.

3)The flowers in the park were pleasing.

She was very pleasing in her appearance.

4) I hope you’ll have a pleasant holiday.

have a pleasant journey

The weather was pleasant.

I found him a very pleasant little man.

I have thought it would be a pleasant place to live.

5)*my/our/a pleasure是我（們）高興做的事，甭客氣

“Thank you to help me.” “My pleasure( It was a pleasure).

*with pleasure高興地

I will help you with pleasure.

*(用在客氣的答語中)沒問題,可以

“Could you put me up to-night?” “ With pleasure.”

Will you take this along to the office for me?” “ With pleasure.”

(NMET2002)

1)---I’m very ___ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.

---Mum, it does have a ___ smell. A. pleasant ; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant

2)---It’s been a wonderful evening. Thank you very much.

---___. A. My pleasure B. I’m glad to hear that C. No, thanks D. It’s Ok

1) pleasant

a.使人高興的，愉快的

have a pleasant journey

b.招人喜歡的，可愛，和藹可親

He is a pleasant young man.

I have thought it would be a pleasant place to live .

2)pleasing使人高興

The flowers in the garden were pleasing.

3)pleased高興

be pleased to do

be pleased with 喜歡，滿意

be pleased that

4)pleasure n.

*at one’s pleasure

You may go or stay at your pleasure.

*have the pleasure of

=give sb. the pleasure of （客套語）有幸能

May I have the pleasure of dancing with you?

*my (our/a )pleasure

It’s a pleasure.

是我們高興做的事，甭客氣

*Take (a) pleasure in

*with pleasure 1)愉快地，高興地

I shall do it with pleasure.

2)(客套語)沒問題，可以

Will you pass me the newspaper, please? --- With pleasure.

1) 高興得Her eyes shone with pleasure.

14.keep back留下，隱瞞

21.on the other hand用以引起與上文表達的意見不同的看法,同but & however的意思相同 ,可同on the one hand連用,也可單獨使用. “另一方面”

on (the) one hand, on the other hand一方面…另一方面卻又

1)On the one hand, I like the colors of the painting, but on the other hand, I don’t like the background of it.一方面,我喜歡這幅畫的顏色,另一方面,我不喜歡畫的背景.

2)It is not a very nice flat. On the other hand, it’s cheap.這套房子不大好,可是它便宜.

4) Rafting can be exciting, but on the other hand, it can be dangerous sometimes.乘筏漂流令人激動,但另一方面它有時也是危險的.

22.turn out

1）關(guān)掉（電燈或煤氣）

He turned out the light and followed his wife upstairs.

2) (to be) 結(jié)果是,證明是prove to be

It was cloudy this morning, but it turned out fine.

As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.

Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.

The examination turned out to be easy.

It turns out that he was never there.

It turns out that this method doesn’t work well.

3)制造,生產(chǎn),造就

This factory turns out bicycles.

23.find it difficult to understand him…

形式賓語:

1)find + it + adj./ n. + to do/ doing / that

常見的動詞有：find/feel/ think/consider/make/take

a. I felt it my duty to report it to the leader.

At first I found it difficult to go on.

All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work.這樣吵雜使我無法繼續(xù)工作.

b. They felt it a waste of time arguing about it.

Do you consider it any good sending more people over?

你覺得再多派一些人去有好處嗎?

c. They found it strange that no one would take the money.

I think it a pity that she didn’t show up at the meeting.

I remember I made it quite clear to you that I was not coming.

2) sth.+ be easy/difficult/hard/fit/comfortable +to do

The book is easy to understand.

I bought a book yesterday. I found it easy to understand.

= I found the book easy to understand.

比較: I found it easy to understand the book.

3)在like/love/hate/ appreciate + it +when…結(jié)構(gòu)中,沒有賓補不像句型1)

(98) I hate ___ when people talk with their mouth full. A. it B. that C. these D. them

(04) I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. are

I love it when you sing.

24.take measures to do sth.

What measures were taken to prevent fires?

take actions to do

25.I.ruin vt

1)弄壞,毀掉,毀壞,破壞

The storm ruined crops.

The fire ruined the house.

The bad weather ruined our holiday.

ruin one’s health

an ancient ruined city

She poured water all over my painting and ruined it.

2)使傾家蕩產(chǎn)

I’m only ruin you. I can’t give you happiness.

n.1)(be ) in ruins 是一片廢墟,落空

The house across the street were in ruins.

The town is in ruins.

2)fall into ruin 已成廢墟

The house fell into ruin.

II. damage

1) n. harm, loss損害,損失

The storm caused great damage.

The new law has done a lot of damage to the government’s popularity.這條新法律給政府的聲望帶來很大損失.

cause / do damage to

2)damage vt.損壞

Mind you don’t damage it.

Many of the books were damaged by fire.

III. destroy vt.摧毀，毀掉，消滅

The enney destroyed the city.

The forest was destroyed by fire.

IV. harm

n.1) 損壞(同damage), 傷害（可指人）

He means no harm.他本無惡意.

do harm to

It wouldn’t do him any harm to work a little harder.他工作再努力一些對他沒有害處

vt. hurt, spoil, damage傷害,損害,危害

Smoking will harm you.

be harmful to

26．mean v.

1)意思，意味

What does this word mean?

What do you mean by this word? 這個詞是什么意思？

What is meant by this word?

What’s the meaning of this word?

2) mean to do 打算做某事

mean doing 意味著

I don’t mean to hurt you.

Missing the train means waiting for another hour.

3) had meant to do=mean to have done本打算

I had meant to come earlier.

had meant to do

had wanted to do

had thought to do

The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end. had expected to do

had hoped to do

had intended to do

4) mean a lot to sb. 對…很重要

a great deal

much

mean everything to sb. …是某人的一切

My garden means a great deal to me.

My dog means everything to me.

27. cause v.引起,造成,使發(fā)生

1)What ( cause d / made ) you change your mind?

2) make sb. mad

cause X

drive

send

3)cause sb./sth.

cause sth. to sb.

I’m not causing you any real trouble.

4)cause n.1).起因，原因，緣故，理由，根源[c]

著重是指產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果的原因：the cause of

The cause of the fire was dry. 起火的原因是干燥。

The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving two fast.事故的原因是他開車太快了.

5）reason意思是理由，原因，緣故著重指產(chǎn)生某種行為或想法的理由：

the reason for /why

Give your reason for the plan.把你計劃的理由講一下.

　 The reason for my lateness is that I missed my bus.

The reason for the flood was all that heavy rain.

理由=reason

There is no cause/reason for alarm.

You have no cause for complaint.

28.satisfy1)使感到滿意vt.

the answer won’t satisfy her.

be satisfied with …

I’m not at all satisfied with the present situation.

2)滿足：satisfy one’s needs/demand/curiosity

adj. satisfying 使人滿意a satisfying meal

29．what if= what will happen if要是…怎么辦？假使…怎么辦?

What if he doesn’t come? (用一般現(xiàn)在時)

30.be described as

31. believe相信,認為

1) believe (that)

I believe you’ll regret leaving London.

She believe what I said.

2) believe sb. / sth.

You can ask Mr Smith if you believe me.

Mother could hardly believe her eyes.

3) believe sb./ sth. to be/ to have done

I believe him to be innocent.

I believe him to have done it.

I believe it to have been a mistake.

They are believed to have discussed this problem.

4) “Will everything be finished tomorrow?” “Yes, I believe so.(No, I believe not.)

5) What do you believe he is?

What do you believe is he? X

Do you believe what he is? X

Do you know what he is?

Do you know what is he? X

What do you know he is? X

6) believe in信仰,相信

Christians believe in Jesus.

I don’t believe in the theory.

You can’t believe in him.

7) believe in doing主張,認為…是好的

I’ve always believe in being broad-minded.

He believed in the child being taught on the translation method.

32. the other way around

33.only by …

34. have something in common

35. come up with